Vol. 33, No. 51 December 17-23, 1990 New Structure of DNA Discovered Coal miner cap lamps twinkle like stars. jun Beijing'^^r VOL. 33, NO. 51 DEC. 17-23, 1990

Foreign Banks Expand Business in China CONTENTS • China's reform and open policy have provided a good opportunity for foreign banks to enter the Chinese market. Many foreign banks have established branches in China and EVENTS/TRENDS 4 7 their operations have been satisfactory (p. 8). Li Peng Starts Four-Nation Tour Agriculture Stressed for 1991 New Structure of DNA Discovered Religious Freedom Stressed Again New Strucfure of DNA Discovered Market Role for Materials Ministry • A laboratory of the Research Institute of Chemistry of the What's to Be Done With Extra Chinese Academy of Science recently discovered a new DNA Money? New Fashion in Store for Beijing structure. News in Brief Senior researcher Bai Chunli, director of the laboratory, said this was the world's first direct discovery of the three-ply CHINA plait-like new structure using a scanning tunnel microscope Foreign Banks Seek Development (p. 5). in China 8 Welfare Business for the Disabled 11 Light for the Blind 14 STVF '90 Presents a Rainbow of Premier Li Specifies Poiicy on iteiigious Affairs Cultures 17 Workers' Engravings 18 • Speaking at a recent national working conference on reli• Facts and Figures: Geographical gious affairs. Premier Li Peng stressed the importance of Distribution, Density and correctly implementing the Party's policy protecting the free• Natural Growth Rate of China's Population 21 dom of religious belief. He said properly handling religious affairs is of great im• Pictorial Centrefold portance to strengthening stability and national unity in China (p. 5). INTERNATIONAL Future Complications in US-Latin American Ties 24 New Developments in the Gulf LiglitfortheBiind Situation 28 BUSINESS/TRADE 29 31 • Since the programme of enabling blind children to study at the same schools as those with normal eyesight was introduced CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-33 on a trial basis to 30 counties three years ago, over 75 percent of the blind children there have entered school, a big jump FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 34 over the country's average of 3 percent up to 1987 (p. 14). COVER: Now in Lhasa, many handi• capped Tibetans have found jobs with the help of the people's government. Agricuiture Stressed for 1991 Their livelihood and health care are quaranteed. Here an investigation group from the United States visits a printing • The Party Central Committee and the State Council jointly house employing handicapped persons. issued a circular recently, calling on local governments at all The group observes deaf-mute workers levels to make more efforts for further growth of agriculture binding Tibetan books. in the next year (p. 4). photo by Chen Zonglie

General Editorial Office Publislied every Monday by BEIJING REVIEW Subscription rates (1 year): Tel: 8314318 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 Australia A.$30.50 TU<: 222374 FLPDA CN The People's Republic of Cfiina New Zealand NZ.$40.50 FAX: 8314318 Distributed by China International Book UK 16.50 Englisin Dept. Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) USA US$30.50 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada. ..Can.$30.50 EVENTS/TRENDS "leaped to a new high" since the full consideration. Li Peng Starts two nations forged diplomatic The circular pointed out that Four-Nation Tour ties in 1974, with a marked in• a good agricultural harvest and crease of various exchanges and steady rural economic growth in remier Li Peng arrived in prominent achievements in eco• 1991, the first year of the Eighth Kuala Lumpur on Decem• nomic co-operation and trade. Five-Year Plan (1991-95), will P ber 10 to begin his four- Party Session on Schedule. Be• be of great significance to the day official visit to Malaysia, the fore Premier Li Peng left Beijing development of the national first by a Chinese head of gov• for his visit, he announced that economy as a whole. ernment in almost a decade. the Seventh Plenary Session of Emphasis will be placed on Malaysia is the first leg of the the 13th Central Committee of transforming low-yielding farm• Chinese premier's 10-day tour, the Communist Party of China land, and wasteland will be re• which will also take him to the (CPC) will be held in late De• claimed and water resources Philippines, Laos and Sri Lanka. cember as scheduled. tapped to grow crops and trees or Speaking at a banquet in hon• Li told reporters at the airport raise domestic livestock and fish. our of his Chinese guests, Ma• that the forthcoming Party ses• In addition, measures will be laysian Prime Minister Mahath• sion will work out the Eighth adopted to protect cultivated ir Mohamad said that Li came at Five-Year Plan and a 10-year areas and agricultural resources. a propitious moment in the rela• programme for the country's Localities are encouraged to in• tionship between the two coun• economic development. And this crease investment so as to boost tries. is "the sole item on the agenda," agricultural production, effect he stressed. an overall agricultural develop• Li's visit "testifies to the im• He believed the time for con• ment and ensure supplies of portance China attaches to vening the session is completely farm machinery and raw mater• maintaining good relations with mature, saying, "I am sure we ials. Southeast Asian countries, the can achieve our expected results They are also encouraged to Prime Minister said, adding that during the session." adopt scientific farming meth• there is no doubt that the Asso• In order to ensure success, the ods, train agrotechnicians, use ciation of Southeast Asian Na• premier said, it took time for the improved seed strains, study and tions (Asean) recognizes the role Party to solicite opinions from introduce advanced cultivation which China plays in the stabili• people from all walks of life and and breeding techniques, and in• ty and prosperity of the region. make all necessary preparations. crease management efficiency. In reply, Premier Li noted According to the circular, next that the international situation is year the rural household con• "undergoing profound changes." tract responsibility system will But power politics still exists and be consolidated and a healthy destablizing factors are on the Agriculture increase. The dangerous situa• agricultural social service net• Stressed for 1991 work established. Land contracts tion in the Gulf, for example, will continue to be honoured. In has commanded grave concern r I ihe record grain harvest this rural areas where agriculture de• of people throughout the world. year has brought a happy velops on a large scale, adjust• On the Cambodian issue, he T glow of success to China in ments will be made in the land said, new obstacles and difficul• overcoming its agricultural stag• contract system according to lo• ties have kept cropping up in the nation, but any further growth cal conditions.No more farm• way of a final settlement. of agriculture in the years to land will be occupied for hous• He said China is ready to come needs more painstaking ef• ing projects. make unremitting efforts, along forts. A healthy agricultural social with Asean and other countries According to a circular joint• services network will be devel• concerned for an early, compre• ly issued by the Party Central oped. The circular called on gov• hensive, fair and lasting settle• Committee and the State Coun• ernments at county and town• ment of the question on the basis cil on agriculture and rural work ship levels to help local co• of the UN Security Council Re• for 1991, China will strive for operative economic organiza• solution 668 within the frame• comprehensive agricultural dev- tions expand their services to work of the Paris Conference. leopment by taking the coun• meet farmer needs. The Chinese Premier said try's huge population and lim• They are also urged to esta• Sino-Malaysian relations have ited agricultural resources into blish special funds to assist poor

4 BEIJING REWEWt'BECEMBEH 17-23, 1990 EVENTS / TRENDS i villages and help them diversify i firming the existence of this type ficant to stability, unity, nation- : I their economic undertakings. I of DNA formally indirectly ob• al reunification, and the fulfill- The principle for a multi- served only by X-ray diffrac• i ment of goals set forth in the | ownership economy with the col• tion. And their discovery won ^ 1990's socio-economic develop- lective as the main body should the highest honours among the I menl programme in addition to I be upheld, the circular said. year's 100 scientific awards in ; safeguarding world peace. 1 '• It also pointed out the iegi- the United States. I Li said various religious or- ^ I timate interests of families en- I The laboratory which made ganizations in China have hnks • gaged in production along spe- the recent discovery is led by the with their worldwide coun• i cialized lines, industrial and 37-year-old senior researcher Bai terparts. Exchanges based on commercial households, and rur• I Chunli. Previously, a similar friendship and equality between • al private enterprises should be DNA structure had been conjec• I these Chinese and overseas or• protected. tured by foreign scientists on the ganizations can promote under• I The circular called for unceas• basis of indirect study through standing between the Chinese ing efforts in water conservancy alternative technology. and other peoples of the world. construction and land improve- ! It is unimaginable to achieve a He also said that the govern- ; i ments, attributing this year's i significant discovery in micro- I ment will continue to support i bumper harvests to water conser- observation of an organism with• religious circles to independent• I vancy facility and land improve- out high technology and sophis• ly manage their own affairs, in• I ment efforts. ticated instruments. Researchers cluding expanding contacts with | in the institute used a scanning I Localities are urged to tap lo- overseas friends. But they should tunnel microscope in their work. i cal labour resources during the also guard against interference This award-winning precision forthcoming slack seasons. • in China's internal affairs instrument of atom-resolving \h religious activities by power was designed and manu• : overseas hostile forces, he said. factured by the RIC, along with others, in 1987. Li said people in China with New Structure of ! or without religious affiliations DNA Discovered Zhou Guangzhao, president should respect each other. He ad• of the Chinese Academy of ded: "We will carry out the 1 Sciences, and Hu Qiheng and fTTihe steel sculpture of a Party's policy on religious af• I Wang Fusong, vice-presidents of I bispiral-shaped DNA fairs while simultaneously I the academy, believe that this structure erected in the stressing the consistency of the I discovery not only has shown centre of Zhongguancun Aven• policy. Any infringements on or I broad prospects for the applica• ue in the northwestern suburb of violations of the right of free• tions of this microscope, but also Beijing is no longer a symbol dom and interest of religious marked a breakthrough in the of the latest achievements the j organizations should be firmly study of the structure of DNA world has made in biological checked. by finding a new approach in the scientific studies. Since the Party corrected its scientific research of biological I A new three-ply plait-like mistakes in the guiding princi• messages and the origin of life. • structure of DNA has been dis• ples for religious affairs in 1987, covered recently by scientists the past decade has seen remark• with the Research Institute of able achievements in ensuring Chemistry (RIC) of the Chinese freedom of religious belief A Academy of Sciences. This is, Religious Freedom number of people in the re• some specialists say, a significant Stressed Again ligious circles who had been discovery in the study of nature. wronged have been rehabilitat• The DNA, known as the basic r • ihe importance of protecting ed. And about 2,000 national material for life, stores, reprod• I the freedom of religious and regional affiliations and or• uces and carries its genetic mes• belief was underscored ganizations have been restored sages and is regarded as a prin• once again by a top Chinese or established. Currently, about i cipal object of study when ex• leader. I 40,000 temples, monasteries, | ploring the secrets of life. Last At a national conference on mosques and churches across the year, American scientists suc• religious affairs which opened country are open to public. ceeded in directly observing the ; on December 5 in Beijing, Pre- China is a nation with multi• bispiral DNA through a scan• I mier Li Peng said proper han- ple religious beliefs. Buddhism ning tunnel microscope, con- ! dling of religious affairs is signi• has prevailed for more than

BEIJING REVIEW, DECE.VrBER.l7-23, 1990 5 EVENTS / TRENDS

2,000 years and Taoism has a But due to the introduction of The ministry's efforts during history of more than 1,700 years. the market-oriented reform in the past few years have acceler• Islam has been popular for about the early 1980s, the quantity and ated China's reform of materi• 1,300 years. Catholicism and variety of such materials under als distribution and nurtured a Christianity were introduced state control have been declin• market-oriented materials sup• into China only after the Opium ing. ply system. • War of 1840, and the practition• Lured by the "double-track ers of these two religions in system," which allows a free China now total less than eight market price and a fixed official million. price to coexist, more and more What's to Be Done In recent years, about 10,000 producers have shifted the ma• With Extra Money? people from religious circles ac• jority of their sales to market ross the country have been elect• brokers rather than to govern• general impression of ed as deputies to the national ment purchasing agencies. Many the hard-working Chinese and local People's Congresses state-run, collective and private A peasants is that if they and the Chinese People's dealers have profited by serv• have money to spare, they either Political Consultative Confer• ing as brokers between produ• tuck it under their pillows or ences and will actively take part cers and buyers on the industrial cautiously deposit it into banks. in state and government affairs. market. Today they are quitting old ha• In 1990, only 72 types of ma• bits and learning new ways to terials and equipment remain make and invest their money. under state control, 200 fewer That is precisely what has hap• than in 1988. The state now pened in a north Chinese town• Market Role for distributes only 49.2 percent of ship. Materials Ministry steel, 42.7 percent of coal, 22.9 Zhang Chaoping, a 38-year- percent of timber and 12.6 pe- old peasant of Xiangtang town• eginning next year, the cent of cement produced do• ship on the outskirts of Haich- Ministry of Materials and mestically. In the coastal areas eng, Liaoning Province, earned a B Equipment will change the materials under state control good income as a private whole• from the "official distributor" accounted for only 10 percent of sale dealer. This year, together into a "market broker" of sup• those on the free market. with his friend Liu Zhengliang, plies to state-owned industrial The 1.05 million employees he invested 650,000 yuan enterprises. working in the 40,000 state- (US$140,000) in the construc• Facing an expanding open owned distributing agencies are tion of the Haicheng Xinxing market and a shrinking role as asked to turn their agencies into Fabric Dyeing Mill. The mill the official agency in the coun• "competitive dealers" in a bid to opened in August of this year try's supply of industrial materi• maintain their share of the in• and production value has al• als, "we have to join the market dustrial materials market. ready surpassed 200,000 yuan. as a competitive broker so we The economic retrenchment Zhang, now director of the mill can continue our role," said a beginning in late 1988 cut the with 80 on its payroll, said "I am ministry official. number of materials dealers on trying to profit from the in• He hopes this move will enable the market by one-third to one- vestment while benefitting my the ministry to fulfill its duty of half, comprised of private and fellow-villagers by operating the supplying the country's key con• collective profiteers, and assisted mill." struction projects and distribut• state agencies to edge into the Wang Jiakui, another peas• ing materials according to state market as brokers. ant of the same township, es• plans and policies. Economic analysts said the tablished a workshop building In China, the central govern• current narrowing of the gap be• safes six years ago. His business ment had, until some 10 years tween state-set prices and mar• has been so successful that in ago, put the distribution of all ket prices provided the right op• 1987 he invested 100,000 yuan major industrial materials such portunity to formulate a single and converted his workshop into as crude oil, coal, steel, timber price system in which some a collectively-run safe building and cement under state control, prices will be set according to factory, which currently has and allowed state agencies to market situation and others 470,000 yuan worth of fixed as• buy materials from producers or —oil, electricity and rail trans• sets and produces 3,000 safes an• to sell to users. port—by the government. nually. As director of the facto-

