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The Professionalisation of Sports Journalism, 0850 to 1939, with Particular Reference to the Career of James Catton

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The Professionalisation of Sports Journalism, 0850 to 1939, with Particular Reference to the Career of James Catton The professionalisation of sports journalism, 0850 to 1939, with particular reference to the career of James Catton by Stephen Tate A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements of a PhD at the University of Central Lancashire May/2007 AMP uclan University of Central Lancashire Student Declaration Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards Either 1 declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree. I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional instftution amthat w istered for the Material submitted for another award Either *1 declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work. or *1 for the award of (state award and awarding body and list the material below): Collaboration Where a candidate's research programme is part of a collaborative project, the thesis must indicate in addition clearly the candidates individual contribution and the extent of the collaboration. Please state below Signature of Candidate Type of Award MI Department To the memory of my parents, Kathleen Tate and Arthur Tate. Abstract There has been a considerable growth in researth in recent years into the history of both journalism and sport, two hugely influential areas of popular culture. The two fields cover a wide spectrum of interests and there is muth ground that is common to both. However, studies of journalism and the growth of the newspaper industry have largely ignored the role of the sports journalist and the place of sport within a developing press. Moreover, studies of the expansion of commercial sport and the games-playing habit, whilst touching on the place of the press in their development, and utilising newspapers as primary source material, have paid little or no attention to the place of the sports reporter in the promotion and recording of the sporting sub-culture. This thesis aims to address the shortcoming in current researth with a study centring on the growth of the occupation of sports reporting from the mid- Victorian era to the inter-war years. The thesis notes the adoption of sport as a circulation aid by the popular press, considers the type of recruit attracted to sports reporting, the job's practical aspects, the position of the sports journalist within the editorial hierarchy, and the acceptance of sports reporting as a legitimate specialism within a widening editorial agenda. The career of journalist James Catton is introduced to the study to examine in detail the manner in which occupational trends impacted upon the individual reporter, and in order to trace the manner in which sports reporting could be said to have adopted a 'professional' outlook during the period of this study. The thesis reveals the uncertain standing of the sports journalist within the newspaper industry, the part-time nature of much sports reporting, with sport regarded as an occupational rite of passage for the young and the trainee, and the struggle to rid the occupation of a reputation sullied by a perception of hackneyed journalism. The biographical section of the thesis introduces a contemporary voice, that of James Catton, to let it speak to an experience that might otherwise prove difficult to capture. Catton's working life highlights the possibilities and the demands of a career in sports journalism, and the success that the adoption of a 'professional' approach to the work could secure. Acknowledgements This research project grew out of an undergraduate study at the University of Central Lancashire into the presentation of sports news in the North West press at the turn of the last century. I am particularly grateful to the encouragement I received from Professor Dave Russell to pursue that interest further. My thanks also go to the History Department staff at UCLAN for making part-time undergraduate study possible, and enjoyable, for mature students through the provision of evening courses. Without that facility this work would not have been started. I have been enriched by both formal and informal interaction with scholars at the university working in a wide variety of historical fields. In particular, Professor John Walton has supported my endeavours and generously agreed to read and comment on parts of the thesis as it developed and he, together with Professor Russell, has drawn my attention to several primary and secondary sources that have helped the thesis take shape. My research entailed several trips to archives in London, and I would like to thank the History Department for help towards meeting the travel costs on two of those visits. I have been assisted in my research by staff at very many libraries and archives, and in particular I would like to record my thanks to the staff at the UCLAN Library, Burnley Central Library, Manchester Central Library, the National Library and the National Newspaper Library in London. Arsenal Football Club allowed me access to the material held in museum stock relating to James Canon which proved central to much of my research. I have benefited from opportunities to present papers at a variety of forums within UCLAN, and also in the stimulating environment of the British Society of Sport History annual conference in Southampton in April, iv 2003. The BSSH represents a body of historians whose work has helped guide and inform my research. The thesis would not have been attempted, or completed had it not been for the immense support, encouragement and patience of my wife Kathleen, and I owe a debt of thanks also to my children Daniel, Hannah and Aidan for their interest in my work and their tolerance regarding my excessive use of the home computer. I owe my biggest debt of gratitude to my supervisor Professor Russell for his historical insight and erudition, his enthusiasm and patience, and for his welcoming injection of humour into an at times protracted but immensely enjoyable learning experience. V Contents Abstract - Page i Acknowledgements - Page iii Introduction - Page 1 Chapter One: 'The Romance of Our News Supply': Victorian press expansion, sport, and the journalist - Page 29 Chapter Two: 'The rootless product of an expanding society': The late-Victorian reporter - Page 77 Chapter Three: 'A condition of happy independence': The sports reporter - Page 134 Chapter Four: James Catton 1860-1901 - Page 202 Chapter Five: James Catton, Athletic News editor, 1900-1924 - Page 263 Chapter Six: James Cafton, Fleet Street veteran, 1924-1936 - Page 318 Conclusion - Page 362 Bibliography - Page 375 Introduction The thesis - Page 2 The issue of professionalisation - Page 6 Time span - Page 11 James Catton - Page 13 Literature review —Page 14 Methodology - Page 21 Chapter structure - Page 24 The thesis This thesis examines the development of sports journalism as a career between 1850 and the 1930s. The gradual emergence of the sports journalist as an accepted and necessary press figure over that period is traced against a background of an expanding newspaper industry that, in part, adapted to the growing popularity of organised sport and adopted the sporting sub- culture as an integral part of its own expansion. The thesis will assess to what extent sports journalism could be said to have displayed the characteristics of a 'professional' occupation throughout the period under review. The career of sports journalist James Catton, whose working life stretched from 1875 to 1936, will be used as a case study, a contemporary voice to help illuminate, illustrate and interpret the human aspect as two dynamic and controversial forces, the newly-professionalised and codified world of late-Victorian sport, and the newspaper industry, converged to create a growing opportunity and demand for the work of the sports journalist. It is intended that the thesis will also add to the literature on the white-collar stratum of lower middle-class Britain. Newspaper files can be invaluable resources for historians of the recent past, providing evidence of event and circumstance, with an associated insight into contemporary opinion and reaction. The newspaper report - for the purposes of this thesis, the sports report - the choice of what is deemed newsworthy or fit to publish, what is described for the reader and, at times, what is left unsaid, the type of language used, the treatment of the story on the page, its length, its tone, all contribute to a fuller understanding of the past. The version 3 of events and situations presented to contemporary readers can only be partial, however objective the intentions of the reporter may have been, whether delivering an eyewitness account of an incident, or acting as a third party in relating the evidence and impressions of others. The very bias that may influence the writing of a newspaper report, whether emanating from or seeking to confirm class, economic, political or national prejudice, or stemming from ignorance or misunderstanding, can add to the insight the historian can gain from the reporter's work. Equally, the knowledge, empathy and clarity that the skilled reporter can bring to his work can help illuminate and explain the actions of past generations. The worth of the newspaper report in providing a window on the past, albeit partial, selective, and at times inconsistent, is acknowledged by historians both tacitly and overtly in any work that relies on a story culled from a reporter's notebook. This applies whether the information is used simply to corroborate dates or a sequence of events, or more extensively, perhaps to build a picture of an individual or to glimpse the early growth of a sub-culture unlikely to leave an imprint in modern society's more formal documentary records. Yet whilst the opportunity to see past lives and events through the prism of the press, however flawed, is a useful, and well used, historical resource, the significance of the reporter in offering his version of contemporary life is, at times, ignored or taken as read.
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