Civil Rights since 1787 A Reader on the Black Struggle
EDITED BY Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
New York University Press NEW YORK AND LONDON Contents
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction: It Didn't Start in 1954 1 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
PART I: Slavery: America's First Compromise 1 Introduction: Original Sin 7 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor 2 The International Slave Trade 9 Philip Foner 3 Slavery, the Constitution, and the Founding Fathers 16 Mary Frances Berry 4 Our Pro-Slavery Constitution 24 William Lloyd Garrison 5 Slave Religion, Rebellion, and Docility 29 Albert J. Raboteau 6 1787 Petition for Equal Educational Facilities 35 Rev. Prince Hall et al. X 7 The Abolitionist Movement 36 Herbert Aptheker 8 Too Long Have Others Spoken for Us 41 Freedom's Journal 9 Education for Black Women 45 Matilda 10 Walker's Appeal 47 David Walker 11 On African Rights and Liberty 50 Maria W. Stewart x Contents
12 The Liberator: Opening Editorial 53 William Lloyd Garrison
13 An Address to the Slaves of the United States 55 Rev. Henry Highland Garnet 14 Free Blacks and Suffrage 58 Alexis de Tocqueville 15 Silencing Debate: The Congressional Gag Rule 59 16 Equality before the Law 60 Charles Sumner 17 Free Blacks and the Fugitive Slave Act 66 Martin Delany 18 The Fugitive Slave Law 70 Harriet Jacobs 19 What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? 74 Frederick Douglass 20 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 78
21 Illinois No Longer a Free State 83 Chicago Tribune 22 Literacy, Slavery, and Religion 85 Janet Duitsman Cornelius 23 Who Freed the Slaves? 90 Ira Berlin
PART II: Reconstruction 24 Introduction: The Second American Revolution 101 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor 25 The Second American Revolution 103 Eric Foner 16 Schools for Freedom 109 Herbert Gutman 27 The Southern Black Church 116 Clarence Taylor and Jonathan Birnbaum 28 Forty Acres and a Mule: Special Field Order No. 15 118 General William Tecumseh Sherman 29 A Proposal for Reconstruction 121 Thaddeus Stevens Contents xi
30 Woman's Rights 127 Sojourner Truth 31 Woman Suffrage 130 Charlotte Rollin 32 Black Women during Reconstruction 131 Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 33 Southern Discomfort 135 Whitelaw Reid
34 The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy 138 Eugene Lawrence 35 Black Workers and Republicans in the South 141 David Montgomery 36 The Reconstruction Myth 150 Peyton McCrary 37 The Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson 154 Joshua Zeitz
PART in: Segregation 38 Introduction: Separate and Unequal 161 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
The Repression of Free Blacks 39 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 165
40 Newspapers on Plessy v. Ferguson 170 41 How Disenfranchisement Was Accomplished 172 Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward 42 Lynching . 177 Ida B. Wells-Barnett 43 The Atlanta Massacre 181 "An Educated Negro"
44 The Race War in the North 184 William English Walling 45 Jim Crow and the Limits of Freedom, 1890-1940 190 Neil R. McMillen 46 Blacks and the First Red Scare 199 Theodore Kornweibel, Jr. xii Contents
47 The Second Klan 203 Nancy MacLean
The Black and Progressive Response 48 Black Workers from Reconstruction to the Great Depression 215 Nell Irvin Painter 49 The Atlanta Address 222 Booker T. Washington
V50 Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others 226 W. E. B. Du Bois V51 Report of the 1900 Pan-African Conference 232 ^52 The Niagara Movement Declaration of Principles 234 y53 The Task for the Future 238 NAACP y 54 Returning Soldiers 242 W. E. B. Du Bois 55 Lynching a Domestic Question? 244 The Messenger 56 Address to President Wilson 246 William Monroe Trotter 57 The Higher Education of Women 249 Anna Julia Cooper 58 Black Women and the Right to Vote 252 Darlene Clark Hine and Christie Anne Farnham 59 Woman Suffrage and the Fifteenth Amendment 260 Mary Church Terrell 60 Woman Suffrage and the Negro 262 The Messenger
61 The Great Migration 264 W. E. B. Du Bois 61 Migration and Political Power 267 The Messenger 63 The Objectives of the Universal Negro Improvement Association 268 Marcus Garvey Contents xiii
]64 The Garvey Milieu 274 Alan Dawley 65 The Scottsboro Case 278 Robin D. G. Kelley 66 Women and Lynching 280 Jacquelyn Dowd Hall 61 Blacks and the New Deal 283 Harvard Sitkoff
68 Mary McLeod Bethune and the Black Cabinet 287 Darlene Clark Hine and Kathleen Thompson 69 Marian Anderson, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the D.A.R. 290 Elmer Anderson Carter 70 Blacks and the CIO 292 Richard Thomas