6 BEIJING RE*lteW; DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 EVENTS/TRENDS ry, Wang proudly states he no Beijing has recently unveiled by National Day (October 1) longer makes money just for over 40 autumn designs, and a this year, 38 suits were already himself. Xiangtang township small processing run of garments sold. • boasts 15 other entrepreneurs by Wacoal, a Sino-Japanese joint like Zhang and Wang. venture, has become the delight Fu Kecheng, secretary of the for women in Beijing. Haicheng City Party Committee, Xu Bobo, a designer at the News in Brief reports that since the rural eco• Beijing Garment Research Insti• nomic reform began in China in tute, said people of different age 1979, many peasants have be• groups have different require• Draft Laws Passed come better off, with per-capita ments as far as design, style and On December 5, the State annual incomes close to 1,000 price are concerned. Council passed in principle the yuan. Experts agree that the vast Draft Law on Income Tax for Statistics show that currently majority of Beijingers have cast Foreign-Funded Enterprises and more than 1,000 billion yuan are aside their traditional penchant Foreign Enterprises and the Re• left idle in the hands of urban for clothes that stand wear and vised Draft Law on the National and rural dwellers. What the tear. Compared with those living Emblem of the People's Republ• peasants have done in Xiangtang in other cities such as Shanghai ic of China. township has shown the way for and Dalian, where the garment After revisions, both laws will fellow countrymen. By investing industry is relatively well devel• be submitted to the Standing their savings in industrial pur• oped, Beijing residents are more Committee of the National Peo• suits, those who have got rich conscious of fashion, beauty, ple's Congress for examination first not only make profits for taste and individuality. and approval. themselves—they are doing so• ciety a favour: creating job op- Statistics show that last year Development of Science portunties for others. • Beijing residents' per capita an• At a 1990 national prizes in nual expenditure topped 1,500 science and technology award yuan, of which 13 percent was giving ceremoney on December spent on clothes. 5, Premier Li Peng called for New Fashion in At a recent garment sales ex• redoubled efforts in the reform hibition run by six cities in of the science management sys• Store for Beijing the Chinese capital, fashionable tem and improving the policies clothes manufactured in Shishi, to promote science and technol• he numerous dazzling fa• Fujian Province, were sold like ogy. shion shows given by cat- hot cakes. During the 20-day Water Conservation T trotting models from oth• fair, 250,000 visitors attended er chies and provinces this year and 230,000 garments worth China plans to double the pre• have not only brought a variety over 7 million yuan were sold. sent 7.3-billon-yuan investment of new fashions to Beijing resi• in water conservation during the dents—they also pose new chal• In addition to the countless privately-run garment shops and next five years, in order to har• lenges to the local garment in• ness the country's larger rivers dustry. garment counters run by dress• makers from other cities and and build more irrigation facili• According to the Beijing Ap• ties, according to an official parel Company, the influx of provinces in state-run stores, the capital has over 70 quality fa• from the Ministry of Water Re• garments from other parts of sources. China, including such remote shion shops with investment areas as Yunnan Province and from Hong Kong, Singapore, Largest Dictionary the Inner Mongolia Autonom• Italy, Germany, the United An 8-volume dictionary of ous Region, have rocked the lo• States and Japan. Chinese characters, the country's cal industrty. Last year, when the first largest, has come off the press. To win customers, many man• Pierre Cardin fashion shop The dictionary, taking 15 years ufacturers in Beijing are turn• opened in Beijing, people were to compile, contains almost all ing out new designs made of deterred by its high prices—a Chinese characters, including fashionable high-quality cloth, single commodity in the shop those invented to reflect recent flax, wool and silk. was often sold for half a year's social changes and those found The Yinmeng (Silver Dream) salary for a worker. The shop on cultural relics in recent ar• Fashion Shop in east downtown now sells over 20 suits daily, but chaeological discoveries. •

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER J7-23,1990 7 CHINA Foreign Banks Seek Development in China by Han Guojian China's reform and open policy have provided a good opportunity for foreign banks to enter the Chinese market. Many foreign banks have established their branches in China and their operations are satisfactory. npihe Chinese government's Nanyang Commercial Bank Ltd., absorb savings deposit but it I decision to establish the the Standard Chartered Bank provides loans in a more flexible A Pudong New Development Group, the Banque Nationale de way than other banks. The China Zone in Shanghai last April has Paris, the Bank of Tokyo Ltd., International Finance Co. Ltd. in fired the enthusiasm of foreign the Fuji Bank Ltd., and the Ci• Shenzhen is China's first jointly banking institutions to open their tibank, N.A. from the United funded finance company. Re• branches in China. According to States. cently two Japanese banks have the People's Bank of China, more The Standard Chartered Bank applied for establishing Chinese- than a dozen foreign banks have Group from Hong Kong leads Japanese finance companies in applied for establishment of their others in the number of branches the Pudong Development Zone branches in the Pudong zone. An in China. To date, it has branch• in Shanghai. official from the bank said four es in Shenzhen, Xiamen, Zhuhai China has specific rules and re• or five foreign bank branches and Shanghai. It is followed by gulations on the establishment of would open their business in Pu• the Hong Kong and Shanghai foreign bank branches and their dong this year or next year. Banking Corp. and the Nanyang lines of business in China, such The People's Bank of China, Commercial Bank Ltd., each hav• as the Administrative Regula• the country's central bank, han• ing three branches in China. tions of the People's Republic dles applications of foreign banks Except for the four foreign of China on Foreign Banks and hoping to open branches and off• bank branches in Shanghai es• Chinese-Foreign Banks in Special ices in China and oversees their tablished before China's nation• Economic Zones promulgated in business in China. wide liberation in 1949, the Nan• 1985 and the Interim Provisions An official from the foreign yang Commercial Bank Ltd. is on the Administration of Busi• bank administration office of the the first foreign bank to open a ness of Foreign Banks and People's Bank said a total of 33 branch after the founding of New Chinese-Foreign Banks in Spe• branches of foreign banks had China. In 1982, the bank opened cial Economic Zones published been established in China, in• its branches in Shenzhen proper in 1987. cluding a Chinese-foreign bank and the Shekou Industrial Devel• According to these regulations, | and a foreign-funded finance opment Zone. foreign banks, upon approval, company. Since then, an increasing num• can handle all or part of the fol• ber of foreign bank branches lowing business items: loan ser• Distribution and have been founded in China—17 vices in Renminbi and foreign Development in 1985, 26 in 1988, 31 in 1989 currency; bill discounts; inward and 33 in 1990. remittance from foreign coun• All the branches ot loreign The Shenzhen branch of the Po tries. Hong Kong and Macao; banks are in five coastal cities Sang Bank Ltd. from Hong Kong exchange collections; settling ac• of Shenzhen, Xiamen, Zhuhai, was the newest branch in China. counts and borrowing money on Shanghai and Haikou, each hav• It registered and went into oper• security for export trade; foreign j ing 17, 8, 2, 4 and 2 branches ation last April. currency or foreign currency bill respectively. The Chinese-foreign finance conversion; Renmmbi and for• These branches were esta• company is a new banking insti• eign currency investment ser• blished by 18 registered banks tute that appeared in China only vices; Renminbi and foreign cur• from Hong Kong, France, Bri• in the last few years. Established rency guarantees; buying and tain, the United Stales, Japan, jointly by the Chinese and for• selling of bonds and securities; Singapore and Cayman Is., in• eign banks, the finance company trust and safe keeping; invest• cluding the famous Hong Kong draws capital from both sides as ment confidence investigation; and Shanghai Banking Corp., the its source of money. It does not consulting services; savings de- i

8 BEULNO REWEWVDECEMBER 17-23, 1990 CHINA posits and overdrawing in Ren• 1989. Of this amount, export Trust and Investment Corp. minbi or foreign currency by goods accounted for 64 percent, provide services for the cus• Chinese enterprises invested by valued at 4.42 billion. The city tomers directly. Foreign bank overseas Chinese, foreign bus• has also attracted many foreign branches in China are newcomers inesses, Sino-foreign joint ven• banks to open branches there. By in Chinese financial circles. In tures and co-operative enterprises the end of last June, 17 foreign Shenzhen these branches have and those funded by foreigners, bank branches or half of the na• displayed their robust strength. A overseas Chinese and compatriots tion's total had been established preliminary estimate shows that from Hong Kong and Macao; in the zone. Besides, Shenzhen in 1990 these foreign bank foreign exchange savings depos• leads the four other cities with branches handled 48 percent of its, foreign exchange loans and foreign bank branches in banking Shenzhen's total exchange busi• other services in foreign coun• business. In 1989, foreign banks ness. tries. Hong Kong and Macao. in the zone earned a total of According to Chen Jing, de• At present, foreign banks are al• US$14.38 million in net profits, puty director of the Shenzhen lowed to handle all services ex• accounting for 57.7 percent of the Branch of the People's Bank cept business in Renminbi. total profit of all the foreign bank of China, most foreign bank Statistics from the State Ad• branches in China. branches in Shenzhen have made ministration of Foreign Ex• Foreign banks in Shenzhen are profits. In 1989, of the 16 foreign change Control show that foreign very active. The Bank of China, bank branches in the zone, 13 bank branches in China had a a bank specializing in handling made profits, two were in bal• total of US$518 million capital foreign exchange, handles 90 per• ance and one reported losses. The funds in 1989, a deposit reserve cent of the total exchange busi• branch failed to make a profit of US$1,664 billion (including ness in other cities but only 50 because it went into operation US$1,159 billion of overseas sav• percent in Shenzhen because just two years before. It is normal ings deposits), US$1,504 bil• of the numerous foreign bank for a new bank to lose money in lion in loan reserves (includ• branches. its first three years of operation. ing US$210 million of overseas The People's Bank of China Talking about the swift devel• loans). In the same year these functions as a central bank and opment of these foreign bank branches made US$24.89 million does not provide services to cus• branches in Shenzhen, Chen said in net profits after handing over tomers. Four special banks-the that it should be realized that the taxes. National Industrial and Com• good and effective services of for• During this period Chinese mercial Bank of China, the Bank eign banks are worth learning. banks also made rapid progress in of China, the Agricultural Bank Through their close relations their foreign exchange business. of China, the People's Construc• with overseas banks, the foreign In 1989, their savings deposit in tion Bank of China-and some bank branches settle accounts foreign exchange amounted to comprehensive banks such as the quickly. Moreover, their stan• US$19.5 billion and loans to• Communication Bank and those dard services meet the needs of talled US$27.2 billion. The sav• under the China International foreign businessmen. ings deposit and loan services of foreign bank branches in China accounted for 2.5 percent and 5.2 The Shanghai branch of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp. percent respectively of that of home banks. Shenzhen Leads the Country Shenzhen is the first coas• tal special economic zone es• tablished after China introduced its reform and open policies. Its good investment environment brought about by a series of flex• ible policies has attracted increas• ing foreign investors. The indus• trial output value created by the zone's foreign-invested enterpris• es reached 6.86 billion yuan in

BEIJING REVIEW, DECfiMBBR 17'2J, 1990 9 CHINA

Chinese Market Picking Up worries about risks in doing bus• senative offices have participated iness in China. in investment in China. In 1989 The Chinese market is attrac• Foreign banks in China have alone, these offices helped for• tive to foreign banks. A Hong benefited greatly from Chinese eign businessmen to invest in 42 Kong banker noted foreign banks policies. A representative of a Ja• projects and provide loans for are competitive in China, a large panese bank in Beijing said that 631 other projects in China. country with an annual import if a bank grants loans to China At present these foreign finan• and export trade of US$40 bil• from abroad it must pay tax on cial institutions have around 10,- lion, because they have more fa• its income from interest. If it 000 employees in China. To prov• vourable conditions than domes• does it through its branch in ide more opportunities to ex• tic banks in selling accounts and Shenzhen it can save money and change the latest information and in collection of foreign exchange cut the cost of the loan. In addi• to contact the Chinese govern• in export and import trade. No tion, these foreign banks pay less ment departments as well as in• wonder no foreign banks have taxes than their counterparts in dustrial and financial circles, the withdrawn from China since the China. He said the Shenzhen Foreign Banks Association was first foreign bank branch was es• branch of his bank operates quite established in 1987 in Beijing. tablished in the country in 1982. well and has applied for open• Each month the association has a Moreover, an increasing number ing another branch in the Pudong meeting in the Jianguo Hotel. A of foreign banks have applied for Development Zone in Shanghai. representative said he attended almost every meeting, sometimes opening branches in China. In the first half of this year, A representative of the Hong being able to meet some responsi• China approved the establish• ble provincial members who in• Kong and Shanghai Banking ment of about 20,000 foreign- Corp. in Beijing believed that in troduced the participants to their funded enterprises involving tens localities. He said his office be• the long run the domestic market of billions of US dollars of for• has a strong potential. He hoped nefited greatly from the associa• eign investment. Their import tion's activities. his representative office could be and export trade volume reached upgraded into a branch bank. In US$40 billion a year. All this The development of foreign April of this year, his bank, has provided favourable condi• banks in China has strengthened along with another bank, granted tions for the development of for• competition among home banks. China does not limit foreign a loan of HK$8 billion for build• eign banks in China. banks' interest rates of savings ing the Guangzhou-Shenzhen The business of foreign banks Expressway. deposits and loans, a policy that in China is not limited to the has provided foreign banks with The Hong Kong and Shanghai five coastal cities in which their more chances of development in Banking Corp. Shanghai branch branches are located. They have China. The good management is one of the four foreign bank also established business relations and better services of foreign branches which remained in the with all municipahties, provinces banks have pushed domestic city after the nationwide libera• and autonomous regions in China banks to improve their services. tion in 1949. Before 1979, the except Tibet, Qinghai and A responsible member of a branch, like the other three, func• Guizhou. Chinese bank said although the tioned just as a representative However, because they find it service fee of foreign banks for office. Since 1979, it has gradual• difficult to know their customers settling accounts is a little higher ly restored and developed its bus• in distant cities, their business in than that of domestic banks, their iness. Currently, except for sav• other places is quite small, a res• services are quicker, and custo• ings deposit and loan services, it ponsible member of a foreign mers thus may pay less interest provides all the other banking bank in China said. because it takes less time to re• services such as exchange collec• By the end of last year, a total ceive and return the loans. tions, paying in advance and set• of 120 banks from 26 countries To improve their services, tling accounts for import and ex• and regions, including the United many domestic banks invite for• port trade. The branch now has States, Japan, Germany, France, eign banks to attend their annual 100 employees, the largest in Britain, Canada, Italy and Hong business symposiums and draw number among all foreign bank Kong, had established 209 repre• experience in management from branches in China. sentative offices in 14 Chinese their foreign counterparts. In ad• A representative of this bank cities including Beijing, Dali• dition, they ask foreign banks to spoke highly of the credit of its an, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shang• help train their employees. In customers. He said as domestic hai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhu- 1989 alone a total of 200 Chinese enterprises do not face such a hai, Wuhan and Xiamen. bank employees were trained by problem as bankruptcy he never Through their banks these repre- foreign banks. •

