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Seimic Analysis of Carboniferous Rift Basin and Triassic Growth-Fault Basins of Svalbard

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Seimic Analysis of Carboniferous Rift Basin and Triassic Growth-Fault Basins of Svalbard Seimic analysis of Carboniferous rift basin and Triassic growth-fault basins of Svalbard; analysis of seismic facies patterns with bearing on basin geometry and growth-strata successions Anita Sørstrønen Bjerkvik Earth Sciences and Petroleum Engineering Submission date: June 2012 Supervisor: Martin Landrø, IPT Co-supervisor: Alvar Braathen, UNIS Snorre Olaussen, UNIS Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics Abstract This study analyzes 2D seismic sections of extensional growth-fault basins, covering two tectonic realms; (i) Carboniferous rifting in Central Spitsbergen, and (ii) shallow Triassic extensional basins of the SE Svalbard region. The study of the Carboniferous Billefjorden Trough in Sassenfjorden-Tempelfjorden and from Reindalen, focus on the rift infill with associated wedge and lenticular shaped depocenter geometries. The two fundamental geometries are identified by either variable fault truncation of the wedge-shaped basin fill (fault onlap relationship) or fault-tip monoclines with associated basinward offset of the related lenticular basins. The interpretation of lines from Eastern Svalbard focus on a series of Triassic, shallow basins (< 200 m; up to 150 ms deep) of which most are bound by listric faults that sole out in underlying shale successions. These observations are correlated with similar faulting with basins in cliffs of Edgeøya. The offshore Triassic faulting of Eastern Svalbard represent a first assessment, as such analysis has not been carried out before. This study goes deeper into details on the evaporite-dominated Carboniferous Billefjorden Trough than those presented by Bælum and Braathen (2012). Some new information and characterization of the basin infill link seismic facies analysis of Carboniferous rifting to reflector belts that can be correlated with the pre-rift Billefjorden Group, the syn-rift successions of the Hultberget, Ebbadalen and Minkinfjellet formations, and the immediate post-rift (or late syn-rift) Wordiekammen Formation. The Billefjorden Trough is the result of a complex basin evolution history, and published results of outcrop studies in the northern Billefjorden area shows a basin that changes basin depocenter geometry, from a lenticular shape to a wedge shape and then back to a lenticular shape. Similar patterns are recognized by the seismic facies analysis. In a conceptual framework, the Billefjorden Trough differs from the rift basins described in Prosser (1993), in that the basin is significantly influence of fault-propagation folding, probably controlled by thick basin- center successions of low-shear strength evaporites. Encountered geometries are more similar to those of rift basins of the Gulf of Suez. Eastern Svalbard offers world class examples of extensional fault-growth basins in mountain slopes of Edgeøya and partly Hopen. Similar faulting is encountered in the lines interpreted from the Eastern Svalbard dataset, where the intricacy of faulting and their associated shallow basins of Triassic age offer complex geometries but also challenging interpretation work because of limited seismic resolution. Revealed internal geometries include rollovers and drag-folds, offering some general geometrical similarities with the much larger Carboniferous rifts. However, the depositional systems are very different. For the Triassic, regional clinoform progradation in a northerly direction interacted with the faulting, indicating that the coastal or deltafront migration at times were arrested by the faulting. This arrest is suggested by vertically stacked sequences, before the fault systems are bypassed by renewed clinoform progradation. 1 2 Sammendrag Denne studien analyserer 2D seismiske seksjoner av ekstensjonsvekst- forkastningsbassenger, som dekker (i) karbon rifting i sentral-Spitsbergen området, og (ii) grunne Trias ekstensjons-bassenger i sør-øst Svalbard-regionen. Studiet av Billefjorden «Trough» ’et av Karbon alder i Sassenfjorden-Tempelfjorden og fra Reindalen, fokusere på riftsedimentene med assosiert kile- og linseformede deposenter geometrier. Disse to grunnleggende geometriene er identifisert med enten variable forkastningstrunkering av de kileformede bassengesedimentene (forkastnings pålapp) eller «fault-tip» monoklinaler med assosiert offset mot bassenget av de relaterte linseformede bassengene. Tolkningen av linjene fra Øst-Svalbard