71 The Harlem Bus Boycott of 1941 298 Dominic J. Capeci, Jr.
72 The March on Washington Movement 303 A. Philip Randolph 73 Executive Order 8802: Establishing the FEPC 307 Franklin D. Roosevelt 74 The Sharecroppers' Tale 309 Paul Buhle 75 The "Double V" Campaign 315 Edgar T. Rouzeau
16 Nazi and Dixie Nordics 318 Langston Hughes 11 The Civil Rights Congress 321 Gerald Home
PART IV: The Second Reconstruction
78 Introduction: The Modern Civil Rights Movement 327 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
The Legal Strategy rf 79 Charles Hamilton Houston and the NAACP Legal Strategy 333 Patricia Sullivan xiv Contents
^80 The NAACP and Brown 341 Harvard Sitkoff 81 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 349
82 Mississippi Murders 355 Myrlie Evers with William Peters
Labor Days A83 Labor, Radicals, and the Civil Rights Movement 363 Robert Korstad and Nelson Lic'htenstein
84 Migration and Electoral Politics 383 Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward 85 To Secure These Rights 388 The President's Committee on Civil Rights 86 Executive Order 9981: Barring Segregation in the Armed Forces 394 Harry S. Truman
87 The Second Red Scare: The Cold War in Black America 396 Manning Marable 88 Remembering Jackie Robinson 409 Peter Dreier 89 Paul Robeson and the House Un-American Activities Committee 412 90 The Highlander School 416 Myles Horton * 91 If the Negro Wins, Labor Wins 421 Martin Luther King, Jr. ^92 CORE and the Pacifist Roots of Civil Rights 428 Milton Viorst
The Churches' Hour
^93 The Baton Rouge Bus Boycott 435 Aldon Morris t 94 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott 443 Herbert Kohl X95 The Social Organization of Nonviolence 457 Martin Luther King, Jr. Contents xv
96 SCLC and "The Beloved Community" 461 97 On King's Influences and Borrowings 464 Arnold Rampersad 98 Women and Community Leadership 467 Ella Baker >s99 The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 472 Howard Zinn
114 Address on Voting Rights 546 Lyndon Johnson
Economic Justice: The North Has Problems Too 115 Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders 553 Kerner Commission 116 The Watts Uprising 555 Gerald Home 111 The Great Society 561 Lyndon Johnson 118 The SCLC and Chicago 565 Adam Fairclough 119 Resurrection City and the Poor People's Campaign 574 I. F. Stone 120 The Welfare Rights Movement 580 James MacGregor Burns and Stewart Burns
Black Power 121 We Must Have Justice 587 Elijah Muhammad 111 The Ballot or the Bullet 589 Malcolm X 123 Malcolm and Martin: A Common Solution 604 Claybome Carson 124 What We Want 611 Stokely Carmichael 125 The Black Panther Party Ten-Point Program 615 Huey Newton
126 The Black Panther Party 618 Claybome Carson and David Malcolm Carson 111 Women and the Black Panther Party 621 Angela G. Brown 128 Black Power and Labor 624 William L. Van Deburg Contents xvii
Electoral and Street Politics 129 The Nixon Administration and Civil Rights 631 William Clay
130 The Gary Black Political Convention of 1972 635 Manning Marable 131 Police Violence and Riots 641 John Conyers, Jr. 132 Rodney King, Police Brutality, and Riots 645 Nell Irvin Painter 133 Black Power in the Age of Jackson 649 Andrew Kopkind 134 Race and the Democrats 655 Richard A. Cloward and Frances Fox Piven 135 Mississippi Abolishes Slavery 659 Reuters North American Wire Service 136 Undercounting Minorities 661 Clarence Lusane
137 The Color of Money 663 Public Campaign