10 jBEIJING R^VIE^^ DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 CHINA

Welfare Business for the Disabled

by Yao Lishi sample survey made in provincial leaders head groups in lives and welfare of disabled re• 1987 reveals that the num• charge of the work for the dis• sidents. For example, the Home A ber of the blin^, deaf- abled. for the Disabled under the Bei• mutes, crippled, mentally retard• By the end of this year, CFH jing Federation for the Handi• ed and mental patients totalled branches will be set up in all of capped has, since its inception in 51.64 million, or 4.9 percent of China's 300-plus cities and pre• 1984, organized a dozen political China's population; and families fectures. In addition, CFH and cultural courses for the dis• with disabled people accounted branches will be set up in all of abled, including college-level law for 18.1 percent of the national the counties in late 1990 or early studies, a micro-computer pro• total. In order to bring happiness next year. gramme at the secondary school to the disabled. China has done In Beijing, all 18 urban dis• level and Chinese and English much over the last ten years in tricts and counties have complet• typewriting on micro-computers. forming special organizations for ed the organization of the fed• In addition, it often organizes them, providing them with job erations for the handicapped. chess and photo competitions as opportunities and offering medi• Similar organizations have also well as ball games to enrich their cal treatment, special education been set up in more than 100 (or lives. and social welfare. 52 percent) neighbourhood com• mittees and 113 townships. "Equality and Participation" Getting Them Organized These special organizations are homes for the disabled. Over the In order to enable the disabled China organized welfare socie• past ten years, the associations to participate in social life on an ties for the blind and deaf-mutes have worked hard to improve the equal footing with others, society in the 1950s and later established the Association for the Deaf- Deng Pnfang (in wheel chair), chairman o£ Ihe China Federation for the Handi• mutes. In the mid-1980s, the capped, meeting with handicapped actors and actresses. CHEN 70\ci IE China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped (CWFH) was esta• blished. With the approval of the State Council, the China Federa• tion for the Handicapped (CFH), a national organization, was set up in March 1988 on the basis of CWFH, the China Association for the Blind and Deaf-mutes and some 5,000 similar organiza• tions at the grass-roots level. CFH is a semi-official national organization. It functions under one state councillor. In support of its work, leaders of 21 minis• tries and commissions under the State Council joined hands with the CFH heads in forming the Chinese Organizing Committee for the Ten Years of the UN Disabled. At the local level,

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 11 CHINA has been mobiUzed to create ne• on TV, which is welcomed by medals and broke 16 world re• cessary intellectual and material deaf-mutes. cords, ranking first in the world. conditions. For the same pur• Thanks to help from society, pose, governments at various lev• the disabled find it not difficult Legislation els educate people to understand, to locate jobs. Welfare factories respect, care for and help these offer one form of employment. New China has formulated a disadvantaged people. Activities This kind of factory creates doz• series of laws, regulations and have been held for two years run• ens of billion yuan worth of out• policies geared to protect the le• ning in various provinces, mun- put value a year. Some 600 hos• gal rights and interests of the dis• icipaUties and autonomous re• pitals have employed 7,000 blind abled and encourage work in gions focusing on the content massagers, who are distinguished favour of them. China's Consti• "The disabled serve the society in curing more than 100 difficult tution, Criminal Law, Law Gov• and I serve the disabled." Educa• cases. In addition, there are also erning Criminal Procedures, Ge• tion in socialist morality and hu- performing troupes composed of neral Principles of Civil Law, manitarianism has been given to 3,700 disabled artists. In 1989, Law' Governing Civil Proce• some 10 million primary school they gave more than 370 per• dures, Marriage Law and Law children for five years. formances before audiences to• on Compulsory Education all in• In the capital city of Beijing, talling several hundred thousand clude clauses related to the dis• several hundred thousand people people. abled. In 1988 the State Council take to the streets to serve the Disabled people have since approved the implementation of disabled on the third Sunday 1983 been organized to partici• the Five-Year Working Pro• each May. In Shanghai and Xin• pate in the Olympic games for gramme for China's Disabled jiang, "Humanitarianism in My the handicapped people and the People, Opinions on the Devel• Heart" and "The Disabled and special Olympic games for the opment of Special Education and Society" publicity weeks have mentally retarded people. Deaf- the Scheme for Three Items of been held for four years running. mutes also have attended impor• Work Concerning Convalescence The Central People's Broadcast• tant international competitions. of the Disabled as well as the ing Station and various local Altogether, they won 436 med• Regulations Concerning the La• broadcasting stations have start• als including 242 gold medals. bour and Employment of the ed special programmes for the In September 1989, China dis• Disabled and the Regulations disabled, and Beijing Radio Sta• patched 56 handicapped athletes Concerning Education for the tion, the Beijing Civil Adminis• to attend the Fifth Asian and Disabled. These important laws tration Bureau and some other South Pacific Regional Sports specify in explicit terms the pur• units jointly sponsor a News Meet for the Disabled. These poses, targets, principles and pol• Week sign language programme athletes returned with 99 gold icies of China's work on behalf of the disabled. Most of China's provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have laid down adminis• trative rules for protecting the legal rights and interests of the disabled. With the approval of their local people's congress or governments, Beijing, Hei- longjiang, Urumqi, Changchun and Wuxi have issued regu• lations geared towards protecting the disabled. Baotou, Xiangtan, Sanming, Ximao and Haicheng have also issued administrative regulations offering preferen• tial treatment to the disabled. Shanxi, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Hain• an, Fujian and Qingdao have also instituted similar policies. These have paved the way for the formulation of New China's

BEIJING KEVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 CHINA first law for protecting the legiti• mate rights and interests of the disabled. After 18 revisions over a six-year period since 1985, China has drafted the Law on the Protection of the Disabled. Re• cently, a State Council's meeting gave approval to it in principle. It is expected that the new law will lay a more solid foundation for the development of welfare services for the disabled.

Employment As a developing country, China has blazed a new trail in providing care and love for the disabled. Welfare factories were set up early in the 1950s. By the end of 1989, the number of such factories shot up to some 40,000 employing 1.63 million people, Wang Fang, a handicapped youth with the Changzhou Combs Factory in Jiangsu including 710,000 disabled peo• Province, at work. ple. These factories cover scores of trades and produce about schooling rate of the blind, deaf Minister Edward Heath. Upon 10,000 kinds of products such and mentally retarded children its completion next summer, the as machinery, electronics, chem• is below 60 percent, the State centre will be able to treat and icals, building materials, textiles, Council has promulgated the Op• train some 20,000 deaf children arts and crafts, and sundry goods inions on the Development of for daily use. Some 1,500 of their each year. Special Education, which speci• products are for export. Statistics show that China has fies principles and policies for 4.9 million people suffering from The employment rate for the special education. At present, disabled with working ability cataracts, 1.24 million people there are 672 schools especially who became disabled because of now reaches more than 70 per• for disabled children in China. cent in counties and towns and infantile paralysis and 1.71 mil• There are also 1,885 special class• lion deaf children below the age 90 percent in big cities. Employ• es attached to ordinary schools. ment is not a problem for such of 14. According to the Scheme This makes it possible for 78,000 cities as Beijing, Tianjin, for Three Items of Work Con• disabled children to attend Shanghai, Dalian, Shijiazhuang, school. In addition, the welfare cerning Convalescence of the Changzhou and liamusi. societies in various localities are Disabled promulgated in 1988, Providing jobs for the disabled providing special education for China will, in five years, prov• has not only turned them into 10,000 handicapped children. ide operations for 500,000 peo• people who can live on their own Since its commencement in June ple suffering from cataracts and but contributes much to society 1983, the China Convalescence for 300,000 children suffering in economic terms. Besides pay• from infantile paralysis, as well ing taxes to the state, the welfare Research Centre for Deaf Child• as give special training to 30,000 factories donate money to wel• ren has trained 200 deaf-mutes deaf children. fare societies for children. and one-fourth of them have Homes for the Aged and other now recovered hearing and In recent years, various spe• welfare organizations. They have speaking capabilities and are at• cial training and convalescence also donated money for the con• tending normal primary schools organs have been set up with struction of wrestling and boxing or kindergartens. non-governmental funds. All courts for the 11th Asian Games. The China Convalescence Re• these open a broad avenue for In view of the fact that the search Centre is still being built the development of welfare ser• illiteracy rate of the disabled with a donation of US$1.07 mil• vices for the disabled in the stands at 68 percent and the lion from former British Prime country. •

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 13 CHINA

light for the Blind

by Our Staff Reporter Cui Lili Three years ago an idea was advanced to enroll blind children in ordinary schools to learn reading and writing with children who have normal sight. It was proposed by Xu Bailun, an educator who is himself blind. Up to now, over 75 percent of blind children have entered school in 30 or so experimental counties in eight provinces and municipalities, an increase of some dozens of times over the country's 3 percent rate up to 1987. At present, the plan is being spread throughout the country.— Ed. fourth-grade pupil named deep into the most remote vil• Cui Xiaoying contracted lages. His plan to help blind an eye disease and lost her children enter ordinary school to eyesighA t in 1986. Deeply grieved study with other children was and worried, her black hair be• adopted by 30 selected counties gan to turn white. in eight provinces and cities. Xu Bailun, educator and director of the One year later, in her small Some 75 percent of the blind research centre for education of blind mountain village in Xiangyuan children entered school, an in• children. County, Shanxi Province, Cui crease of some dozens of times was lucky enough to meet Xu over the national average rate of to deal with life, he groped his Bailun who had come specially 3 percent up until 1987. way for ten years. He once tried to arrange for the education of It is hard to believe that Xu, to create children's literature, blind children. With the help of nearly 60 years old, who has and even founded a magazine the county's Education Bureau, travelled across mountains and called Chinese Blind Children's the Communist Youth League, rivers to kindle the spirits of Literature. Finally, one day, a Young Pioneers organization blind children with lamp of little reader's letter prompted and other departments con• knowledge, is himself blind. him to choose a calling to which cerned, Xu succeeded in sending he was determined to devote the Cui and other blind children eag• later years of his life. er to learn reading and writing Starting From Zero The httle reader told Xu that to the regular village primary Xu lost his eyesight in 1971 she had a younger brother who school. With the use of braille, because of a detached retina. Till had lost his eyesight in early trained teachers taught them then he had worked as an engi• childhood and was desperate to what the other village children neer at the Beijing Architectural enter school. One day, carrying were learning. As Cui Xiaoying Design Institute. Having been a a bag, he walked in a direction regained hope, her life became top student and graduated from where a sound of reading could brighter. She not only studied the construction department of be heard. Unfortunately he painstakingly and achieved ex• Nanjing Engineering Institute in stumbled into a pool of water cellent results but also learnt Jiangsu Province in 1955, he and drowned. He was only eight how to play the piano after class. once had lofty aspirations and years old when he died. In the Her hair miraculously began to great ideals which he expressed letter, the grief-stricken sister en• grow in black again. in one exquisite blueprint after closed one yuan which she had Statistics show that Xu and his another. But his sudden blind• carefully saved herself, begging colleagues travelled through al• ness deprived him of his creative Uncle Xu to help thousands of most all the county towns of ability and banished him into a blind children like her brother nearly ten provinces and munici• world of darkness. to gain an opportunity to go to palities. Their work took them Depressed and uncertain how school.

