Innovations and Trends in Optical Networking

Moustafa Kattan – Distinguished Architect Maurizio Gazzola – Sr. Product Line Manager

BRKOPT-2003 Cisco Webex Teams

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• Key Optical Concepts and Trends

• 400G to 600G Coherent Wavelengths

• Flexible Light Orchestration of Wavelengths (FLOW)

• Converged SDN Transport Architectures

• Dis-aggregated and Open Line DWDM Systems

• Introduction to Subsea Transmission

• Conclusion

λ1 λ2 λ1...n λ3 S WSS Optical Multiplexer

Any λ Any λ λ1 Optical Line Amplifier drop add λ1...n (OLA) λ2 Reconfigurable λ3 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) Optical De-multiplexer

15xx 15xx Grey 100GE Grey 100GE 100G 200G 100GE Transponder Muxponder 15xx 15xx 200G 200G

15xx 100G/200G

Grey Grey

10GE 10GE DWDM Optics XPonder

Optical Transport Network

Regen IEEE defined Ethernet OLA

TxP

Mux/Demux ROADM

DC & Client Optics Line Optics

• Grey optics • Multiple channels / DWDM (Colored)/ Fiber • Within a building or campus or city • Across country/Ocean (100’s to 10,000 km +) • Ethernet • Forward Error Correction (FEC) • Optimize for Cost, Power, Density • Optimize for Performances, Spectral Efficiency, Cost, Density

First IP+Optical Logical Spectrum integration and Integration Switched Paradigm shift flexible optical with unified Optical towards Open networks management Networks Systems

Pluggable IPoDWDM, Pro-active Virtual WSON and FLOW / Packet 400G/600G Open DWDM DWDM ROADMs Protection Transponder GMPLS UNI SSON Photonics

Simple, focus on First real Introduction Introduction Convergence cost reductions application of an of Single SDN to leverage advanced Carrier Transport IP+Optical control plane 400G/600G Systems integration for the optical layer

Before Coherent (b.C.) After Coherent (a.C.)

• Direct Modulation • Amplitude & Phase Modulation

• Manage Chromatic Dispersion (CD) to • Digital Signal Processing (DSP) to enable 10G account for all transmission-induced

• Fight Polarization Mode Dispersion impairments (PMD) to enable 40G • Wavelength and Fiber Capacity can be

• Network Design is hard optimized automatically by the system

100G 400G (2H 2012) (2H 2016) 40nm Single Wavelength 28nm Dual Core Fully 100G Integrated ASIC Integrated DSP & ADCs SW Selectable Modulation (Optimized Performances & (100G to 200G/Wavelength) Power) Soft-Decision FEC (25% OH) Hard-Decision FEC Transmit Signal shaping (7% or 15% OH) (Up to 152x in C-band) 50GHz Tunability Coherent Receiver 1.2T (Up to 96x in C-band) 200G/250G Coherent Receiver (2H 2018) (2H 2014) 16nm Dual Core Fully 28nm Fully Integrated Integrated ASIC ASIC SW Selectable Modulation SW Selectable Modulation and Baud Rate (50G to 250G/Wavelength) (100G to 600G/Wavelength) Soft-Decision FEC Soft-Decision FEC (27% OH) (7% or 20% OH) Transmit Signal shaping Transmit Signal shaping Coherent Receiver (Up to 152x in C-band) Coherent Receiver

• 5nm coherent DSP for long haul / subsea • Single to quad-core deployment models for 400GE optimization. • Up to 1.2Tbps per carrier. • 1.5db rx-OSNR improvement for long haul. • 20% capacity improvement projected for subsea. • Test chips in CY20.