Discrimination: Ongoing Examples 138 The Possessive Investment in Whiteness 669 George Lipsitz 139 Discrimination and Racism Continue 679 John Conyers, Jr. 140 Education's "Savage Inequalities" 684 Steven Wishnia 141 Shopping While Black 688 Lena Williams 142 Environmental Racism 692 Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., and Dennis Rivera
Affirmative Action 143 Affirmative Action and History 697 Eric Foner xviii Contents
..144 The Great White Myth 700 Anna Quindlen — 145 How the Press Frames Affirmative Action 702 Janine Jackson ,_- 146 Position Paper on Affirmative Action 708 National Employment Lawyers Association
PART V: Backlash Redux 147 Introduction: Redemption II 717 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
The Roots of Backlash 148 The Southern Manifesto 721 149 George Wallace and the Roots of Modern Republicanism 725 Taylor Branch 150 Segregation Forever 731 George Wallace 151 The Southern Strategy 735 Dan T. Carter 152 The Nixon That Black Folks Knew 742 Clarence Lusane __ 153 The FBI, COINTELPRO, and the Repression of Civil Rights 745 James W. Loewen 154 The Urban Fiscal Crisis and the Rebirth of Conservatism 753 William K. Tabb 155 Boston's Battle over Busing 759 Ronald P. Formisano
Backlash 156 The Tax Revolt 779 Alan Brinkley 157 Campus Racism and the Reagan Budget Cuts 780 Joseph S. Murphy _ 158 The War against the Poor 785 Herbert J. Gans 159 David Duke and the Southern Strategy 792 Tom Turnipseed Contents xix
160 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 794 Richard O. Curry
161 How "Welfare" Became a Dirty Word 798 Linda Gordon
161 Lazy Lies about Welfare 803 Derrick Z. Jackson
163 Race and the "New Democrats" 805 Michael Omi and Howard Winant
164 Defunding the Congressional Black Caucus 817 Julianne Malveaux
165 Vouchers, the Right, and the Race Card 819 Bob Peterson and Barbara Miner
166 The Prison Industrial Complex 823 Angela Davis
167 Felony Disenfranchisement 829- Holly Sklar
168 Chain Gang Blues 831 Alex Lichtenstein
169 Breaking Thurgood Marshall's Promise 836 A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr.
PART VI: Toward a Third Reconstruction
170 Introduction: Where Do We Go from Here? 843 Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor
111 Time for a Third Reconstruction 846 Eric Foner
111 Toward a New Protest Paradigm 849 Manning Marable
173 Why Inter-Ethnic Anti-Racism Matters Now 853 George Lipsitz
174 How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America 856 Robin D. G. Kelley
175 What Works to Reduce Inequality? 862 Martin Carnoy
176 A Workers' Bill of Rights 864 Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition xx Contents
111 A Ten-Point Plan 866 Peter Dreier 178 Both Race and Class: A Time for Anger 868 Dan T. Carter 179 Fear of a Black Feminist Planet 874 Barbara Ransby 180 Response to the Million Man March 878 African American Agenda 2000 \ 181 What Farrakhan Left Out 880 Peter Dreier 182 Clean-Money Campaign Finance Reform 883 Holly Sklar 183 Proportional Representation 885 Steven Hill 184 We Can Educate All Our Children 890 Constance Clayton 185 Algebra as Civil Rights: An Interview with Bob Moses 896 Peggy Dye 186 Pulpit Politics: Religion and the Black Radical Tradition 899 Michael Eric Dyson 187 Some Truths Are Not Self-Evident 904 Howard Zinn 188 We Don't Need Another Dr. King 907 Patricia Hill Collins
Index 909 About the Editors 943