14 BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 CHINA The little girl's letter deeply stay unoccupied. In fact, only blind children's education moved Xu. He was determined to 0.15 percent of the blind children formed in his mind. The plan not learn about the current situation in the province go to school, a only conformed with the nation• of vast number of blind children. figure much lower than the aver• al conditions of China but also With the help of a walking- age in the country as a whole. with world trends in blind educa• slick, he overcame various obsta• Could another way be found to tion. cles, which even people with a enable the overwhelming major• good eyesight would have found trying, to visit the homes of blind ity of blind children to receive a Main Points of the Plan children one after another. He school education at a small ex• was saddened to learn that many pense? Xu's plan includes mainly the bhnd children, with no oppor• Without previous knowledge following aspects: With schools tunity for education, were shut or experience, Xu began reading for the blind in each province as up in a room by their parents extensively about the history of the centre, one teacher in a vil• and were isolated from the out• blind education in China and lage or town school where blind side world. Therefore, they had advanced foreign experience in children will be enrolled is to be developed strange traits of dis• blind education and theories of selected to undergo short-term position and had no way to make education. Gradually, a plan for training in braille. She or he their living. Children in such pi• tiable plight accounted for 97 percent of the several hundred thousand blind children in China. Further investigation showed Xu that 80 percent of the blind children were living in rural areas. They accounted for less than 0.1 percent of the popula• tion. Furthermore, they were widely dispersed, usually with only one blind child in one vil• lage. In such a situation, people paid little or no attention to their education. The great majority of bhnd children's families are very poor. In some special schools for the blind, it costs 10,000 yuan on the average to educate one child, while the average per-capita in• come of these blind-children's families is less than 500 yuan a year. This is an extremely sharp comparison. On the one hand, many blind children have no chance to go to school, and on the other, in the 21 schools for the blind and 43 schools for the blind and deaf-mute nationwide, often classes failed to start or there were not enough pupils, for blind children could not afford the tuition. The city of Guiyang, Guizhou Province, for example, has two classes for the blind. If each class is allowed to have 12 pupils, nearly half of the seats

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 15 CHINA emerges as the main teacher to achieved good results as well. give concern, understanding and coach blind children. The teach• Their touch reading and writing assistance to them. er helps blind children learn ability in braille also reached the For several years, Xu has been braille first, then enrolls them level of special schools for the busy running here and there to into ordinary classes and lets blind. further his cause. Everywhere he them learn reading and writing As the plan is simple and easy went, he explained the difficul• with the other children. The to implement, and the result is ties and hardships borne by blind State Education Commission is obvious, it has been recognized children; he told people the im• to supply books in braille, the by society and spread rapidly portance of reading and writing content of which should be the within only several years. At pre• in their lives. He also proved same as that of the regular sent, the State Education Com• with an abundance of facts that school. The education fee is to be mission has listed the plan as one except for their disability, their paid by society. To ensure the of the measures to develop edu• intelligence was not lower than quality of education for the cation for blind children. This that of healthy children. With blind, each county should spe• plan began to spread in Hebei, regard to the memory and abili• cially have one or two general Heilongjiang, Beijing and other ty to think, they even surpassed tutors to make a circuit of the provinces. Other provinces and healthy children. villages to give constant guid• regions will incorporate the edu• Xu's efforts caused overall re• ance. cation for the blind into their percussions. In those counties The plan has saved money for nine-year compulsory education where the plan for blind children the state. It is estimated that to system. to study with other children was build a school for the blind needs Experts say that although this implemented, it received sincere 2 million yuan, while this plan method of allowing blind child• concern, support and materials enables 90 percent of the blind ren to study in ordinary schools from the government, the Com• children to enter school with an has been in use in the world for munist Youth League, women investment by the province of nearly 100 years, it has already federation and villagers commit• only about 100,000 yuan within formed a model with Chinese tee. In particular, activities of three to five years. characteristics that differs from "making friends with blind The financial difficulty for the the examples in foreign coun• children" and "trying to be a hel• enrollment of blind children has tries. per of blind children" advocat• been fundamentally solved, for a ed and unfolded everywhere by pupil's annual expenses do not Love and Contributions teachers and Young Pioneers, exceed 50 yuan. Even in back• warmed the hearts of blind child• ward and poor mountain vil• Xu thinks that the far- ren. They organized groups to lages, the burden on society is reaching significance of the plan take the blind to school and back not too heavy. lies in that it allows blind child• home in turn; they helped them The plan makes the best use of ren to learn knowledge and par• with their studies, sang and the advantages of Chinese braille ticipate in learning and living in played together with them. They which is easy to learn. The writ• society and to share their de• bought with their own pocket ing and reading aloud of the served rights with healthy child• money gifts for blind children braille used, and that created by ren so as to build up in them on their birthdays. They are all Huang Naixian and begun to be a sense of self-respect, human proud of their little contribution implemented in 1953, are com• dignity and self-confidence. to blind children who have come pletely the same, without any Foreign experience shows that to realize the most beautiful and abbreviation. So rural primary it is by no means easy for blind valuable things in life. school teachers who have a mid• children to participate in society. At present, Xu and his col• dle school education can master Some blind children who learn leagues are considering how to it with only one week's training. to read and write with healthy consolidate the primary results Therefore, it takes less money to children in the same class had to of education for blind children train the teachers. return to schools for the blind, and to help them study further. Practice has proved that those for they could not put up with Special educators in some prov• blind children who have oppor• the discrimination by healthy inces and cities went on an in• tunities to learn to read and children. To avoid such a pheno• spection tour to New Zealand, write with children who have menon, Xu advocated that the Thailand, Hong Kong and other normal sight studied very hard. best method is to call for love countries and regions to learn They could not only keep and respect for blind children about the employment and edu• up with their classmates but and to have the whole of society cation of the blind there. •

16 BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 CHINA STVF '90 Presents a Rainbow of Cultures

by Our Staff Reporter Dai Gang nrielevision, one of the Friendship, Progress and Devel• to seeing the nominated prize I greatest human inventions opment." The ceremony was at• condidates, viewers were able to of our times, has not only tended by an audience of 12,000 watch six special items offered become a dynamic part of mod• including some ministers from by the US-based Warner Bros. ern culture but has also promot• Beijing and provincial officials International Television Dis• ed communication among peo• from other parts of China. The tribution. Of the Warner selec• ples. With Shanghai set to open show, which displayed China's tions, the first two episodes of even wider to the outside world rich cultural tradition, was telev• Dallas, the Early Years gave with its ambitious Pudong pro• ised live to the people of Shang• Chinese viewers' a taste of the ject, the largest industrial city in hai and neighbouring provinces. 300-episode super-length prime- China sparked the world's atten• CCTV (national TV network) time TV series on the US screen. tion during the third Shanghai made a nationwide transmission Other shows included Roses Are TV Festival (STVF) held in mid- the following evening. for the Rich which tells of the November. In addition to the opening adventure of a coal miner's During the week of STVF '90 ceremony, special joint perform• young widow seeking revenge; (November 10-15), Shanghai was ances were offered to enrich the Rita Hayworth which recalls the transformed into a gala world of city's show business and theatre unusual life and tragic marriages flowers and smiles, reminiscent life throughout the TV festival. of the former Hollywood "God• of the last XI Asian Games in Famous singers from both home dess of Love"; and The Plot to Beijing. This international cul• and abroad found the event a Kill Hitler which faithfully re• tural media event was not just a fine opportunity to familiarize presents the historical event. local event but proved to be an• themselves with their zealous These programmes from dif• other showcase for China's over• fans in person. Among these ferent countries and regions all stability and unity, while stars, Stephane Kramer, an brought viewers at home a mini- displaying the nation's will to American TV actress popular in kaleidoscope of world cultures continue its open policy. There• China for her role as McCall the and enabled them to gain a bet• fore, this successful festival was policewoman in the full-length ter understanding of the outside encouraged by both central and American TV series Hunter, world. In fact, Shanghai landers local authorities. Among others. gave a delightful surprise to mil• showed great interest in the General Secretary Jiang Zemin, lions of her Chinese viewers with programmes and performances former Shanghai mayor, hailed her distinctive singing talent. which were so extraordinary that the occasion in his congratula• Tong Ange, Tan Yonglin and even TV sets were reported to be tory message as a "Rainbow others from Taiwan, Hong Kong, selling unexpectedly well during of Friendship, Bridge of Co• Japan, the United States and the festival. operation." France were also heartily wel• On the evening of November comed wherever they went and 10, 1990, the opening ceremony sang in the city. The local audi• Variety of Activities of STVF '90 took place in the ence was also deeply impressed The third Shanghai TV festi• city's main gymnasium. Com• with the outstanding pieces pre• val also included an internation• pared to the last one in 1988, it sented by the Song and Dance al philately exhibition. Over 30 displayed greater splendour and Ensemble of the General Pohti- collections from local philatelists excited much more enthusiasm. cal Department of the Chinese and another 15 prize-winning On a large stage erected in the People's Liberation Army. collections from Japan, the Unit• middle of the arena at the ex• Amidst the jubilant mood eli• ed States, Germany and Hong pense of one-fifth of the gymna• cited by these art performances, Kong were displayed. A special sium's seating capacity, Chinese residents of Shanghai and nearby auction of Chinese stamps and and foreign singers and dancers towns also enjoyed the opportun• other mementos and a seminar presented a variety of wonderful ity of watching at least two fea• on the art of philately were also performances, demonstrating the ture films and two documentar• arranged. Featuring Ms. Yang theme of STVF '90—"Unity, ies on TV each day. In addition Xiaoyan, a Chinese-American

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 17 CHINA

Workers^ Engravings

by Our Staff Reporter Wei Liming

uring the last few years, China has seen inany makes it almost comparable to woodcuts; Smoothly excellent works of art produced by master en• Flowing Crude Oil by Yang Jun, by way of silk screen D gravers depicting scenes of the nation's develop• printing's rich expression and bright colour tones, ing industry. A number of the artists are actually fac• shows the beautiful wish of crude oil gushing out end• tory or mine workers. lessly from underground. Although silk screen printing The pieces published here were on display at an is a form often used internationally, it has emerged in exhibition held in Beijing in December 1989 at the 7th China only in recent years. National Art Exhibition. They express the Chinese In order to meet the needs of modern construction, workers' love for life and their work, ideals and pursuit. many large enterprises in China are doing their best to Many of these exquisite engravings show the arduous train a large number of talents with a higher level of pioneering work of Chinese oil workers. Since the 1960s, cultural and scientific accomplishments. A number of oil workers have always been regarded as examples of far-sighted enterprise leaders have lost no time pushing industrial and mining enterprises in China. Wang Jinxi, forward. Between 1985 and 1987, Dagang Oilfield asked their representative, has been praised as a national hero the Central Academy of Fine Arts to run an engraving for the people to learn from. In our coloured pictorial class to train 50 students. After graduation, they were pages, On This Piece of Land, an engraved stone plate appointed to various posts at Dagang Oilfield as teach• print by Li Minsong, portrays the image of a young oil ers, art workers, or workers. Their works not only worker who is in pensive mood. He sits on a stretch of possess the essence of practical life but also a certain parched wasteland with his powerful hands clasped on painting foundation and cultural accomplishment. his knees. Through this scene we sense the thoughts of Popular engraving at Daqing Oilfield started at the this young worker: "The older generation has opened beginning of the 1960s and progressed rapidly in 1967. up the oil industry for New China on this same difficult Famous engraving artist Chao Mei gave lectures per• piece of land. Being their followers, how shall we start sonally. Each year the oilfield sent amateur artists to a new cause?" This is not merely a picture portraying art institutions of higher learning to take advanced a moment's rest during a work break, but the inner courses. The oilfield also ran creation and study classes thoughts of a young worker and a generation. and invited China's famed engraving artists to hold Simple life hides real beauty. This kind of real beauty academic forums. Now the artists often hold exhibi• is often discovered and expressed by those people who tions in Beijing and enterprise leaders provide various are very close to it. Chang Qi's silk screen print A Red facilities for, and do their utmost to invest in talented Dragonfly shows the insect landing on a high drilling rig. A tiny dragonfly adds an endless feeling of excite• artists. Therefore, in the last three years, remarkable ment and life to this picture of industry. The vast blue results have been achieved, as can be seen from these sky and white clouds in the background show the ar• ten engravings selected from those at the 7th National tist's pursuit and love for the beauty of life. Art Exhibition. • The engravings exhibited are all by artists who have personally experienced, felt, thought and taken part in 1. Father's Factory'(paper engraving by Xu Naihong). the subjects of their work. They have explored and been 2. Smoothly Flowing Crude Oil (silk screen print by tempered by the heat of life's struggle. They follow the Yang lun). artistic track of reality, forming their own standard of 3. Song of Strength (coloured woodcut by Li Sanli). beauty and evaluation. The works are rich with the 4. Musical Movement of Silver (Petrochemical sense of participation in the four modernizations and Works, coloured woodcut by Ji Xigang). the strong fervour of the times. 5. Steelworkers (woodcut by Lin Kailong). The proliferation of different kinds of engravings 6. Corner of Oilfield (paper engraving by Jin Ai- and the improvement of special skills are the distin• chun). guishing features of this batch of engravings. By adopt• 7. A Red Dragonfly (silk screen print by Chang Qi). ing various methods, they have broadened the language 8. An Iron and Steel Workshop (coloured woodcut by of engraving, and enriched its effect, illustrating that Hu Jun), new amateur artists are not satisfied with halting at the 9. On This Piece of Land (stone plate print by Li preliminary stage, where they only learn woodcutting Minsong). and begin to engrave soon after they draw. Artists now 10. Little White Doves (coloured woodcut by Li Gexi). pay attention to selecting engravings that can more 11. Celebrating the Completion of a New Iron and Steel powerfully express their main theme. For instance, the Works (coloured woodcut by Li Zhuo). paper engraving Father's Factory by Xu Naihong is 12. Tunnel Melody (engraved rubbing by Li Zheng- exquisite in workmanship and variable in shade, which long).

18 BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23,1990 LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTS CREATED BY WORKERS GRAVURESSUR BOIS DES OUVRIERS GRABADOS HECHOS POROBREROS ARBEITERKUNST

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CHINA bridge supermaster crowned with tions from 21 countries and re• ogical forerunners as Sony, Am- several world championships, the gions around the world includ• pex. National, Hitachi and Stu- STVF '90 Bridge Competition ing China boasted thousands of der Revox displayed their best saw good games among profes• hours of teleplays, documentar• products. Letters of intent in• sional masters, senior officials, ies, art and sports programmes volving 15 million yuan (US$3 journalists, and business people for sale. million) were signed at the fair. as well as artists, writers and ath• Chinese delegations with pro• Professional seminars on TV letes. grammes came from almost ev• arts were something new at Like its predecessor two years ery province, autonomous region STVF '90. In the spirit of "Ac• ago, the third festival shared and major city, including Xin• quainting the World With China, time with an international TV jiang and Qinghai in the far China With the World," TV ex• programme market and an in• northwest. A total of 44 overseas perts from the United States, Ja• ternational broadcasting and TV TV or video companies, such as pan, Italy and France discussed equipment exhibition. The two Trans-Atlantic Pictures and New the present situation and future regular events were held in the World International, Trans- development of world television basement exhibition hall of the World as well as ESPN from the with their Chinese counterparts, newly opened Shanghai Centre United States, Yumiuri Telecast• while the Chinese systematically —a glamorous multi-functional ing Corp. from Japan and Lon• explained the situation and prob• high-rise complex in downtown don Weekend Television from lems concerning China's teleplay Shanghai. China's Ministry of the United Kingdom, brought production. Aubrey E. Singer, Broadcasting, Film & Television the gems of their libraries to the international jury member of attached great importance to the fair. The All-Union Sovexport- STVF '90 and chairman of the STVF programme market and film, Poltel, Hungarian TV and British White-City Film Corp., officially recognized it as one of Czechoslovak Telexport also ad• surveyed the history of television the country's major channels for vertized at the fair for the first as an industry and demonstrated the import and export of TV pro• time. Large deals were made at his strong concern for its decline grammes. The ministry approved the market involving 1,500 hours in his essay "The Fragmentation the fair with half of China's total of programmes. of the Audience: A Look at Tel• import quota of TV release copy• The TV equipment exhibition evision in the Light of Today's rights and video distribution co• held alongside the programme Trends." Jean-Luc Azoulay, a pyrights for the year 1991. The market proved equally success• prolific French television play• STVF '90 programme fair tripled ful. In addition to 16 domes• wright, reviewed his comparative the volume of the previous one tic companies, 12 international study of cultural interaction in in 1988, during which 137 TV manufacturers and traders in• terms of television literature in programme distributors and sta- cluding such celebrated technol• his thesis "World Television To• day: East Is East, and West Is West—and Never the Twain A view of fhe STVF piogianune market. Shall Meet?" Prize-Winning Works On the evening of November 15, 1990, the third Shanghai TV Festival ended. Before Liu Zhen- yuan, director of the Organizing Committee of STVF '90 and de• puty mayor of Shanghai, an• nounced the closing of the fes• tival, a well-prepared prize- awarding ceremony was held in the theatre at Shanghai Centre. At the ceremony, four Magnolia prizes and three City prizes were awarded to the festival's best pro• grammes and performers. Magnolia is Shanghai's city flower, symbolizing pureness

