Glossary of Singing Voice Terminology
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Larynx Anatomy
LARYNX ANATOMY Elena Rizzo Riera R1 ORL HUSE INTRODUCTION v Odd and median organ v Infrahyoid region v Phonation, swallowing and breathing v Triangular pyramid v Postero- superior base àpharynx and hyoid bone v Bottom point àupper orifice of the trachea INTRODUCTION C4-C6 Tongue – trachea In women it is somewhat higher than in men. Male Female Length 44mm 36mm Transverse diameter 43mm 41mm Anteroposterior diameter 36mm 26mm SKELETAL STRUCTURE Framework: 11 cartilages linked by joints and fibroelastic structures 3 odd-and median cartilages: the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis cartilages. 4 pair cartilages: corniculate cartilages of Santorini, the cuneiform cartilages of Wrisberg, the posterior sesamoid cartilages and arytenoid cartilages. Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles THYROID CARTILAGE Shield shaped cartilage Right and left vertical laminaà laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) M:90º F: 120º Children: intrathyroid cartilage THYROID CARTILAGE Outer surface à oblique line Inner surface Superior border à superior thyroid notch Inferior border à inferior thyroid notch Superior horns à lateral thyrohyoid ligaments Inferior horns à cricothyroid articulation THYROID CARTILAGE The oblique line gives attachement to the following muscles: ¡ Thyrohyoid muscle ¡ Sternothyroid muscle ¡ Inferior constrictor muscle Ligaments attached to the thyroid cartilage ¡ Thyroepiglottic lig ¡ Vestibular lig ¡ Vocal lig CRICOID CARTILAGE Complete signet ring Anterior arch and posterior lamina Ridge and depressions Cricothyroid articulation -
The Role of Strap Muscles in Phonation Laryngeal Model in Vivo
Journal of Voice Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 23-32 © 1997 Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia The Role of Strap Muscles in Phonation In Vivo Canine Laryngeal Model Ki Hwan Hong, *Ming Ye, *Young Mo Kim, *Kevin F. Kevorkian, and *Gerald S. Berke Department of Otolaryngology, Chonbuk National University, Medical School, Chonbuk, Korea; and *Division of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Summary: In spite of the presumed importance of the strap muscles on laryn- geal valving and speech production, there is little research concerning the physiological role and the functional differences among the strap muscles. Generally, the strap muscles have been shown to cause a decrease in the fundamental frequency (Fo) of phonation during contraction. In this study, an in vivo canine laryngeal model was used to show the effects of strap muscles on the laryngeal function by measuring the F o, subglottic pressure, vocal in- tensity, vocal fold length, cricothyroid distance, and vertical laryngeal move- ment. Results demonstrated that the contraction of sternohyoid and sternothy- roid muscles corresponded to a rise in subglottic pressure, shortened cricothy- roid distance, lengthened vocal fold, and raised F o and vocal intensity. The thyrohyoid muscle corresponded to lowered subglottic pressure, widened cricothyroid distance, shortened vocal fold, and lowered F 0 and vocal inten- sity. We postulate that the mechanism of altering F o and other variables after stimulation of the strap muscles is due to the effects of laryngotracheal pulling, upward or downward, and laryngotracheal forward bending, by the external forces during strap muscle contraction. -
Spatial Motion of Arytenoid Cartilage Using Dynamic Computed Tomography Combined with Euler Angles
The Laryngoscope © 2019 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc. Spatial Motion of Arytenoid Cartilage Using Dynamic Computed Tomography Combined with Euler Angles Yanli Ma, MD; Huijing Bao, MD; Xi Wang, MD ; Xi Chen, MS; Zheyi Zhang, MD; Jinan Wang, MD; Peiyun Zhuang, MD ; Jack J. Jiang, MD, PhD ; Azure Wilson, MS; Chenxu Wu, DS Objective: To investigate the feasibility of dynamic computed tomography in recording and describing the spatial motion characteristics of the arytenoid cartilage. Methods: Dynamic computed tomography recorded the real-time motion trajectory of the arytenoid cartilage during inspiration and phonation. A stationary coordinate system was established with the cricoid cartilage as a reference and a motion coordinate system was established using the movement of the arytenoid cartilage. The Euler angles of the arytenoid cartilage movement were calculated by transformation of the two coordinate systems, and the spatial motion characteristics of the arytenoid cartilage were quantitatively studied. Results: Displacement of the cricoid cartilage was primarily inferior during inspiration. During phonation, the displace- ment was mainly superior. When the glottis closed, the superior displacement was about 5–8 mm within 0.56 s. During inspira- tion, the arytenoid cartilage was displaced superiorly approximately 1–2 mm each 0.56 s. The rotation angle was subtle with slight rotation around the XYZ axis, with a range of 5–10 degrees. During phonation, the displacement of the arytenoid cartilage was mainly inferior (about 4–6 mm), anterior (about 2–4 mm) and medial (about 1–2 mm). The motion of the arytenoid carti- lage mainly consisted of medial rolling, and there was an alternating movement of anterior-posterior tilting. -