Hybrid Modulation : NOTE: 64Chs C-Band @ 75GHz SW Configurable Rate / Modulation 9.6T 15% FEC 100G to 600G 12.8T 16T 27% FEC Hybrid Mode 19.2T

22.4T

25.6T mQAM nQAM mQAM nQAM … 28.8T Time Hybrid combination Baud Rate 0.008 bits/symbol control 32T Maximize capacity in 50Gb/s 35.2T 24 – 72 increments for GBaud/s Reach required 38.4T

Over 6000 Granular Modulation Options

16QAM(2^4) for every symbol … = 400G (8 bits/symbol) Performances between

8QAM(2^3) for every symbol standard = 300G (6 bits/symbol) constellations can be 16QAM and 8QAM on every achieved alternate symbol … = 350G (7 bits/symbol)

Fixed Baud Rate Flexible Baud Rate Adjusting the • 2,000km LH span baud-rate • 75GHz grid Line allows to drive System 300G instead Hybrid modulation of 200G while maintaining the 62.6GB 46GB same reach

75GHz 75GHz

16QAM 32QAM

69GB 56GB 1,500km 100km Reach Reach

75GHz 75GHz Cisco 400G Other 400G 64x400 = 25.6Tbps 64x400 = 25.6Tbps

Hybrid 32QAM 64QAM-32QAM

69GB 72GB 500km 100km Reach Reach

75GHz 75GHz 500G x Wavelength 600G x Wavelength 64x500 = 32Tbps x Fiber 64x600 = 38.4Tbps x Fiber

Complete Control in Software (SSON), No Physical Intervention Required Foundation for Automation Flexible Optical Network

Omni-Directional Flex Spectrum ROADM ports are not direction specific Optimize the amount of spectrum (re-route does not require fiber move) allocated to each wavelength

Colorless Contention-less ROADM ports are not frequency specific Same frequency can be added/dropped (re-tuned laser does not require fiber move) from multiple ports on same device

Tunable Coherent Technology Drive wavelengths up to 600Gbps with optimized Reach & Capacity

SSON is a DWDM-aware GMPLS Control Plane: • Evolution of WSON - switches Spectrum instead of Wavelengths • Aware of Linear & Non-Linear optical impairments • Software based and no OTN Switching requirement • Enabler for Dynamic Photonic networks • Improves Network Efficiency and Resiliency

SSON: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7698

• To enable Flexibility in the spectrum assignment • To align with ITU-T’s extended granularity in channel spacing specifications (6.25GHz/12.5GHz) to cater for 400G+ Waves (75GHz+ Spectrum) • To deal with the increased complexity of running optical networks with more granular spectrum, driving more requirements for the Optical Control Plane • How to optimize the Transmission layer to cope with Distance and Capacity needed? (FLOW!) • How to optimize / de-frag provisioned Channels to save overall Spectrum? (FLOW!) • To Allow for the provisioning, protection, restoration of the new set of Optical Connectivity requirement coming in a FlexGrid environment

SSON Input

Linear Regenerator Impairments Non Linear Interface Type capability Impairments Topology

Power Loss OSNR Path Modulation choice Bit rate FEC

SPM XPM FWM

Linear optical impairments Spectrum Assignment SSON verification Algorithm Optical Path calculation and Spectrum Switching provisioning Service Creation

Media-Channel Media-Channel Super-Channel Media-Channel Carrier: Optical Channel (i.e. Trunk) carrying part or all MCH1 MCH2 SCH2 MCH3 client payload Super-Channel (SCH): set (1 or more) of homogeneous (same type) optical Carrier(s) Super-Channel Super-Channel SCH1 SCH3 Media-Channel (MCH): Continuous spectrum section allocated from Source to Destination (with Path) to transport one Super-Channel • By default one MCH shall be associated to each SCH • By default each MCH can be switched/routed independently • The MCH has the information on Optical BW allocated and the Path along the network Carriers Carriers • The SCH has information on the channels contained, Carrier and all the optical data

• Impairment-aware Optical Control Plane • Restoration Mechanisms (~1min) • Doesn’t replace Protection (50ms) • Automatic Network (Re)Configuration & (Re)Optimization • Improved SLA/Availability : 1+R and 1+1+R • Network failure reaction (1min) • Resiliency and Self Healing Against Multiple Fiber Cuts • More efficient use of Resources • Shared resources for Restoration