fokuserer på en serie av Trias, grunne bassenger (<200 m, opp til 150 ms dype), hvorav de fleste er bundet av listriske forkastninger som såler ut i underliggende skifer suksesjoner. Disse observasjonene er korrelert med lignende forkastninger tilstede i klippene på Edgeøya. Øst Svalbards offshore Trias forkastninger representerer en første evaluering, siden en slik analyse ikke har vært utført før. Denne studien går dypere inn i detaljene på det evaporitt-dominerte Karbon Billefjorden «Trough» ’et enn tolkningen presentert av Bælum og Braathen (2012) for det samme området (Sassenfjorden-Tempelfjorden og Reindalen). Ny informasjon og karakterisering av sedimentene som har fylt bassenget kan bli koblet opp mot seismisk facies analyse av karbonrift reflektorbelter som kan bli korrelert med pre-rift sedimenter fra Billefjorden gruppen, syn-rift suksesjonene Hultberget, Ebbadalen og Minkinfjellet formasjonene, og den umiddelbare post- rift (eller sent syn-rift) Wordiekammen formasjonen. Billefjorden «Trough» ’et er resultatet av en kompleks bassengevolusjon, og publiserte resultater fra feltstudier i det nordlige Billefjorden området viser et basseng som endrer deposenter-geometri, fra linseformet til kileformet, og deretter tilbake til linseformet igjen. Lignende mønstre er anerkjent av den seismiske facies analysen. I et konseptuelt rammeverk, avviker Billefjorden «Trough» ’et fra de riftbassengene beskrevet i Prosser (1993), i at bassenget er betydelig påvirket av forkastnings-forplantnings folding, trolig styrt av tykke basseng-senter suksesjoner bestående av evaporitter med lav skjærstyrke. Slike geometrier finner man også i riftbassenger i Suez gulf-området. Øst-Svalbard tilbyr eksempler i verdensklasse på ekstensjons- forkastningsvekst bassenger i fjellsidene på Edgeøya og delvis Hopen. Lignende forkastninger er funnet i linjene tolket fra Øst-Svalbard datasettet, der intrikate forkastninger og deres assosierte grunne Trias basseng tilbyr komplekse geometrier, og dette gjør også tolkningsarbeidet utfordrende på grunn av begrenset seismisk oppløsning. Avdekkede interne geometrier inkludere rollovers og «drag»-folder, og tilbyr noen generelle geometriske likhetstrekk med den mye større Karbonriften. Men avsetningsmiljøene er svært forskjellige. For Trias er det regionale prograderende klinoformer i nordlig retning, påvirket av forkastninger, som indikerer at kyst -eller deltafront migrasjon til tider ble påvirket av forkastninger. Denne 3 påvirkningen er foreslått av vertikalt stablede sekvenser, før forkastningssystemene ble forbigått av nye prograderende klinoformer. 4 Acknowledgements The following report is the result of a one semester master diploma thesis for post graduate students at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). It aims at detailed interpretation of extensional basins for selected seismic 2D lines from Central Spitsbergen and Eastern Svalbard. Great thanks to those who have been involved in this study; Professor Alvar Braathen, Professor Snorre Olaussen, Post Doc. Ingrid Anell, Professor Martin Landrø and the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS). Professor Alvar Braathen is thanked for providing relevant articles, guidance and for prominent discussion regarding the geology of the study area and seismic interpretation of extensional basins. He is also thanked for commenting and reviewing this diploma, significantly improving its content. Professor Snorre Olaussen is thanked for providing additional relevant articles and for assistance and guidance with seismic interpretation of the study area. Post Doc. Ingrid Anell is thanked for assistance with Petrel and guidance regarding the seismic interpretation of the study area. Professor Martin Landrø is thanked for being my official supervisor at NTNU, and for helping to get in contact with Professor Alvar Braathen and Professor Snorre Olaussen (UNIS). The seismic datasets have been made available by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD). As the seismics have some confidentiality, their location have been somewhat masked, in that shot points have been removed from figures. The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) is thanked for granting access to the dataset from Eastern Svalbard, and for permission to publish the results of the interpretation in this diploma. Trondheim (NTNU) and Longyearbyen (UNIS), June 19th 2012. 5 6 Table of contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Sammendrag ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 5 List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................
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