Spatial Dynamics of the Population in the Czech Republic, 1989-2007 Jana Vobecká
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Spatial dynamics of the population in the Czech Republic, 1989-2007 Jana Vobecká To cite this version: Jana Vobecká. Spatial dynamics of the population in the Czech Republic, 1989-2007. Humanities and Social Sciences. Charles University in Prague; Université de Bourgogne, 2010. English. tel-02823938 HAL Id: tel-02823938 https://hal.inrae.fr/tel-02823938 Submitted on 6 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE Faculty of Science Departement of Demography and Geodemography UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE IN DIJON UMR INRA-AgroSup DIJON SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF THE POPULATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, 1989-2007 Ph.D. Thesis JANA VOBECKÁ Thesis directors: Doc. RNDr. Ludmila Fialová, CSc. 2010 Bertrand Schmitt, Research Director I.N.R.A. 1 This bi-nationally supervised doctoral thesis (doctorat en cotutelle) was written under the joint supervision scheme between Charles University in Prague and Université de Bourgogne in Dijon. I declare on my honour that this thesis is my own work under the joint tuition of Ludmila Fialová and Bertrand Schmitt. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged. I agree to land this thesis for study reasons and agree that the thesis will be added to the borrower’s database. In Prague, 5 th March 2010 2 Abstract The aim of the thesis is to describe, analyse and discuss the development of spatial population dynamics in the Czech Republic between 1989 and 2007. Demographic structure and migration, the two components of spatial population dynamics, are analysed using two spatial dimensions, the urban-suburban-rural gradient and the core-periphery region distinction, using quantitative analyses, including gravity regression modelling of migration. The analysis primarily focuses on domestic migration as the main vehicle of spatial population dynamics. It discusses the structure, determinants, and temporal evolution of migration and its consequences on the population structure in different spatial categories. The thesis indicates that suburbanisation has recently become the main factor influencing Czech spatial population dynamics. The key factor determining migration destination is the social status of migrants, whereas age has only secondary importance. However, since Czechs are not very mobile, population dispersal is less large-scale than in Western-Europe. This explains why recent domestic migration patterns have had only a small measurable influence on the social or demographic structures of the population across spatial categories. Key words: suburbanisation, domestic migration, gravity modelling, population structures, Czech regions, transformation Abstrakt Cílem této diserta ční práce je popsat, analyzovat a diskutovat vývoj prostorové dynamiky obyvatel v České republice mezi lety 1989 a 2007. Demografická struktura a migrace, dv ě komponenty prostorové dynamiky obyvatel, jsou analyzovány ve dvou prostorových dimenzích, v gradientu m ěsto-suburbium-venkov a v regionálním rozlišení jádrových a periferních region ů, prost řednictvím kvantitativní analýzy, v četn ě gravita čního regresního modelu migrace. Analýza se zam ěř uje p ředevším na vnit řní migraci jako hlavního hybatele prostorové dynamiky obyvatel. Zabývá se strukturou, determinanty migrace a jejím vývojem v čase a také jejími dopady na strukturu obyvatel v jednotlivých prostorových kategoriích. V disertaci je ukázáno, že suburbanizace se v poslední dob ě stala nejd ůležit ějším faktorem ovliv ňujícím prostorovou dynamiku obyvatel v České republice. Hlavním faktorem ur čujícím sm ěr migrace je sociální status migrant ů, zatímco jejich v ěk má pouze druho řadý význam. Nicmén ě, tím, že Češi nejsou p říliš migra čně aktivní, popula ční dekoncentrace dosahuje menších rozm ěrů a objem ů než v západoevropských zemích. To vysv ětluje, pro č novodobé migra ční trendy m ěly zatím jen malý m ěř itelný dopad na sociální a demografické struktury obyvatel jednotlivých prostorových kategorií. Klí čová slova: suburbanizace, vnit řní migrace, gravita ční regresní model, popula ční struktura, české regiony, transformace 3 Résumé L’objectif central de la thèse est de décrire, analyser et discuter la dynamique spatiale de la population tchèque entre 1989 et 2007. La structure démographique et les migrations, les deux composantes de cette dynamique spatiale, sont analysées par le biais de deux articulations de l’espace : le gradient urbain-périurbain-rural et la distinction