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The Administration of Indapur Pargana Under the Marathas

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The Administration of Indapur Pargana Under the Marathas 1. The Administration of Indapur Pargana under the Marathas (1761-1818) Introduction Under the Marathas, Indapur Pargana was administered by both the officer sent by the Peshwa Government and by the hereditary local officer. The former, who was called Kamavisdar, represented the Government, and the latter, who was Deshmukh, represented the local community of Indapur Pargana. In the study of Medieval Indian History, however, the local hereditary officer alone such as Deshmukh is inclined to be focused on‘. In this chapter, the administrative relationship between Kamavisdar and Deshmukh in Indapur Pargana is studied. ' Concerning the Maratha History, A.R.Kulkami studied the Deshmukh of Indapur Pargana. A.R.Kulkarni, ‘The Deshmukhi Watan with Special Reference to Indapur,” pp.190-209. H.Fukazawa focused on Deshmukhs and Deshpandes in agrarian relations under the Marathas. H.Fukazawa, “Agrarian Relations and Land Revenue -The medieval Deaccan and Maharashtra,” Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib eds., The Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol.I, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1982/2007, pp.254-255. This tendency is stronger in the Mughal History. Irfan Habib and S.Nurul Hasan, regarded placed the importance in local society on hereditary local officers alone. Irfan Habib, “Agrarian Relations and Land Revenue -North India,” Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib eds., op. cit., pp.244-247, and S.Nurul Hasan, “Zamindar under the Mughals,” “Three Studies of the Zamindari System,” “Further Light on Zamindars under the Mu;;" .Li. A Case Study of (Mirza) Raja Jai Singh under Shahjahan,” Satish Chandra ed.. Religion, State, and Society in Medieval India -Collected Works of S.Nurul Hasan. " Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2005/2009, pp.135-159, and 166-172. 16 This chapter is chiefly based on Modi documents in Pune Archives. The most important documents to study the role of Kamavisdar are Sanads issued by the Peshwa Government to appoint Kamavisdar. And the account papers of Indapur Pargana such as Ajmas (an estimate), Taleband (an account book), Hiseb (an account), and Jamabandi (settlement of the amount of revenue) mention various activities of the Government officers including Kamavisdar. A series of the accounts of Indapur Pargana which covers the period of 1765-1817, is kept in the section of “Prant Ajmas, Pune (Rumal nos.58-63)" These accounts, which mainly consist of Taleband, are quite important to study the administration of Indapur Pargana from the Government side. The section of “Pune Jamav” includes a series of rumals entitled as “Deshmukhiche Watan (Rumal nos.797- 803).” This collection mainly consists of various orders (Ajna Patra) and the accounts of Deshmukhi Watan which cover the period of 1770-1830. The rumal (Rumal no.63) in “Prant Ajmas, Pune” includes the accounts of Deshmukhi Watan which cover the period of I76I-1768. These documents make the study of the administration of Indapur Pargana from the side of the hereditary local officers. The accounts both of Indapur Pargana and of Deshmukhi Watan are primary sources in this chapter. Appointment This chaper begins with considering the appointments of Kamavisdar and of Deshmukh of Indapur Pargana. 17 Kamavisdar Throughout the period under consideration, the Peshwa eventually appointed a total of eighteen Kamavisdars of Indapur Pargana (See Appendix 11)^. The Kamavisdar made a contract of Kamavis (the collection of the revenue) with the Peshwa Government and paid money to the Government in advance. The Kamavisdar’s tenn of office in Indapur Pargana varied according to a contract. In the case of Ganapatrao Jiwaji who had held the post of Kamavisdar for the longest term of 19 years in Indapur Pargana, the contract was renewed at least three times, namely, in 1782, 1794 and 1795. Holkar invaded Pune Subha in 1802 and the failure of the late rain heavily damaged crops in this Subha in 1803. These disasters seriously affected the administration of the Pune Subha including the Indapur Pargana. And Indapur Pargana was terribly depopulated. So the Peshwa Government appointed Malhar Mukund Kamavisdar as new Kamavisdar. And the collection of the revenue was granted on a favourable lease to him in 1807\ And he was the last Kamavisdar under the Marathas. ■ In Pune Subha, a Subhedar was appointed by the Peshwa, who was administratively placed between the Peshwa and Kamavisdars in Pune Subha. However, the Sanads to appoint a Kamavisdar of Indapur Pargana and orders given to him were issued not by the Subhedar but by the Peshwa, which is common to other Parganas. G.C.Vad eds., SSRPD, Vol.VII, The Poona Deccan Vernacular Translation Society, Poona, 1911, nos.437, 441, and 442. ^ GSPVol,XIII,pt.2,p.389. 