BRKOPT-2003 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26 Converged SDN Transport Architectures Isolated IP and Optical networks lead to end-to- end inefficiencies Planning Engineering Planning Proprietary Software Stacks Proprietary Software Stack Engineering Operations Operations Design TDM + DWDM Networks Design

IP/MPLS Multiservice Network Planning Planning

EMS/NMS EMS/NMS (FCAPS) (FCAPS)

. Segregated IP & Optical Siloes:

• Costly Redundant service resiliency in both IP & Optical network layers • Highly manual provisioning Router • 10G services dominant . IP/Optical Convergence: • Line Cards – Dominant CapEx • Optimized E2E network resiliency via LC LC SR-MPLS • Less Line Cards via Coherent DSP . integration (ACO) in routing platforms IPoEoF: TC TC • 100G & 200G services dominant LC LC OTN • Simplify & delayer by eliminating OTN • Leverage DCO & Switc switching infrastructure 400G ZR/ZR+ for h ≥100G TC TC • Address scalability LC LC LC LC

bottlenecks Automation • Optics – Dominant Cost & Complexity CapEx

LC LC DCO DCO LC LC LC LC Txpdr Txpdr Txpdr Txpdr

CDC ZR ZR+ ROADM

WSS Filter EDFA EDFA

Evolution Past Present Future

Silicon Optics Software

Example: Cisco Silicon One Q100 - 10.8 Tbps

Traffic demand Silicon Capacity

How do we get this capacity out of the routers?

> Time

2011 2014 2016 2018 2020 Less space, power consumption power Less space, More integration More

5x7 inches

3x6 inches

CFP2 ACO

CFP2 DCO QSFP-DD DCO

CXP CFP CPAK CFP2 CFP4 QSFP28 uQSFP CFP8 OSFP QSFP-DD

21 18 8675 35 42 22 18 14 41 22 29 50 50 50 76 91 92 92 83 130 Line card faceplate Line 100G Modules 400G Modules

16 16.2 11.6 12.4 9.5 13.5 12.4 13.5 13.5

Transceiver Power for 1Tb/s of Line Card Bandwidth Enabled by

300 Bandwidth Module Form Factor 240 250 16 60 14 200 50 12 10 40 150 120 100 8 30 87.5 Power (W) 100 75 6 20 4 50 35 32.5 10

2 Ports Card Line of # 0 0 0 Line Card (Tb/s) Line Card Bandwidth

Line Card BW # of Line Card Ports

* When compared with 100GE QSFP-28

CFP2-ACO CFP2-DCO

• Supported Trunk Rate: • CD Compensation: • 200G, 300G and 400G • OTU4: +/-80,000ps/nm (OpenROADM OpenFEC) • 200G: +/-50,000ps/nm • OTU4 with Staircase FEC • 300G: +/-50,000ps/nm • 400G: +/-26,000ps/nm • Channel Spacing: • 75GHz (Min) • DGD Compensation: • OTU4: 50GHz (Min) • 200G, 300G, 400G: 60ps • OTU4: 80ps • TX Power Range: • -10 to +1dBm (SW Configurable)

Line Mode Modulation FEC OSNR [dB] RX Sensitivity Min RX Sensitivity Target Reach [km] Rate Format (Optimum OSNR) 400G ZR 16QAM CFEC 26 -12dBm -20dBm 120 400G OR 16QAM OFEC 22.6 -13dBm -22.5dBm 1,400 300G OR 8QAM OFEC 19.7 -15dBm -25.5dBm 2,500 200G OR QPSK OFEC 14.8 -18dBm -30.5dBm 3,000 (CD-limited) 100G OTU4 QPSK OFEC 13.3 -24dBm -30dBm 3,000 (CD-limited) © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 400GE will introduce a new class of optics