régionale centre-périphérie. Des outils quantitatifs sont utilisés, avec en particulier un modèle gravitaire explicatif des migrations. L’orientation principale de l´analyse repose sur les migrations internes, comme étant l’agent majeur de la dynamique spatiale de la population. La structure, les déterminants, et l’évolution dans le temps de ces migrations sont étudiés, ainsi que leurs conséquences sur la structure démographique des ensembles spatiaux. La thèse indique que le processus de périurbanisation est récemment devenu un facteur majeur, influençant la dynamique spatiale de la population tchèque. Il est également établit que le facteur explicatif clé de la destination des migrations est le statut social du migrant, tandis que son âge ne présente qu’une importance secondaire. Cependant, étant donné que les Tchèques sont généralement peu mobiles, la déconcentration de la population s’opère à une échelle plus modeste que dans les pays d’Europe de l´Ouest. Cette constatation permet d’expliquer en quoi les tendances récentes des migrations résidentielles ont un impact mesuré relativement faible sur les structures sociales et démographiques de la population dans les catégories d´espace. Mots clés : périurbanisation, migrations internes, modèle gravitaire, structures de la population, régions tchèques 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents 1 List of tables 4 List of figures 7 List of annexes 8 INTRODUCTION 10 P A R T I. Theoretical concept, societal context and research questions 15 1. Theoretical background 16 1.1 Terminological note 18 1.2 Towards a general description and explanation of agglomeration mechanisms – New Economic Geography Perspective 19 1.3 Observations in population spatial dynamics – toward a common pattern? 24 2. General context of societal development in the Czech Republic 34 2.1. Pre-1989 shifts in economic orientation, policies and their repercussions on regional development 34 2.2. Post-1989 societal transformation and its repercussions on regional development 38 3. Research questions, hypothesis and outline of the thesis 48 3.1 Research questions and hypothesis 49 3.2 Outline of the thesis 55 P A R T II. Quantitative conceptualisation of space and definition of spatial categories 56 4. Existing approaches to definitions of the urban-rural gradient and core-periphery regions 57 1 4.1 Urban – rural approach 57 4.1.1 Existing approaches in the Czech Republic 57 4.1.2. Existing approaches in Europe 61 4.2 Core-periphery regional approach in the Czech Republic 65 5. Commuting based classification: a new approach to the urban-rural gradient definition in the Czech Republic 69 5.1 Method 70 5.2 Discussion 75 P A R T III. Analysis of the spatial population dynamics in the Czech Republic 77 6. Descriptive analysis of population structure and dynamics in spatial categories 78 6.1. General characteristics of space and population 78 6.2 Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population from a regional and urban-rural gradient perspective 89 6.2.1 Structural-geographical analysis: analytical tool description 90 6.2.2 Population change differentiation 95 6.2.3 Family and fertility patterns differentiation 98 6.2.4 Differentiation of social and economic characteristics of the population 107 6.2.5 Spatial differentiation of demographic, social and economic characteristics of the population – general remarks 114 7. Analysis of migration flows as the main component of spatial population dynamics 115 7.1 Residential migration data set 116 7.2 General patterns of residential migration in the Czech Republic 120 7.3 Description of residential migration across the spatial categories and data reduction 127 7.3.1 Protocol 127 7.3.2 Social status, life cycle or sex? Findings about the main determinants of residential migration from descriptive analysis 133 8. Structure and determinants of residential migration: explorative analysis 138 8.1. Gravity model 138 8.2 Results 146 CONCLUSIONS: A tale of conservative commuters and population not-very-dynamics in the Czech Republic after 1989 156 2 References 169 Annexes 180 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Number of municipalities in the Czech Republic..............................................38 Table 2: Municipalities and population by size of municipalities in France and in the Czech Republic, in %.......................................................................................................70 Table 3: Municipalities and population by commuting approach classes, 2001 .............79 Table 4: Population change by residential categories between 1991 and 2001 and between 2001