18 Deshmukh Deshmiikhi Watan of Indapur Pargana belonged to Shahu Chatrapati in the early eighteenth century'*. And the Satara Raja succeeded to this Watan. So in the late Maratha period, Deshmukhi Watan belonged to Ram Raja (1761-1777), Shahu II (1777-1810), and Pratapshinh (1810-1839). However, their names are rarely written in the original documents about Deshmukhi Watan. They appointed an agent of Deshmukh to administer Indapur Pargana. The agent was called Nadgauda. The order for Kamavisdar of Indapur Pargana to carry out the agency of Deshmukh of Indapur Pargana temporarily was issued by the Peshwa Government in 1768^: This letter shows that the duties and rights of Nadgauda had continued for a long time and that Nadgauda was the agent not only of Deshmukh of Indapur Pargana but also of Patil of Qasba and Peth Indapur^. In most of the documents about Deshmukhi and Patilki Watan, the name of Nadgauda is written down instead of Satara Raja’s, though the seal which was stamped on them was the Satara Raja’s. A.R. Kulkarni, “The Deshmukhi Watan (with Special Reference to Indapur),” pp.193. ^ The reason why Kamavisdar of Indapur Pargana was ordered to take the duties of the agency of Deshmukh of Indapur Pargana was not cleared. As far as other letters in this Rumal show, Nagorao Meghsham from whom this agency was taken, continued this post as the agent after 1768. So it is clear that this action was temporary. ^ “^fcicp jimucT h<h>wih gsrr n 3 t ^ . q w i r .^dlHcRl ^ CT tn€leRMr J^dlHcPl HFTtTW ^rET:?TRT 3nt.^=3rRT qcJclH chl-HchM cT ZJ cl^ tr? suofr ^ ^ t ^ ^ ntr qmwWr ct cbi<HchTH sTQird^rM gTpfTH T^ldc)u1 3TTt ^ 3T5TKWFt.” 6 Jamadilawal, Pune Jamav Rumal no.797. 19 According to the report produced by Inam Commissioner in 1852, who investigated the rights of Nadgauda in the British period, the ancestor of the incumbent Nadgauda was appointed by Shahu in 1746^ In the late Maratha period, Nagoram Meghsham (1760-1782), Meghsham Nagnath (1782-1808), and Krishna Meghsham (1808-1824) were appointed as Nadgauda. This report tells that the office of Nadgauda had been hereditary at least from 1746 to 1852^ And the Sanad issued in 1782, which tells that the duties and rights of Nadgauda were succeeded hereditarily from Nagoram Meghsham who died in that year to his son, Meghsham Nagnath^, supports this report A.R.Kulkami gave the case Shahu Maharaj appointed Madhavrao Shankar his agent in 1724'°. This shows an agent of the Deshmukh of Indapur Pargana didn’t succeed in one lineage, because Madhavrao Shankar was appointed much before the ancestor of Nadgauda in the British period. It has not been cleared who had occupied the post of ’ Inam Commissioner Northern Division to Revenue Department, No. 1021 of 1859 dated 30 June 1859, “Indapur Deshmukhs Watan,” (File no.134), Rumal no.8, List no.13, pp.22 and 29. Meghsham Bhamrao Nadgauda who was incumbent in 1836 also testified his ancestor was appointed Nadgauda in 1746. Sanshodhakani Niwadlele Kagad, Indapur Sambandhi Rumal no.50, Pune Archives. * Inam Commissioner Northern Division to Revenue Department, No. 1021 of 1859 dated 30 June 1859, “Indapur Deshmukhs Watan,” pp.22 and 29. ’ “On 21 Rabilakhar (the fourth month in the Islamic calendar), the following Sanad was issued under the name of the Peshwa: The agency (Mutalki watan) of the watans both of Deshmukh of Indapur Pargana and of Patil of Qasba and Peth Indapur continueed under the name of your respectful father Nagorao Meghsham who was charged in the court. Rs.700 was sent to him as his pay. But he died (in 1781). So the agency of both the watans was settled under the name of you [=Maghsham Nagnath] and then Rs.700 was given to you as before. The agency should be carried out and than the amount of Rs.700 should be given. This order should be obeyed.” W ikPIc^ ?Tr^ <HIJ|'l’(i<H qWTT ^ ^ c)dd4) nraH FZTTO cTt jpr ciFRrfr j^didcPi gsRTtt ojrWr jrr 7TTH91' ctfM HfT gc^Jld ;HT?r9r rrscfrer ?, -r^ldJft 21 Rabilakhar Shuhur 1182, Bundles (Fadke) about Meghshamrao Nagnath, Ghadni Rumal no. 408. A.R.Kulkami, “The Deshmukhi Watan (with Special Reference to Indapur),” p. 193. 20 Nadgauda during the period between 1724 and 1746. But it is out of scope to answer this question. In the original documents, Nadgauda was also called “Zamindar” as Deshmhkh and Deshpande were. The Administration of Indapur Pargana The most important administrative duty of Indapur Pargana was to collect the land revenue of Indapur Pargana. Kamavisdar led this business in the Pargana. The revenue of Indapur Pargana mainly consisted of under the Marathas Ain Jama or the land revenue and Siway Jama (other revenues). According to the Sanad of appointment to Kamavisdar, he did not collect the land revenue in all the villages. Inam villages and Saranjami villages were excluded from his collection in the settlement between the Peshwa Government and Kamavisdar". Chart 1 shows the aiTangement of villages in Indapur Pargana during the late Maratha period.
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