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 19 CHINA and dignity. In all, 206 partici• During the festi• pating entries were sent from 105 val, the 14 leading TV stations or TV/video produ• TV figures from cers in 24 countries and regions, Britain, Pakistan, including NHK (lapan), CBC Japan, the United (Canada), ZDF (Germany), CBS States, the Soviet and Warner Bros. (USA), An- Union, Italy and tenne 2, France, Film Australia China found it dif• and Hong Kong's ATV. It was a ficult to make the professional competition. All 76 final decisions on features and 130 documentaries the prizes. Baka, fought it out with equal chances People of the to win the four major prizes Forest picked up named after the city flower. Af• the only Magnolia ter reviewing these entries, the documentary prize preliminary judging committee for its excellent re• of 18 experts from the United presentation of the States, Japan, Thailand and life of a small China nominated five feature group of Pygmies films, five documentaries, four in the remote Ca• actors and five actresses as can• meroon rain forest. didates for the Magnolia prize. The story is told This job was done in mid- from the perspec• September, 1990. tive of the Baka The five nominated features people and in were Examination War (YTV, their own lan• Japan), Married for a Year DAI G/i.\ (Shanghai Film Studio & CCTV, guage through the Noted American actress Stephane Kramer, who played China), A Season of Leaves (An- use of subtitles. the role as McCall the poUcewoman in Hunter, partici• tenne 2, France), Yesterday, To• Another Ameri• pates in STVF '90. day and Tomorrow (ATV, Hong can documentary Kong) and Cheers to Mom! (Fuji Songs of Freedom (Visian Beau• honoured with City film awards. TV, Japan). The documentaries mont Theatre, USA) was giv• The Ba People (HACEFC, Hu- were Baka, People of the Forest en the only City documentary bei, China) became the winner of (WQED, USA), Promises to award. the only special jury award for Keep (Durrin, USA), Bandage of Out of the five nominated fea• its great dramatic insight in re• the Earth (KAB, Japan), A Mar• tures, A Season of Leaves dis• constructing the unique life ex• riage Bureau for Elderly People tinguished itself as a rare master• periences and courage of a pre• (STV, China) and My Father, piece and was fittingly honoured historic tribal people. Since this My Country (Film Australia). with the Magnolia feature film film has little dialogue and no Christian Kuchenbuch in Let the prize. The film tells how an es• story line, and even the limited Blue Pigeon Fly (DFF, DDR), tablished film actress, with the dialogue fragments are done in a Kwong Wa in Life Goes On help and understanding of her sort of man-made lingo, the jury (TRHK, Hong Kong), Tsunehi- daughter, struggles hard to re• agreed that it was unfair for both ro Watase in Examination War cover her loss of memory and the film itself and the other en• (YTV, Japan) and James Woods creates a new film as her last gift tries to be compared according to in My Name Is Bill (Warner, to her audience. Undoubtedly, the same standards. USA) were nominated for the as the heroine, Delphine Seyrig's The Magnolia best-actress best-actor prize. The five best- superb performance contributed prize went to the Chinese actress actress nominees were Yuko much to the film's success. It Wang Pin for her excellent per• Hama in Cheers to Mom!, Chen was unfortunate indeed that she formance in the role of Qiu Ru- Yulian in Yesterday, Today and passed away just before the festi• yun—a middle school teacher in Tomorrow, Wang Pin in Married val in October. her fifties and daughter of an for a Year, Delphine Seyrig in A Among the non-nominated TV 80-year-old lady as well as the Season of Leaves, and Anne Ar• features. The Heart Is Not Stone widow mother of a newly mar• cher in Leap of Faith (Viacom (Leningrad Film Studio, USSR) ried son—in the nominated fea• International, USA). and Leap of Faith (USA) were ture Married for a Year. With its

20 BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 CHINA

Shanghai back-street neighbour• hood setting, the film discusses the different values and attitudes of Qiu's three generation family towards her desire to remarry. As a retired professional actress from the Shanghai People's Art FACTS AND FIGURES Theatre, Wang started her ex• perience in movie and television only a decade ago. The Magnolia prize, of which she is more than Geographical Distribution, Density worthy, turned out to be her best birthday present, for she spent and Natural Growth Rate of China's her 59th birthday the day she Population received it. Offering her the prize, Xie Jin, one of China's leading film directors and a member of the final jury, spoke highly of Wang's achievement in "living the role rather than per• forming it." n November 6, 1990, the State Sta• The American actor James tistical Bureau of the People's Re• Woods, already an Oscar nom• O public of China released the No. inee for his part in Salvador 2 communique on the major figures of (1986), carried off the Magnolia the 1990 census. The population figures best-actor prize for his portrayal relate to geographical distribution, dens• of Bill Wilson, a reformed alcoh• ity, natural growth and the proportion olic, in My Name Is Bill (Warner of the urban population in each of the 30 Bros., USA). This was the first provinces, municipalities and autonom• time that Chinese audience had ous regions on the mainland. an opportunity to become ac• 1. Geographical distribution. Total po• quainted with James Woods and pulation in various provinces, autonom• his film. ous regions, municipalities directly un• Many believe that STVF '90 der the central authorities, and marked the maturity of the inter• regions( 1) and the total number of ser• national event and hope it will vicemen are as follows: play an even greater role in the Beijing Municipality—10,819,407, in• world of television. Some jury members and overseas visitors cluding 3,456,982 in eight counties un• did not hesitate to parallel the der the direct administration of the city Shanghai TV festival with oth• Tianjin Municipality—8,785,402, in• er similar major world competi• cluding 2,930,334 in five counties under tions such as at Cannes, Tokyo or the direct administration of the city Monte Carlo for example. How• Hebei Province—61,082,439 ever, as a biannual event, the Shanxi Province—28,759,014 next STVD will be in 1992, and The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Re- will no longer be the only TV gion-21,456,798 festival in China. The Sichuan Liaoning Province—39,459,697 TV Festival, its competitor with Jilin Province—24,658,721 the same status and time span, is Heilongjiang Province—35,214,873 only to open every other year. Shanghai Municipality— 13,341,896, The first Sichuan TV Festival including 5,127,460 in nine counties is scheduled to take place in under the direct administration of the Chengdu, the province's capital, city in September 1991. • Jiangsu Province—67,056,519

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 21 CHINA Zhejiang Province—41,445,- The six provinces and munici• percent of the population live in 930 palities with a population dens• cities and towns. The proportion Anhui Province—56,180,813 ity exceeding 500 persons per of urban population in 14 prov• Fujian Province—30,097,274, square kilometre are Shanghai, inces, autonomous regions and including 49,050 in Jinmen, Tianjin, Jiangsu, Beijing, Shan• municipalities exceeds the na• Mazu and other islands (2) dong and Henan. The nine prov• tional average. They are, in des• Jiangxi Province—37,710,281 inces with a density ranging be• cending order, Beijing, Tian• Shandong Province—84,- tween 200 and 499 persons are jin, Shanghai, Liaoning, Hei- 392,827 Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangdong, longjiang, Jilin, Guangdong, In• Henan Province—85,509,535 Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Liaoning, ner Mongolia, Zhejiang, Xin• Hubei Province—53,969,210 Fujian and Jiangxi. The ten jiang, Hubei, Shanxi, Qinghai Hunan Province—60,659,754 provinces and autonomous re• and Shandong. Guangdong Province—62,- gions between 50 and 199 per• Beijing is the highest, with 829,236 (not including the popu• sons are Hainan, Sichuan, 73.08 percent of its population lation of the Dongsha Islands) Shanxi, Guizhou, Guangxi, The Guangxi Zhuang Auton• Shaanxi, Jilin, Yunnan, Hei- living in urban areas. omous Region—42,245,765 longjiang and Ningxia. The five There are eight provinces and Hainan Province—6,557,482 provinces and autonomous re• autonomous regions where this Sichuan Province—107,218,- gions with a population density proportion falls below the na• 173 under 50 persons per square kil• tional average but is higher than Guizhou Province—32,391,- ometre are Gansu, Inner Mon• 20 percent. They are Ningxia, 066 golia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Ti• Hainan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Yunnan Province—36,972,- bet. Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Si• 610 chuan. 3. Natural population growth For the remaining eight prov• The Tibet Autonomous Re- rate. Between July 1, 1989 and gion-2,196,010 June 30, 1990, the population inces and autonomous regions, Shaanxi Province—32,882,- growth rate of Shanghai was it is under 20 percent. 403 4.96 per thousand, the lowest of Gansu Province—22,371,141 Note (1): The population figures for Qinghai Province—4,456,946 the 30 provinces, autonomous the provinces and autonomous regions The Ningxia Hui Autonom• regions and municipalities on which are contiguous to countries the mainland. whose borders with China have not as ous Region—4,655,451 yet been delimited, are counted accord• The Xinjiang Uygur Auton• The natural growth rates of ing to the population of the areas cov• omous Region—15,155,778 Beijing, Zhejiang, Tianjin and ered by the census. Taiwan Province(3)—20,- Liaoning were also below 10 per Notes (2) and (3): Figures given are thousand. those released by the Taiwan authori• 155,830 ties at the end of March 1990. Chinese compatriots(4) in The provinces and autonom• Note (4): The figure of the Chinese Hong Kong and Macao ous regions with rates between compatriots in the Hong Kong area was 10 per thousand and 14.99 per calculated on the data released by the -6,130,000 Hong Kong government at the end of The servicemen of the thousand are Sichuan, Hei- 1989. The number of Chinese compa• Chinese People's Liberation longjiang, Jilin, Shandong, He• triots in the Macao area was calculated Army-3,199,100 bei, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu according to data released by the Macao and Guangxi. government at the end of 1989. 2. Density. The population Note (5): Total population of cities density per square kilometre of The natural growth rates were refers to the combined total of the po• the 30 provinces, autonomous above 15 per thousand in Qing• pulation of the administrative districts regions and municipalities on hai, Yunnan, Shanxi, Guang• of those cities with districts and the population of the neighbourhoods of the mainland, including service• dong, Guizhou, Gansu, Hunan, those cities without administrative dis• men, is 118 persons, an increase Shaanxi, Hubei, Hainan, Fuji• tricts. The population of towns refers to of 13 as compared with 105 per• an, Henan, Jiangxi, Tibet, An• the combined total of the population of sons per square kilometre in the hui and Ningxia. the neighbourhood committees of those towns under the jurisdiction of those 1982 census. The population 4. Proportion of urban popu• cities without administrative districts density in various provinces, au• lation. In the 30 provinces, au• and the population of the neighbour• tonomous regions and munici- tonomous regions and munici• hood committees of those towns under pahties differs greatly. palities on the mainland, 26.23 the jurisdiction of counties.

22 BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 CHINA Demographic Table Showing China's Population Density, Natural Change, and Proportion of Urban to Total Population According to Geographical Distribution

Total Population Density Natural Change (%o) Proportion (persons) (persons/Km^) of urban Place 1990 1982 Increase 1990 1982 Birth rate Death rate Natural to total po• (%) growth rate pulation (%) Total 1133682501 1008175288 12.45 118 105 20.98 6.28 14.70 26.23 Beijing 10819407 9230687 17.21 644 549 13.35 5.43 7.92 73.08 Tianjin 8785402 7764141 13.15 777 687 15.50 5.98 9.52 68.65 Hebei 61082439 53005875 15.24 325 282 19.66 5.76 13.90 19.08 Shanxi 28759014 25291389 13.71 184 162 22.31 6.25 16.06 28.72 Inner Mongolia 21456798 19274279 11.32 18 16 20.12 5.79 14.33 36.12 Liaoning 39459697 35721693 10.46 270 245 15.60 6.01 9.59 50.86 Jilin 24658721 22560053 9.30 132 120 18.40 6.12 12.28 42.65 Heilongjiang 35214873 32665546 7.80 78 69 17.51 5.33 12.18 47.17 Shanghai 13341896 11859748 12.50 2118 1913 11.32 6.36 4.96 66.23 Jiangsu 67056519 60521114 10.80 654 590 20.54 6.07 14.47 21.24 Zhejiang 41445930 38884603 6.59 407 382 14.84 6.10 8.74 32.81 Anhui 56180813 49665724 13.12 404 356 25.04 5.79 19.25 17.90 Fujian 30048224 25873259 16.14 248 213 23.45 5.70 17.75 21.36 Jiangxi 37710281 33184827 13.64 226 199 24.47 6,59 17.88 20.40 Shandong 84392827 74419054 13.40 539 486 18.86 6.25 12.61 27.34 Henan 85509535 74422739 14.90 512 446 24.03 6.18 17.85 15.52 Hubei 53969210 47804150 12.90 290 255 24.32 6.84 17.48 28.91 Hunan 60659754 54008851 12.31 286 257 24.03 7.07 16.96 18.23 Guangdong 62829236 53631551 17.15 353 301 21.96 5.34 16.62 36.77 Guangxi 42245765 36420960 15.99 178 158 20.71 5.96 14.75 15.10 Hainan 6557482 5667669 15.70 193 167 22.95 5.22 17.73 24.05 Sichuan 107218173 99713310 7.53 188 176 17.78 7.06 10.72 20.25 Guizhou 32391066 28552997 13.44 184 162 23.77 7.13 16.64 18.93 Yunnan 36972610 32553817 13,57 94 83 23.59 7.71 15.88 14,72 Tibet 2196010 1892393 16.04 1.8 1.6 27.60 9.20 18.40 12.59 Shaanxi 32882403 28904423 13.76 160 141 23.49 6.49 17.00 21,49 Gansu 22371141 19569261 14.32 49 43 22.85 5.92 16.93 22.04 Qinghai 4456946 3895706 14.41 6 5 22.65 6.84 15.81 27.35 Ningxia 4655451 3895578 19.51 90 59 24.56 5.07 19.49 25.72 Xinjiang 15155778 13081681 15.85 9 8 24.67 6.39 18.28 31.91