At 400G Anything beyond 10kms will need coherent optics

Distance 80-120 km

400G-CR8 400G-SR8 400G-DR4 400G-LR4 8x 50G-CR 400G-SR4.2 400G-FR4 400G-LR8 400ZR

Optics 400G-AOC

Copper MMF / SMF SMF SMF Duplex Duplex Duplex Media Cables AOC (Active Cable)

• OIF standardized QSFP-DD ZR aiming a P2P connectivity of 120km

80-120km EDFA EDFA

• Various QSFP-DD vendors proposed in the same format and with the same DSP also a more powerful version (with worst power envelop) coping with Regional and Long-haul application: this is generically called ZR+ • Acacia and NEL (two main DSP vendor) agreed to support an interoperable mode called OpenZR+ allowing an interoperability between interfaces also on a Regional Long-Haul environment • Cisco will support OpenZR+ on their QSFP-DD

BRKOPT-2003 © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38 400G DD-QSFP56 ZR & ZR+ WDM Pluggable Details • Supported Trunk Rate: • CD Compensation: • 200G, 300G and 400G (OpenZR+) • 200G: +/-50,000ps/nm 60.1 Gbaud • 300G: +/-50,000ps/nm • 400G (ZR) 59.8 Gbaud • 400G: +/-26,000ps/nm • Channel Spacing: • DGD Compensation: • 75GHz (Min) • 200G, 300G, 400G: 60ps • OTU4: 90ps • TX Power Range: • -10 dBm, -6dBm (ZR) • ~13dBm, -10dBm (ZR+) w/Nyquist shaping

Line Mode Modulation FEC OSNR [dB] RX Sensitivity Min RX Sensitivity Target Reach [km] Rate Format (Optimum OSNR) 400G ZR 16QAM CFEC 26 -12dBm -20dBm 120 400G OZR+ 16QAM OFEC 22.1 -16dBm -23dBm 1,400 300G OZR+ 8QAM OFEC 18.7 -19dBm -26dBm 2,500 200G OZR+ QPSK OFEC 14.6 -16dBm -30dBm 3,000 (CD-limited)

Specification Framing Data Rate Modulation Target Reach

OIF 400ZR OIF ZR 400G DP-16QAM 120 km 400G DP-16QAM 1400 km

ZR+ 300G DP-8QAM 2500 km (e.g. Open ROADM FlexO / ITU) 200G DP-QPSK 3000 km 100G DP-QPSK 3000 km*

* CD limited

Standard Vendor Specific Vendor differences will exist on performance for non-standard modes CFP2 enables higher launch power

• Each layer treated individually • Multiple control planes – IP/MPLS, GMPLS, WSON/SSON • IP layer is dynamic as is the transport layer • Adjustable Data Rate, Modulation, Baud Rate, Spectrum, etc… • Operational life-cycle is complex • Planning, Feasibility Compute, Management, Optimization, etc • Optical / OTN switching adds complexity

Remove Simplify Converge Better Layers Layers Services Integration Eliminate Eliminate Build a converged Leverage OTN Switching CDC Switching packet network 400G ZR/ZR+ pluggable optics Run all channels Use Router as the Use open APIs hop-by- only switching for automation hop/Digital element ROADM between routers

Lifecycle Management

Packet Services

Private Line Services

Simplified hop-by-hop network architecture

Packet Services

Private Line Services

Architectural shift Benefits PoP Today’s Network Tomorrow’s Network Advantages: • Simplified network architecture with a single Packet TDM OTN Packet TDM OTN switching Element/Control Plane in the network Services Services ‘Wave’ Services Services ‘Wave’ Services Services • Lower TCO (Eliminate OTN and CDC Switching elements) • Reduced number of network devices/failures OTN + Router • Maximize network capacity with up to 51.2Tbps per ROADM Router w/ 400G ZR + simple DWDM + fiber capacity (C+L Bands 2x(64x400G))