Interaction Between the Thyroarytenoid and Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Interaction Between the Thyroarytenoid and Lateral Cricoarytenoid Jun Yin1 Muscles in the Control Speech Production Laboratory, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, of Vocal Fold Adduction University of California, Los Angeles, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, and Eigenfrequencies Los Angeles, CA 90095-1794 2 Although it is known vocal fold adduction is achieved through laryngeal muscle activa- Zhaoyan Zhang tion, it is still unclear how interaction between individual laryngeal muscle activations Speech Production Laboratory, affects vocal fold adduction and vocal fold stiffness, both of which are important factors Department of Head and Neck Surgery, determining vocal fold vibration and the resulting voice quality. In this study, a three- University of California, Los Angeles, dimensional (3D) finite element model was developed to investigate vocal fold adduction 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, and changes in vocal fold eigenfrequencies due to the interaction between the lateral cri- 1000 Veteran Avenue, coarytenoid (LCA) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles. The results showed that LCA con- Los Angeles, CA 90095-1794 traction led to a medial and downward rocking motion of the arytenoid cartilage in the e-mail: [email protected] coronal plane about the long axis of the cricoid cartilage facet, which adducted the pos- terior portion of the glottis but had little influence on vocal fold eigenfrequencies. In con- trast, TA activation caused a medial rotation of the vocal folds toward the glottal midline, resulting in adduction of the anterior portion of the glottis and significant increase in vocal fold eigenfrequencies. This vocal fold-stiffening effect of TA activation also reduced the posterior adductory effect of LCA activation. -
Anatomical Characteristics of the Larynx in Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis)
Original article Anatomical characteristics of the larynx in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Erdoğan, S.1 and Pérez, W.2* 1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey 2Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Republic, 1620, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In the present study, the most outstanding anatomical findings of the larynx of a giraffe are described. The larynx obtained from a male necropsied animal was studied following fixation in a 10% formaldehyde solution. There was no rostral horn in the thyroid cartilage and so cranial thyroid fissure was almost smooth or hardly visible concave structure. Caudal horn was short and caudal thyroid fissure was very depth. Lateral surface of arytenoid cartilage possessed a well-developed oblique arcuate crest between corniculate and vocal processes. On the mucosa of corniculate cartilage, aryepiglottic fold and laryngeal ventricle, there were many macroscopically observable rounded projections in different sizes. There were no cuneiform cartilages in both lateral side of the base of epiglottis. The anatomy of the larynx and its components in the giraffe and horse, showed little differences and overall their laryngeal morphological features were similar. Keywords: anatomy, Giraffidae, upper respiratory system, wild animals. 1 Introduction The objective of this article is to describe the most formaldehyde solution. After studying the external relevant anatomic features of the larynx of a giraffe (Giraffa conformation and the muscles, the ventral surface of the camelopardalis). The giraffe is an African even-toed ungulate larynx was cut longitudinally with the aim of studying the mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest internal conformation and the laryngeal cavity. -
14 Diagnosing Injuries of the Larynx and Trachea
Thieme-Verlag Sommer-Druck Ernst WN 023832/01/01 20.6.2006 Frau Langner Feuchtwangen Head and Neck Trauma TN 140001 Kap-14 14 Diagnosing Injuries of the Larynx and Trachea Flowchart and Checklist Injuries of the Neck, Chap- Treatment of Injuries of the Larynx, Pharynx, Tra- ter 3, p. 25. chea, Esophagus, and Soft Tissues of the Neck, Chapter 23, p. 209. Surgical Anatomy Anteflexion of the head positions the mandible so that it n The laryngeal muscles are divided into those that open the affords effective protection against trauma to the larynx glottis and those that close it. The only muscle that acts to and cervical trachea. Injury to this region occurs if this open the glottis is the posterior cricoarytenoid (posticus) protective reflex function is inhibited and the head is muscle. prevented from bending forward on impact. Spanning the ventral aspect of the cartilage framework, The rigid framework of the larynx is formed by four the cricothyroid muscle is the only laryngeal muscle inner- cartilages: vated by the superior laryngeal nerve. All other muscles are Q thyroid cartilage; supplied by the inferior (recurrent) laryngeal nerve, which Q epiglottic cartilage; originates from the vagus nerve and, after it loops in the Q arytenoid cartilage; thorax, travels cranially between the trachea and esopha- Q the cricoid cartilage. gus (Fig. 14.1). The thyroid cartilage is made up of two laminae, which The trachea extends from the cricoid cartilage to its bi- meet at approximately a right angle in men and at ca. furcation, a distance of 10–13 cm, or in topographic 120 in women. -
Membranes of the Larynx