Note: 1. Total population on the table includes the number of servicemen of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. 2. The period of the natural population growth refers to the data of 12 months before the 1990 census. 3. The proportion of the total population of cities and towns is counted according to the following approaches: Total population of cities refers to the combined total of the population of the administrative districts of those cities with districts, and the population of the neighbourhoods of those cities without administrative districts. The population of towns refers to the combined total of the population of the neighbourhood committees of those towns under the jurisdiction of those cities without administrative districts, and the population of the neighbourhood comittees of those towns under the jurisd iction of counties. -

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23,1990 23 INTERNATIONAL Future Complications in US-Latin American Ties

by Yang Bin

s President George Bush cratic system" and oppose the ing an excuse for its intervention• recently visited five Latin "central totalitarian system" that ist policy. U American countries — "combines Latin American com• After moving into the White Mexico, Uruguay, Argentina, munism with nationalism." In House, Bush has basically act• Chile and Venezuela — in an ef• particular, Washington will exert ed in accordance with this docu• fort to assure Latin American pressure on Cuba, the only social• ment, the only change being that countries that the United States ist country on the continent, in a Washington, encouraged by the has not forgotten them, despite bid to topple the Fidel Castro re• drastic changes in world politics, the shift of worldwide attention gime. This policy of intervention has become bolder in pursuing its to the Soviet Union and Eastern casts a shadow on relations be• interventionist policy. Europe and, now the Gulf region. tween the United States and La• On December 20, 1989, the However, the drastic changes tin American nations. Bush administration sent more which have occurred since the After drafting an advisory do• than 20,000 troops to invade Pan• 1980s — the deepening of detente cument in dealing with Latin ama and captured Manuel Norie• between the United States and American countries in 1980 for ga, Panamanian strongman, the Soviet Union, the emergence the Reagan administration, the resolving a difficult issue the of other international forces, the Santa Fe Committee presented a Reagan administration failed at widening of North-South gap and second document in 1988 for the for years. In early 1990, the new the trend towards regionalization Bush administration. The docu• Panamanian government decided in the world economy — cannot ment asserted that the democrat• to set up a security force to re• but have a profound bearing ic institutions in Latin American place the old National Defence on the foreign policies of La• countries continue to be very fra• Force, which made Panama a tin American countries, bring• gile and even in democratically country without armed forces and ing about great changes in their elected governments, there still created conditions for the pro• relations with the United States, exists a central totalitarian tradi• longed dominance of Panama by which traditionally views the re• tion. The report then recommend• the United States. gion as its "backyard." ed the United States^ should not Regarding Nicaragua, while only be concerned with formal applying political and diplomatic Trend of Development democracy but should support pressure on Nicaragua by sup• any plans for democracy within porting a Central American peace A major task facing Latin governments, armed forces and initiative, the Bush administra• American countries in the 1990s political organizations. It went on tion forced the Central American is to consolidate the democratic to point out that the combination country to hold general elections. process, restore and develop their of Latin American communism It continued its economic block• national economies, and maintain and nationalism contitutes the ade against Nicaragua, causing peace and social stability. To real• greatest danger to the region and enormous economic difficulties ize these goals, in addition also the greatest -threat to US in• and arousing popular discontent to strengthening regional co• terests and only with the support towards the Sadinista govern• operation and multi-channelled of US Congress and the US gov• ment. Simultaneously the Bush diplomacy, Latin American coun• ernment can democratic govern• administration encouraged var• tries will have to continue to give ments in Latin America be esta• ious opposition forces in Nicara• priority to relations with the Un• blished. gua to jointly participate in the ited States. These passages prove that the general elections by promising a Politically, the United States United States is dissatisfied with US$900,000 election fee for them. will attempt to absorb Latin the "fragile democracies" in Latin This led to the downfall of the American nations into its "demo- Sandinista government led by America and considers it neces• Daniel Ortega in the general elec• The author is a liaison secretary with sary to help the countries to es• tions on February 25, 1990. The the China Association for International tablish governments which suit Understanding. Washington's tastes, thus provid• Bush administration thus peace-

24 BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 INTERNATIONAL fully toppled a regime that was economic development of Latin countries. In 1986, the trade vol• won through an armed struggle. American countries. ume between them reached The Santa Fe document sug• In recent years, the debtor na• US$73 billion, making up 53 per• gested that the US government tions and regional organizations cent of total Latin American for• put more emphasis on Cuba with have repeatedly suggested that eign trade valued at US$137.6 a view to overthrowing the Castro creditor nations and banks settle billion. regime after the year 2000. How• debt problems in such a way as to In the 1990s, the United States ever, recent developments in the provide more loans and help them will maintain its role as the major world situation have prompted develop their economy to prom• trade partner of Latin American the United States to accelerate ote the repayment of loans. countries, in spite of the latter's the timetable for destroying the Meanwhile, the United States in• efforts to develop multilateral Cuban government. The United itiated the "Baker Plan" and trade ties. States has intensified its all-out "Brady Plan" to resolve the issue, Economic frictions between the offensives against Cuba on pol• but neither has been very success• United States and Latin Ameri• itical, economic, diplomatic and ful. military fronts. It reiterated its can countries were acute in the ban on trading with Cuba and Mexico and Costa Rica, 1980s. Latin American export obstructed the American Broad• through negotiations with credi• suffered from the constant dec• casting Company from reporting tor nations and banks, have made line of primary product prices. In on the Pan-American Games to headway in lightening their for• 1985, the prices of 17 major ex• be held in Cuba in 1991. In eign debt burden. However, it is port products dropped 19 percent, the first two months the United not necessarily a good omen to causing a loss of US$10 billion. States had increased its military other nations in this region be• Washington's trade protectionism presence in Guantanamo military cause it might weaken joint ef• and high tariff barriers were an• base to tighten the pressure on forts to resist foreign pressure and other factor that affected econo• Cuba. In May, the United States hinder a comprehensive solution mic ties between the two sides. conducted three mihtary exercis• to the debt problem. To date, Although Latin American es in the Caribbean with Cuba as there are no signs for a complete countries have made a continuous the imaginary enemy. settlement of the question. In the effort for an equitable outside These signs indicate a rise of coming decade, debt issues will economic environment, the US power politics on Washington's continue to be the central topic trade protectionism even escalat• part. A foreign ministerial meet• of diplomatic activities concern• ed, which is not likely to change ing of the Group of Eight Latin ing economy. in the 1990s. American countries at the end of Trade with the United States As for economic policy, Latin March pointed out that the Unit• occupies a significant place in the America and the United States ed States violated norms of inter• foreign trade of Latin American have found some identical views. national law in many areas of the Strengthening regional co-operation: On October 12, presidents of the Group of American continent and demand• Eight Latin American countries (from left) — Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Argen• ed the United States respect the tina, Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay and Venezuela — cheer for the success of their principle of peaceful co-existence summit meeting. YANG JIANHUA among nations. The clashes did not forebode well for the develop• ment of relations between Wash• ington and its "backyard" neigh• bours. Economically, debt and trade are the main issues between Latin American countries and the Unit• ed States. Last year, the total Latin American debt volume rose to US$434 billion from US$333 bil• lion in 1982 when the debt crisis broke out. In addition, US$250 billion were used to serve the re• payment of debts. Heavy foreign debt burden and a serious shor• tage of funds have hampered the

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23,1»90 25 INTERNATIONAL The "Santa Fe 11" report suggest• have responsibility. This repre• independent diplomacy with ini• ed that the United States encour• sented the basis for the co• tiative in their own hands. Eight age private enterprises in Latin operation between the two sides. primary Latin American coun• America, striving to accelerate The United States has also agreed tries formed the Group of Eight privatization of collective enter• to link anti-drug efforts of the in December 1986. It was the first prises and establish a national Latin American countries with political consultant organization capital market based on free en• their economic development, formed in the region. Its es• terprise and independent com• promising to provide assistance tablishment indicated that the pany. Most contents of the pro• for their economic development time that the United States pres• posal have been accepted by the plans. ided over all the meetings has leaders of Latin American coun• However, the meeting also ex• ended and Latin American coun• tries. Since 1982, many of posed some differences between tries began dealing with the prob• these countries practised econo• the two sides. The United States lems in the region themselves mic non-nationalization in or• had to cancel its plan of holding through consultations. The group der to overcome economic crises, an anti-drug exercise in the Car• has strongly reacted to the US causing a wave of privatization. ibbean Sea under the joint oppos• invasion into Panama, stressing Privatization in Latin America ition from Latin American coun• that every country has the right will help overcome bureaucracy tries. Bush's proposal to establish to choose its own government or in state-run enterprises and in• a multinational armed force ass• ruler and demanding the US gov• crease productivity. A free econo• isting in the anti-drug activities ernment respect the sovereignty my is likely to be a better option in Latin American countries was of other countries and cease its for Latin American countries in also rejected. Under such condi• interference policy. Other Latin surmounting their difficulties. tions, the US government had to American countries have also But, this may weaken their na• agree that no joint or single mili• condemned interference policy. tional economy, trigger high tary action would be taken in the The struggle between Latin unemployment rate and widen region and all the anti-drug ac• American countries and the Un• the gap between the rich and tions should be carried out in res• ited States will continue in the poor. Also, these countries may pect of the sovereignty of each coming decade although the face challenges to their national country. forms and intensity of these independence and sovereignty. struggles may vary from country On the anti-drug front, the Un• Main Features to country. ited States and Latin American Most Latin American countries countries will co-operate, to some Relations between the United will adopt realistic and moder• extent, in checking drug traffick• States and Latin American coun• ate attitudes towards the United ing because they have shared the tries in the 1990s will be char• States, preferring dialogues in mutual interests and demand con• acterized by interference and dealing with their disputes with cerning the issue. However, Latin counter-interference struggles. the United States while the Unit• American countries will object at• Since Monroeism was formulated ed States will use both soft and tempts by the US government to one and a half centuries ago, all hard tactics towards them. In the intervene in their internal affairs US presidents have follofwed sim• past year, one third of Latin in name of combating drug traf• ilar policies towards Latin Amer• American countries held gener• ficking. On February 15, 1990, ica. They all regard Latin Amer• al elections, bringing into power presidents from the United ica as their "backyard" and a new leaders. Except for a few States, Bolivia, Peru and Colom• "sphere of US influence." So old politicians who have been re• bia met in Cartagena and signed the US governments have never elected, most new leaders are a statement in which the four stopped intervening in the inter• young. They are adhering to agreed to co-operate in all aspects nal affairs of Latin American centro-right political attitude and in their efforts to abolish drug countries and launching armed carrying out practical and refor• production and trafficking. It was aggressions into them. In the mist policies in their countries. the first step towards overall co• 1990Sj the US interference pohcy Most of them have visited the operation among American coun• will intensify instead of decline. United States and expressed their tries in combating drug traffick• On the other hand, since the desire to co-operate with Wash• ing. It ended the mutual blaming 1960s, national and democratic ington. For example, Mexican between the drug producing and movements have grown in Latin President Carlos Salinas visited consuming countries as to who America. In addition to streng• the United States in mid-June should take responsibility for the thening their political and eco• and discussed with US President disastrous spread of drugs, for• nomic independence, most Latin Bush on signing a free trade trea• mulating the premise that both American countries have pursued ty. He changed his previous cold

BEIJING REVIEW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 INTERNATIONAL

attitude towards the treaty, say• ing the Mexican economy could not succeed without such a treaty. At the 23rd meeting of the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean held in Caracas, the capital of Vene• zuela, on May 3, Latin American countries expressed their desire to co-operate with the United States and stopped blaming the "exter• nal barriers" for impeding their economic development. On the contrary, they tried to find fault in their own policies which led to the decline in their economies during the 1980s. They saw they had over-emphasized their econo• mic independence while neglect• ing mutual dependence in the ZHA\C M.Xo i world economy; over-stressed the US-Mexican ties: on November 27, visiting US President Georje Bash holds talks | protection of domestic markets with Mexican President Carlos Salinas on establishing a common market and drug and development of import- trafficking issues. substitute production while ignor• ing the function of competition in Eight, including the aforemen• panese Prime Minister Toshiki promoting the efficiency of prod- tioned three countries, has set the Kaifu and the two leaders dis• uction;attached more importance goal of establishing a Latin Amer• cussed new forms of co-operation to the nationalization and inter• ican common market in 1992. between the two sides in environ• ference of the state in economic Some other organizations are also mental protection, trade and Ja• activities while underestimated active in promoting regional inte• pan's investment in Mexico. In the role of the private sector and gration. June 1990 Salinas paid a return j market in economic development. Since the 1970s, Latin Ameri• visit to Japan. In January 1990, \ Their self-criticism won praise can countries have been pursuing the Brazilian president visited the from the United States and other the pluralistic diplomacy in or• United States, Japan, the Soviet developed countries. It indicates der to guarantee independence of Union, Britain, France, Italy, that the economic strategies of their countries. They have streng• Spain and Portugal. Brazil's for- | Latin American countries are thened relations with East and eign minister chose the United \ slowly approaching that of the West European countries, Japan, States, Japan, the Soviet Union United States after adjustment the Soviet Union, China and oth• and Britain as the first countries and that co-operation between the er Asian and African countries. to visit after taking office with j two sides will be strengthened. In the 1990s, Latin American the aim to obtain technology and Latin American countries will countries will continue to pursue investment from these countries. give more impetus to regional in• the policy so as to extricate them• Although Argentine President tegration while carrying out plur• selves from economic predica• Carlos Saul Menem called off his alistic diplomacies, with emphasis ments and avoid depending too visit to some European countries j on Western Europe and Japan. heavily on the United States. for some reasons early this year, The integration movement in La• Their economic relations with the his foreign minister visited Eu• West European countries and Ja• tin American countries began in rope three times within the last pan will develop rapidly. In July the 1960s when they tried to two months and resumed or i last year, Mexican President Sali• shake off the control of the indus• signed some trade treaties with nas held talks with the leaders of trial countries and achieve com• the European Community (EC). France, the United States, Bri• mon development by collective In addition, the foreign ministers efforts. Now the movement has tain, Germany, Japan, Italy and of the Group of Eight in April entered a new period. Brazil, Ar• Canada when he participated in held separate talks with their gentina and Mexico, the primary the celebration ceremony of the Latin American powers, have at• 200th anniversary of the French counterparts of East and West tached great importance to re• Revolution in Paris. In Septem• European countries to further gional integration. The Group of ber, Salinas met with visiting Ja• promote their relations. •