Simplification of Network: • Hop by Hop when you can and bypass when you must (no CDC bypass). • Simplified DWDM layer with digital ROADM (no CDC or xSON Control Plane). • Protection is provided by the Packet layer • Architecture is natively built-in with Automation, Cohesive IP and Photonics Convergence in mind • Maintain PMO with IP and DWDM control/operations domains separation

Transponders Line System Transponders

Vendor A Vendor A Vendor A Vertically Integrated Closed Systems

Vendor A Vendor B Vendor A Mix and Match Open Building Blocks Vendor B Vendor B

A B B D B D B D D B SW – HW Disaggregated Disaggregation

B D

Pros Cons

• Allows “Razor&Blade” Business Model • Vendor Risk (at System level) • Customers have a Single Interface for Closed • Could become non price-competitive Performances & Issues

• Optimizes Performances & Cost by • Requires Vendors management to stimulating Competition guarantee Performances Open • Leverages on “natural” system • Customers need a way to integrate segmentation overall Management (Automation?)

• Allows selection of Best-in-Class • Management integration is a Must Components Disaggregated • Customers are responsible for End-to- • Could drive Cost optimization through End System Testing & Performances Standardization • Lowest Common Denominator?

• Flexible Grid Open Line System: • No industry consensus definition yet • Growing interest and support • Getting traction in Submarine Systems • Open ROADM MSA: • Targeting Metro/Edge applications • Participation from many influential industry members • Telecom Infra Project (TIP) Initiative: • Multi-Source Agreement (MSA) proposal for Point-to-Point Open Line System • Strong industry interest

• Open, Disaggregated & Interoperable Optical Layer • Standards-based APIs from each component to Domain SDN Controller • Pluggable Long Reach Optics (Transponder or Router) • Software Controlled

ROADMs (C/D & C/D/C) Acronyms: MW: Multi-wave Interface • Metro to start with, since W: Single Wave Interface less performance sensitive

Controller NC/YANG NC/YANG NC/YANG Demux Demux Mux/ Mux/ 80 km / 50 miles 80 km / 50 miles Terminal Line Terminal Amplifiers Amplifiers Amplifiers Optical Interface Specs Interface Optical Specs Interface Optical

• Point-to-Point systems Node-level Specifications for key Optical and Control parameters: • Filter BW, OSNR Contribution, per-channel Power, Monitoring points, Protection options (and others) • YANG Data models for Terminal and Line Amplifier nodes

• SLTEs and Wet Plants are becoming more & more two separate businesses • Terrestrial and Submarine Transmission Products are Converging • Innovation Pace for WDM Interfaces is not sustainable by Submarine-only Vendors • Customers can leverage on Different Generation of Products to always use the best option to upgrade Capacity • “Alien Wavelength” Systems upgrades started almost 10years ago in this space, allowing eco-system to mature

Dry technology Dry technology Wetplant technology (Subcom/ASN/NEC..)

Cable Landing Station Cable Landing Station

TXP TXP MON MON Line PFE PFE Line System System

Cable with Fiber +15kV and embedded amplifiers

10,000km +

Cisco NCS 2000 Cisco NCS 1000

SLTE = Submarine Line Terminating Equipment

• NCS 1004 provides state of the art modem (aka transponder). • NCS 2000 provides a SLTE

• SLTEs and Wet Plants are becoming more & more two separate businesses • Terrestrial and Submarine Transmission Transponder are Converging • Innovation Pace for WDM Interfaces is not sustainable by Submarine-only Vendors • “Alien Wavelength” Systems upgrades started almost 10years ago in this space, allowing eco-system to mature

Figure courtesy subcom

• More expensive fiber – pure silica core, higher effective area fiber. • Eg: EX3000 150micron, 0.16db/km • EDFA amplifiers with symmetrically spacing and operate at fixed output power. Noise Loading technology to maintain EDFA/channel power levels • Newer uncompensated cables are very similar to terrestrial coherent networks. • Legacy compensated cables require custom capabilities – CW idlers, CD pre- compensation.

PFE +

PFE = Power Feed Equipment Figure courtesy subcom

• Distances of up to 15,000km • Amplifier spacing 60 to 110km • 15kV Power feed • Extremely high reliability Figure courtesy NEC

Subcom’s Reliance class of Cable ships

Plow • Loaded with cable – takes 2-3 weeks to load • Can handle 60+ days trips. • Space for 84 people • Installation and repair capabilities.

• Spectral Efficiency (SE) = Data Rate / Bandwidth • Example: 200G in 50Ghz of bandwidth would be 4 b/s/Hz. • Spectral Efficiencies Ranges by applications • In Terrestrial Long Haul = 4-5.33 b/s/Hz • In Terrestrial Metro = 6-8b/s/Hz • In Submarine cable (5000km) = 5-6 b/s/Hz • In Submarine cables (10,000km) = 4-4.5 b/s/Hz • In submarine applications, spectral efficiency is the key metric to evaluate transponder technologies.

• Market driven by Web/OTT: building single ownership cables • Open cables from sub-com, NEC, ASN. • Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) starting to appear on sub-sea. • New cables driving unique value: • New routes not sufficiently covered today. Australia, Guam etc. - RTI • 90% of cables terminating in Japan impacted by 2011 Tsunami. Alternate routes ? - RTI • Connect islands, remote areas – Pacific islands, Chile, Caribbean, Nordics, Indonesia etc.. – RTI, Southern Cross Next • New low latency routes bypassing Europe through “southern routes” – Angola Cable

• In 2020, Google, FB are expected to deploy the most capacity amongst all operators. Amazon is also looking to expand. • Cloud/OTT own or lease 50% of undersea capacity as of 2019 [source: telegeography] • Nice link on content players and undersea: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/03/10/technology/internet- cables-oceans.html • Uncompensated coherent almost entirely.

38.4Tbps 6 200G 250G 300G 350G 400G 450G 500G 550G 600G Metro P2P 28.8Tbps 5.5 Previous Modulation Technology 35.2Tbps

30Tbps

5 24.0Tbps - less Metro ROADM 27Tbps 4.5 150G

24Tbps 4 19.2Tbps In case 300G does 21Tbps 3.5 not work, need to Long Haul Hybrid Modulation, In18Tbps 3 100G go to 250G 14.4Tbps case 300G at this point Bits/symbol Submarine 15Tbps 2.5 does not work, bps/baud-rate 12Tbps

2 CapacityTotal @ 50Ghz Reach 9.60Tbps controls available to Grid @ Capacity Total 1.5 50G 9Tbps 4.80Tbps adjust. 6Tbps 1 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 Baud Rate (GBaud) © 2020 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public air – automatic inline re-tuner

• Turbo Coherent technology offers 6000 + trunk configuration options. • How does an operator pick the best mode to use ?! • air is coordinates the transponders at the end-points to decide on the best set of parameters to meet customer’s design objective based on real-time performance data. • Objectives incl. maximize spectral efficiency, maximize line rate.

Considers worst case transponder Considers real time Planning Tool performance, optical air performance to optimize component losses and network for maximum aging, margins capacity.

Installation BOM parameters Performance Closed Modify config data loop automation

Excess No excess margin in margin in the network the network

Ex #1 Ex #2 Ex #3

• 10,000+ km • 9,800+ km • 6,600 km (13,200km looped)

• Open cable with 3rd party SLTE • Open cable, Cisco SLTE • Beats capacity record of 26.4Tbps

• Deployed 36x200G links (7.2Tbps) • 300G/9800Km and 400G/4500Km • NCS 2K for SLTE system

• Achieved 43% better Spectral • achieved 35% better Spectral • 26+ Tbps fiber capacity on 6,600km Efficiency over other options Efficiency over other options • 18+ Tbps over 13,200km

Optical Control Plane Software WSON -> SSON / FLOW -> Centralized Controller

High Speed Optics 600G DWDM, Advanced Modulations, DD-QSFP56 ZR+

Optical Network Architectures IP+DWDM Intersection, TDM/OTN to IP Migration

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