BEIJING REVIEW, DkfcES*#M'\7-23, 1990 27 INTERNATIONAL New Developments in the Gulf Situation by Zhu Mengkui

n November 29, the United Nations Security firmed China's stand on peaceful settlement so long Council adopted Resolution 678 authorizing as the opportunity exists. O member states "to use all necessary means," The reason why peaceful efforts have not yet including, obviously, the use of military force, to achieved any breakthrough is the huge gap between uphold and implement the Security Council's pre• parties concerned. Saddam once proposed a package vious resolutions unless Iraq withdraws its forces plan which connects the Kuwaiti matter with the from Kuwait on or before January 15, 1991. Palestinian question. The proposal says Iraq would Since Iraq's invasion and annexation of its tiny simultaneously withdraw from Kuwait if Israel with• neighbour on August 2, a series of resolutions requir• draws from the West Bank, Gaza Strip and Southern ing its immediate and unconditional withdrawal from Lebanon and Syria pulls out of Lebanon at the same Kuwait and calling for economic sanctions against the time and that an international Mid-east peace confer• country have been adopted by the UN Security Coun• ence is to be held on this basis to comprehensively cil. Iraq, however, has always refused to implement resolve the Middle East question. The proposal wons these resolutions, not even showing any intention to support from several nations such as Palestine. But withdraw from Kuwait. the United States, Egypt and other Gulf countries The United States began its "Operation Desert insisted that Iraq first withdraw its troops from Ku• Shield" on August 7, sending troops to Saudi Arabia wait. In view of the deteriorating situation in the and the Gulf region. Some other Western countries Gulf, Morocco suggested convening an emergency and Arab and Islamic nations also sent troops to the Arab summit. However, differences on the Gulf prob• region, in the name of preventing invasion and apply• lem and doubts about the outcome of such a summit ing economic sanctions. In early November, the Un• among Arab nations made it difficult to settle the ited States decided to send another 200,000 troops and crisis within the Arab world. M-Al tanks to Saudi Arabia, and Britain also rein• But recently, demonstrations have occurred in the forced its troops in the Gulf by 14,000. Therefore, the United States and Britain, criticizing the gov• multi-national force in the Gulf region will increase ernments' policy of sending troops to the Gulf. The to 530,000 before the end of this year, with more than demonstrators voiced opposition to a war option, call• 100 warships and 1,000 airplanes. In reaction, Iraq ing for a peaceful solution. Some US congressional announced it would deploy another 250,000 troops in leaders also asked President George Bush to consult Kuwait, increasing its forces to 680,000. with Congress before using military force. The multi-national troops in the Gulf headed by Just before the adoption of the Security Council the United States have held combat exercises in Saudi Resolution 678, Iraq strongly criticized the United Arabia and the Gulf region. US governmental offi• States and other Western countries, saying they were cials and military leaders also have adopted an in• trying to find an excuse for their attack on Iraq, and creasingly tough attitude, repeatedly stressing the called for talks with the United States. Bush rejected need to drive Iraq out of Kuwait by force. Iraqi the demand and indicated talks will begin only after President Saddam Hussein did not show any signs of Iraq's withdrawal. weakness. He frequently convened meetings of high- But on November 30, Bush offered to send Secre• ranking military officers and ordered Iraqi troops to tary of State James Baker to Baghdad to meet Saddam be on the alert, preparing to fight with US troops in and invited Iraqi Foreign Minister Tareq Aziz to Kuwait. All this leads the Gulf situation to the verge Washington on December 10. Bush said he wanted to of an all-out war. seek a peaceful settlement of the Gulf crisis. Iraq has In order to avoid a disastrous war, the Arab world accepted the US proposal for direct dialogue. and international community have made every effort. The US decision immediately won positive respon• Leaders and representatives of many countries and ses from many countries. UN Secretary-General Ja• organizations have in recent months visited Baghdad vier Perez de Cuellar said in a statement he very and other countries concerned with the Gulf crisis. much welcomed Bush's announcement to hold direct Numerous initiatives for a peaceful solution of the talks with Iraq on the Gulf crisis. He said he hoped Iraqi-Kuwaiti conflict and the Gulf crisis have been "these contacts will lead to a just and peaceful settle• advanced. Meanwhile, envoys and representatives of ment of the crisis." "If these contacts take place, there Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait visited other countries will indeed be a really, really peaceful solution to the to expound their views and seek ways to peacefully problem." But he added that this was only the begin• resolve the crisis. Chinese Foreign Minister Qian ning of a process. Qichen visited the Middle East in mid-November, Despite the increasing danger of war, calls for a discussing the Gulf situation with leaders of Egypt, peaceful solution are rising and peace efforts are Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait. He also reaf• continuing. •

28 BEIJING REVIEW! BECEMBER 17-23, 1990 BUSINESS / TRADE China Encourages —Generally, China does not ment Bank (ADB) formally limit the operation period for granted US$50 million in agri• Foreign Investment foreign-funded enterprises, be• cultural loans to China. This is fore the expiration of the con• the first loan issued by ADB to An official of the Ministry tracts, operators may apply to China since June 1989. of Foreign Economic Relations the Chinese government for ex• The Agricultural Bank of and Trade recently noted that tending operating period. China (ABC) will use the loan during the Eighth Five-Year —Foreign-funded enterprises to support small and medium- Plan period (1991-95), China may purchase raw materials on sized township enterprises in will continue to carry out and the international market and Shandong, Guangdong, Jilin, improve the policies and regula• sell their products both in China Jiangsu and Fujian provinces. tions made to encourage foreign and abroad. The loan extends for 15 years investment. The aim is to attract —Foreign-funded enterprises and includes a three-year grace international investment for its are encouraged to employ period. Using a floating rate, the modernization. Chinese workers and invite current annual rate of interest China plans to provide foreign technicians, experts and sen• is 6.36 percent, with adjustment investors with preferential treat• ior managerial personnel from made once every six months. ment in the following fields: abroad. Also, ADB will offer —Foreign investors are al• —A low income tax policy is US$480,000 in aid loans to help lowed to use currency, mechan• carried out for foreign-funded raise project managerial ability ical equipment, raw materials, enterprises, whose income tax and the technological level of means of transport, and indus• rate is lower than that for the agriculture in provinces, cities trial property rights such as pa• state-owned enterprises and col• and counties. tents and trademarks, special lectives. In addition, a US$567.8 mil• technology and other incorpo• —Those who invest in China's lion loan to the ABC, the Shanxi real property as capital invest• major undertakings will be giv• Liulin Power Plant, the Shan• ment. en longer tax reduction and ex• dong Laiwu Iron and Steel —Equipment, instruments emption period and those who Works and five other projects is and meters, and raw materials invest in China's major develop• being prepared by ADB respon• imported by foreign investors to ment areas or mainly use adv• sible departments, and is wait• be used as material goods for anced technology and export ing for examination and approv• investment, and facilities pur• products will enjoy more prefer• al by the board of directors. chased with investment money ential tax treatment. Che Peiqin, a Chinese execu• on the international market, as Since its reform and opening tive director of ADB, said that well as materials used in produc• to the outside world, China has China would use more ADB tion are exempted from tariff formulated a series of preferen• funds to speed up its economic and industrial and commercial tial policies for attracting for• construction as ADB gradually consolidated tax. eign investment. Improvement restores its business with China. Foreign businessmen are al• of the investment environment China's policy of reform and lowed to invest in a variety of resulted in introducing interna• opening to the outside world not fields and trades, except for tional investment from 45 coun• only has brought about the con• Chinese departments involv• tries and regions throughout the tinuous and stable growth of ing state security, traditional world. By late September 1990, China's economy but developed Chinese exports and those prod• China had approved the esta• a wide prospect for the co• ucts on which foreign govern• blishment of more than 26,500 operation between China and all ments have set import quota foreign-funded enterprises. Ne• the international economic or• Umits. gotiated value was US$37.8 bil• ganizations including the ADB. —China does not limit the lion while US$17.7 billion was proportion of shares of foreign actually used. • capital in a joint venture and allows them to establish wholly Gansu Benefits foreign-owned enterprises. ADB Agricultural from WB Loans —Foreign investors are al• Loans to China lowed to be legal representatives Gansu Province in northwest such as chairman of boards of On November 29, the board of China has made remarkable the directors in joint ventures. directors of the Asian Develop• achievements in the use of

BEIJING REVIEW: KECEMBEH 17-23, 1990 29 BUSINESS/TRADE

World Bank loans for the de• situated in Shiyan in Hubei tories on the mainland to prod• velopment of agriculture, water Province, recently expressed his uce large luxury sedan cars. The conservancy, industry and edu• hope to produce automobile latter produces Taiwan's one-ton cation. spare parts in co-operation with trucks. Some of them are sold Since 1986, the World Bank the Taiwan motor vehicle indus• abroad. has supplied US$182.17 million try. The No. 2 Motor Vehicle in loan for the comprehensive There are many kinds of co• Plant is the largest truck manu• development of the province. By operation, he said. For example, facturing base in China. In 1989, late September 1990, altogether the No. 2 Motor Vehicle Plant it produced 135,000 motor vehi• US$67.7 million had been used could provide factory buildings cles, and its business amounted in harnessing the Guanchuan and equipment for production to 4.1 billion yuan. With the River and in the development of and open up a car development approval from the state, it will basic education and industry in area for Taiwan businessmen in co-operate with the French Ci• the locality. the vicinity of Wuhan in which troen Co. to produce 300,000 These projects, which have to build factories; also joint ven• cars annually. been completely or partially fin• ture factories could be set up in by Li Ming ished, have yielded good social Xiamen and other coastal cities. and economic returns. Shen Ningwu's idea was that Mushroom Co. The Guanchuan River treat• there were many motor vehicle ment project in Dingxi County plants in Taiwan producing a Jointly Set Up has increased the vegetation rate small number of cars for a lim• from 18.5 percent in 1986 to ited market. But the technical The China Edible Mushroom 36.5 percent, resulting in better standard of Taiwan's vehicle Technology Development Co. control of soil erosion and an components and spare parts is Ltd., a private enterprise in annual growth of grain produc• quite high, and most of them Maanshan, Anhui Province, has tion by five million kg. serve as accessories for large mo• recently set up a joint venture, The province has also used the tor vehicle plants all over the the China Anhui Aska Edible World Bank loans to build and world. Therefore, there is a pos• Mushroom Co. Ltd., together repair 91 hospitals, epidemic sibility of co-operation between with the Aska lapan Co. Ltd. prevention stations, women and the No. 2 Motor Vehicle Plant, The example of a private enter• children health care stations and which is large in scale and has prise running a joint venture rural clinics, helping improve many specialized personnel, and with a foreign firm is still rare the health conditions in 15 Taiwan car component and in China. counties. spare parts factories, to produce Both sides invested 2.82 mil• In industrial projects, for ex• and expand car components and lion yuan in this joint venture ample, the Yongdeng County spare parts for export. company and the time limit is 15 Carbon Factory funded by the It is reported that in recent years. The company will adopt World Bank loan has been put years, the No. 2 Motor Vehicle the "steam cuhivating technolo• into operation. Last year, it yiel• Plant has received many groups gy" developed by Pan Zihang, ded 2.29 million yuan in profits of businessmen from Taiwan ve• chairman of the board of direc• and taxes and gave jobs to 132 hicle components and spare tors, to raise several dozen kinds rural people. The Wuwei Linen parts factories. Our powder me• of mushroom, including flat Mill has also begun its trial- tallurgy, water tanks, air com• mushroom, hedgehog hydnum, production. pressor and piston ring branch ganoderma, edible fungus, tre- In addition, Gansu has used factories have already held talks mella, tube of elevated gastro- World Bank loans to run 41 with Taiwan businessmen for dia, and other kinds of medi• courses in which 3,900 people co-operative production. In Xia• cal fungus. The technology was were trained. • men, Fujian Province, the No. 2 granted a state patent in 1987, Motor Vehicle Plant has already and in 1988, won a bronze medal set up the joint venture Jinlong from the Beijing International Vehicle Production United Car Industrial Co. and Invention Fair. According to With Taiwan the linlong Car Body Co. with an agreement reached by both Taiwan businessmen. The form• sides, this joint venture enter• Shen Ningwu, deputy direc• er imports and assembles Ger• prise will produce 500 tons of tor of the No. 2 Motor Vehicle man Benz car components and dried edible fungus, of which 95 Plant, with its general factory will become one of the two fac• percent will be sold by the Aska

30 BEUING RBVaeW, DECEMBER 17-23, 1990 BUSINESS/TRADE

Japan Co. Ltd. Each year they kilometres long. Experts esti• South Korea. will produce an output value of mate that transporting goods China is making investments 20 million yuan. from the Asian economic zone in the large-scale construction of by Zhang Guobao. to Europe from China's Lian• Lianyungang Harbour for better yungang Harbour over this utilization of the Eurasian Con• Railway Arouses route instead of by way of the tinental "Bridge." Eventually it Indian Ocean in ships will save will emerge as a comprehensive Worldwide Interest 20 percent in transportation harbour with 100 deep-water costs. It will also cut the time in berths that can handle up to 60 tarting from China's Lian- half and the distance by more million tons of cargo a year. yungang Harbour in the than 2,000 km. What is more, by Yao Jianguo S east to Rotterdam, Holland the overland route is safer and in the west, the Eurasian Conti• more reliable. nental "Bridge" connects the Pa• Lianyungang City is located News in Brief cific and Atlantic Oceans. It midway on China's continental has drawn widespread attention coastline and is one of the 14 • The Jiaxing Refrigerator since it was linked up in Septem• open coastal cities. A natural Factory of Zhejiang Province ber 1990. According to a recent harbour ice-free throughout the has won bidding invited by the report by Wang Wenqing, may• year, Lianyungang has 17 berths World Bank for loans to be or of Lianyungang City, be• now in use, 13 of which are for granted in 1990. The factory's tween August and October 50 ships of more than 10,000 tons; BC-185B laboratory refrigera• people from various countries they have a handling capacity of tors met with the World Bank's and regions including Japan, 16.4 million tons annually. It has requirements in technical data. Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, established business ties with The Jiaxing Factory has in re• South Korea, Taiwan and Hong 273 harbours in 83 countries cent years invested more than Kong made on-the-spot investi• and regions in the world, and gations along the railway line. has five international container US$40 million in the introduc• The Soviet Union and some oth• shipping lines leading to Hong tion of 15 advanced technologies er East European countries have Kong, Singapore, Bangkok, from the United States, Japan also expressed their desire to co• Kobe, Osaka and Nagoya. At and Italy, to form an annual operate in making the best use the same time, it has started production capacity of 200,000 of the transcontinental railway. scheduled sundry goods ship• refrigerators. Its products range from household refrigerators to The new Eurasian Continen• ping lines to Hong Kong, Yoko• those used in laboratories and tal "Bridge" is more than 10,000 hama in Japan and Inchon in hospitals. About 20,000 of its

YAO JIANGUO 50-litre and 120-litre refrigera• Containei dock at Lianyungang Harbour. tors will be sold to Australia. • China's Dalian Winery has developed a new brandy, Mer• maid, using the brewing tech• nology invented by the Dalian POME Apparatus Equipment Co. Mermaid brandy is rich and mellow, with a tasty flavour. Its various parameters meet with the brandy standards of interna• tional VSOP. At present, it is exported to Japan, South Korea, the United States and Southeast Asia, as well as European coun• tries. The invention of Mermaid brandy has brought to an end China's historical inability to produce high- and middle-class foreign wine independently. •

BEIJING REVIEW, DEGEMBIEF! 17-23, 1990 31 CULTURE / SCIENCE

with Hungarian artifacts. Hungarian Cultural Day Held in Beijing The cultural exchange between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Hungary be• •uiigjrian Cultural Day, and Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) gan in the 1950s and became fre• including an exhibition novels Jin Ping Mei and Journey H entitled Sandor Petofi to the West, and the modern quent in the 1980s. The Peo• and His Age and a book exhibi• novel Mid-night by well-known ple's Republic of China held a tion, was held in the National Chinese writer Mao Dun, as well Chinese Cultural Day including Library of China on November as Chinese textbooks. a film week, a book exhibition 8. The event was part of the Sino- The audience can also watch and an artifacts exhibition in Hungarian cultural exchange documentary films introducing Hungary last year, winning great programme. Hungarian culture and customs. success. In the heart of most Chinese, The exhibition hall is decorated by Lou Linwei. Hungary is closely related with Sandor Petofi, the great Hungar• ian poet. Just as Chen Changben, vice-minister of the Ministry of Roast Duck Restaurant in Film Culture, said at the opening cer• emony, the poetry of Petofi in• eijmg Ouanjude Roast extremely delicious, crisp roast fluenced a generation of Chinese Duck Restaurant has long duck. Business booms once revolutionaries who went to the B been renowned for its deli• again, but the former cook is battlefield and execution ground, cious roast duck. In recent years, filled with resentment. chanting Petofi's famous poem, film writers have noted the res• Not only is Yang experienc• "Life is a treasure/' Love even taurant's ups and downs over the ing business difficulties, but he dearer/ But to win freedom/ I past century as a reflection of is also in a state of emotional would throw both away/." changing social values. In the turmoil—he is in love with Sister Petofi (1823-1849) was an out• wake of the theatre production Yuhuan whose husband is dis• standing pioneer and statesman No.l Restaurant in the World, abled. Tian Shun, an assistant in during the Hungarian revolution presented by the Beijing People's the restaurant, also loves Sister of 1848-1949 . His poetry career Art Theatre, the film entitled Yuhuan, and helps support her began in 1842 and his poetry had Old Restaurant, which reflects with his savings. One night when a strong patrotic spirit which had the history of Quanjude, has Sister Yuhuan is depressed and far-reaching influence within the been well received by audiences. lonely, Tian expresses his love literary development of Hun• Old Restaurant, jointly prod• for her, and the vulnerable Sister gary. uced by the Nanhai Film Co. and Yuhuan bitterly accepts him. "Petofi is a symbol of the spirit the Shanghai Heavenly Steed Unable to endure his painful of a small and weak nation and Film Co. with the assistance of life any longer. Sister Yuhuan's his poetry has an ever-lasting his• the China Film Distributing and husband commits suicide. Sister torical value," said a cultural of• Releasing Corp., depicts the dif• Yuhuan discovers she is preg• ficial from the Republic of Hun• ferent fates of the old roast duck nant but isn't sure who the father gary. restaurant and its owners by is. Tian feels guilty about this The pictures in the exhibition combining elements of history, while Yang only feels hatred reflect not only the life and lit• tradition, comedy and tragedy. for Tian. After consulting the erary career of Petofi but also The story begins early this cen• fortune-teller once more, Yang provide a fine view of life in tury when Yang Mingquan buys forces Sister Yuhuan to marry Hungary during the first half of the Dejuquan restaurant which him. the 19th century. is on the brink of bankrupt• On their wedding night, the The book exhibition also drew cy. Following the advice of a police chief and Yang's original a large audience. Hungary pub• fortune-teller, Yang renames it foe Hua rush into the restaurant lishes about 8,000 titles of books Ouanjude, thus making an ene• under the pretext of smashing a each year. The 300 titles on dis• my of the former owner, Hua smuggling ring. The restaurant is play involve science, the arts and Yingkui. burnt and Sister Yuhuan dies. religion. Among them there are By offering high pay, Yang is The film has both artistic and books on Chinese culture, in• able to employ Sun the Iron-rod, social merit. The complex plot cluding translations of the Book a renowned chef of the Qing im• and vivid characterization follow of Changes of the Zhou Dynasty perial court kitchen who makes the psyches and destinies of peo-

32 BEIJINC^ atVCWj'DEdEMBEK 17-23, 1990 CULTURE/SCIENCE pie at the bottom of society. ances with Chen Baoguo playing in going to school and participat• They are kind, indomitable and the part of Yang Mingquan and ing in activities. In the end, he staunch on the one hand, and Xu Songzi in the role of Sister became a star in the skating rink. narrow-minded and cowardly on Yuhuan. Together they and A disabled young woman wrote the other. By exploring the per• more than ten other major actors to the publishing house after she sonalities of the various charac• and actresses successfully creat• read the book, "It is my spiritual ters, the film reveals the univer- ed true-to-life Beijing-type char• crutch." saHty of certain traits of human acters. Psychoanalysis of the Dis• nature. Wang Yunman, a noted abled, Glistening Love, Not Bro• Shot in black and white, the Chinese film critic, remarked, ken in Spirit, Remnant Lotus film creates the atmosphere of "This is a top-quality film that is Has Roots and Let Us Under• old Beijing and lends a certain of high artistic and social value air of tragedy as well. which will deeply impress the stand Each Other all reveal the Gu Rong, the 34-year-old viewer." rich inner world of disabled peo• scenarist-director, deliberately "People should see the film not ple and promote understanding. combined a traditional style with only for the fascinating story of In addition, the books also tell a vanguard spirit which has ge• Quanjude and the lives of the many moving stories of how so• neral appeal for a variety of film- people," advises Gu Rong, "but ciety helps the disabled and gives goers. also to ponder about the realities them courage to live on. The talented actors and ac• of life." Correspondence Teaching Ma• tresses turned in strong perform• by LI Jianguang terial for Parents of Deaf Child• ren is made up of 12 volumes. It teaches parents how to design games and develop their deaf Publishers Serving the Disabled children's language ability using hinese Dactylology, the was that disabled people should the child's remnant aural and first standard sign lan• have their own domain in the audio abilities and psychological C guage dictionary in China, field of books to voice their as• i make-up. Because the teaching was recently published by the pirations and strive for the un• j materials are practical in content Huaxia Publishing House. With derstanding and respect of so• and reasonable in price, the set is 3,329 entries and a convenient ciety. quite popular. searching index, it has been ap• The publishing house has pub• Books belonging to this cate• plauded by the society. lished 35 autobiographies and gory also include the following: As the only publishing house collections about disabled people Guidelines for Deaf Children's in China specializing in serving such as Legend of A One-legged Education, Training Road for the disabled, the Huaxia Publish• General (China), What Can Disabled and Mentally Retarded ing House has published more Death Do to Me (USSR), // You Children, Handbook for Surgical than 650 varieties of books, more Could See What I Hear (US) Rehabilitation of Polio Sequelae, than 40 million copies, during and From Blind Child to Literary Massage Therapy, and Disabled the past four years since it was Giant (Lebanon). By presenting and Sex: Sex Rehabilitation for established in 1986. Among the true lives of the heroes and the Disabled. them, 92 are about the rehabili• heroines, the books vividly ex• At present, this publishing tation, education, life, laws and pose the physical, emotional and house is planning its publications regulations, and social welfare of psychological difficulties of the for the next few years. They in• the disabled. Exclusive reference disabled which can hardly be clude a series of books relating to books such as Chinese Dactylolo• experienced by normal healthy China's rehabilitation undertak• gy, have earned the publishing people. These are success sto• ings and the compiling of an en• house an excellent reputation in ries in which self-respect, self- cyclopedia for the disabled. the market. confidence, self-reliance and in• In addition to the Huaxia Pub• There are more than 50 mil• dependence are finally achieved. lishing House, 13 other publish• lion disabled people in China. Epic of Life (US) tells the sto• ing houses have so far published Together with their relatives, ry of an American child, Kenny, 35 titles of books concerning the the number of affected people who lost his legs in his childhood. rehabilitation of disabled people. amounts to 200 million. The goal By compensating with his hands, China also has a special braille of the 160 staff members when Kenny not only managed to take publishing house. they started the publishing house care of himself, but also persisted by Cui Lili

BEIJING REVIEW.'PBGEIVIBEB 17ry, 1»90 33 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS needs. They must not deviate billion yuan. Characteristics of from the purpose of socialist What made residents spend so State Enterprises production. much at free markets? the ques• They must have their own ma• tion might be answered when WENHUI BAO terial interests but must not in- you stroll through Beijing's free (Wenhni Daily) fring upon the interests of the markets. hina's socialist enterprises state and consumers and the The Sanlihe free market in owned by the whole peo• long-term interests of workers. Beijing's Western District is C ple are based on the Their renovation and devel• brisk, especially between 5 and 6 planned commodity economy opment must be in accordance in the afternoon. "Whenever I under such economic condi• with the requirement of the pass here on my way home, I tions, they represent only an im• state macro-economic plan. always buy some vegetables and mature ownership by the whole The enterprises owned by the food," said a middle-aged man people. The immaturity is man• whole people must exchange at who was putting a bag of veget• ifest in three aspects: It is suited equal value but should not hag• ables in his bicycle basket. "It's to the preliminary stage of the gle over every ounce. Apart so convenient to stop your bike development of social produc• from this, they must promote and buy something you need tive forces; it shows different socialist co-operation. then hop on and ride home." degrees of power division; and it They must compete with each contains elements of the collec• other. However, the basis, scale, When it was a little chilly in tive ownership. These character• purpose and method of the com• early morning of Beijing's au• istics lend to these enterprises petition are different from those tumn, business has already be• some complexity in their opera• between capitalist enterprises. gun in the Baiwanzhuang Road tion. For instance, they should The enterprise management market. Vendor's stalls stand have both unity and flexibili• must be strengthened by strict side by side along the road. ty, should increase the vigour of discipline, but the status of the Many early-risers were attract• their economic activities while workers as masters of the enter• ed by fresh cucumbers, green avoiding disorder in production prise must not be hurt. onion, rape, cauliflower, grape, and should serve the interests of Factory directors have the au• live silver carp and chicken. the state and their own interests. thority to manage the produc• An old lady, silver carps in Enterprises owned by the tion. However, the enterprise hand, said, "With improved liv• whole people are imcomplete must adopt democratic manage• ing standards, people seek fresh commodity producers and man• ment and nobody is allowed to food. There are a variety of agers. They must operate in ac• act arbitrarily. goods at the market. I buy and cordance with the law of value (July, 14. 1990) take home when I am on my and must at the same time be morning stroll." subject to and restricted by the Young men and ladies are at• socialist basic economic law and tracted by colourful stands and the law of planned and propor• dazzling fashions. A modish girl tionate development of the na• chose a vogue suit and bar• tional economy. Rambling Around gained with the seller. She com• These enterprises are relative• Free Markets mented frankly after the deal, ly independent economic un• "Most of my clothes were its. Besides implementing state GONGREN RIBAO bought at free markets. The plans for production, purchase (Worker's Daily) buying and selling is flexible, and sale and financial income, ree markets have been and you can bargain with the they must take into account the mushrooming in cities and dealer, but you cannot do that at interests of the state, enterprise F towns. According to the state-owned stores." and workers in profit distribu• State Statistical Bureau, free The rapid development of free tion. markets in cities and towns have markets is due to the fact that They keep some initiative in increased in number to 13,111 they are responsive to consumer their own hands, but they take in 1989 from 8,013 in 1985. The demand, and that the goods are as their goal the development volume of business transaction good, the food is fresh, and of social productive forces and sharply increased, climbing to where you can bargain. meeting people's increasing 72.36 billion yuan from 12.07 (October 26, 1990)

34 BEIJING REVIEW, BECEMBEH 17-23, 1990 A Camel.

ART PAQE A Figure From a Fairy Tale. Folk Papercuts From Gansu Province

Legend has it that Gansu Province is a cradle of the yellow emperor of China, and has the most splendid and ancient historical and cultural traditions. Folk papercut is an ancient traditional art form. The local customs are expressed in a simple, lively and basic style.

A Rabbit. IP).

A Cat Catching a Mouse. A Horse-Drawn Cart. CHINA'S TALENTS

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