Membranes of the Larynx: Extrinsic membranes connect the laryngeal apparatus with adjacent structures for support. The thyrohyoid membrane is an unpaired fibro-elastic sheet which connects the inferior surface of the hyoid bone with the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. The thyrohyoid membrane has an opening in its lateral aspect to admit the internal laryngeal nerve and artery Figure 12-08 Thyrohyoid membrane. The Cricotracheal membrane connects the most superior tracheal cartilage with the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage Figure 07-09 Cricotracheal membrane/ligament. Intrinsic Membranes connect the laryngeal cartilages with each other to regulate movement. There are two intrinsic membranes: the conus elasticus and the quadrate membranes. The Conus Elasticus connects the cricoid cartilage with the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. It is composed of dense fibroconnective tissue with abundant elastic fibers. It can be described as having two parts: The medial cricothyroid ligament is a thickened anterior part of the membrane that connects the anterior apart of the arch of the cricoid cartilage with the inferior border of the thyroid membrane. The lateral cricothyroid membranes originate on the superior surface of the cricoid arch and rise superiorly and medially to insert on the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilages posteriorly, and to the interior median part of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly. Its free borders form the VOCAL LIGAMENTS. Lateral aspect of larynx – right thyroid lamina removed. Figure 12-10 Conus elasticus. A. Right lateral aspect. B. superior aspect The paired Quadrangular Membranes connect the epiglottis with the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages. It arises from the lateral margins of the epiglottis and adjacent thyroid cartilage near the angle. -
Neuroanatomy of the Equine Dorsal Cricoarytenoid Muscle: Surgical Implications
EVJ 07-051 Cheetham 12/12/07 5:06 pm Page 2 70 EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL Equine vet. J. (2008) 40 (1) 70-75 doi: 10.2746/042516407X240465 Neuroanatomy of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle: Surgical implications J. CHEETHAM*, C. R. RADCLIFFE, N. G. DUCHARME, I. SANDERS‡, L. MU§ and J. W. HERMANSON† Departments of Clinical Sciences and †Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ‡Lab 342, Institute for Biomedical Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, 30 Prospect Ave, Hackensack, New Jersey 07601; and §Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York 10029, USA. Keywords: horse; larynx; anatomy; muscle; cricoarytenoid Summary innervates the dorsal cricoarytenoid (DCA) muscle and produces abduction of the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage (Quinlan Reason for performing study: Studies are required to define et al. 1982; Dyce et al. 2002; König and Liebich 2004). RLN more accurately and completely the neuroanatomy of the results in progressive atrophy of the DCA muscle and associated equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle as a prerequisite for loss of arytenoid cartilage abduction (Cole 1946; Duncan et al. developing a neuroprosthesis for recurrent laryngeal 1974; Cahill and Goulden 1986). At exercise, this produces rima neuropathy. glottidis narrowing and increased inspiratory impedance and noise Objective: To describe the anatomy, innervation, fibre types (Derksen et al. 1986; Brown et al. 2005). and function of the equine dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle. The first prosthetic laryngoplasty was described by Marks Methods: Thirty-one larynges were collected at necropsy from et al. (1970). This technique is the current standard for treating horses with no history of upper airway disease and equine RLN (Kidd and Slone 2002; Dixon et al. -
Prediction of Posterior Paraglottic Space and Cricoarytenoid Unit
cancers Article Prediction of Posterior Paraglottic Space and Cricoarytenoid Unit Involvement in Endoscopically T3 Glottic Cancer with Arytenoid Fixation by Magnetic Resonance with Surface Coils Marco Ravanelli 1 , Alberto Paderno 2,*, Francesca Del Bon 2, Nausica Montalto 2, Carlotta Pessina 1, Simonetta Battocchio 3, Davide Farina 1, Piero Nicolai 2, Roberto Maroldi 1 and Cesare Piazza 4 1 Department of Radiology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (C.P.); [email protected] (D.F.); [email protected] (R.M.) 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; [email protected] (F.D.B.); [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (P.N.) 3 Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maxillofacial, and Thyroid Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 December 2018; Accepted: 4 January 2019; Published: 10 January 2019 Abstract: Discrimination of the etiology of arytenoid fixation in cT3 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is crucial for treatment planning. The aim of this retrospective study was to differentiate among possible causes of arytenoid fixation (edema, inflammation, mass effect, or tumor invasion) by analyzing related signal patterns of magnetic resonance (MR) in the posterior laryngeal compartment (PLC) and crico-arytenoid unit (CAU). Seventeen patients affected by cT3 glottic SCC with arytenoid fixation were preoperatively studied by state-of-the-art MR with surface coils. -
Arytenoid Cartilages Two Arytenoid Cartilages Are Pyramid- Shaped Cartilages Each One Has an Apex and a Base
3 Mousa suboh Dania Alkouz Mohammad Almohtaseb 1 | P a g e Larynx Extends from the third cervical vertebra C3 to the lower border of the sixth cervical vertebra C6 (at the level of the lower border of the cricoid cartilage). The larynx begins with the laryngopharynx opening and ends with the trachea. The larynx considered as a box of cartilage, it consists of layers that are arranged according to the following: 1- Mucosa: the larynx is covered from the inside by respiratory mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) except the true vocal cords and anterior (upper) surface of the epiglottis which are both lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized . 2- Submucosa: connective tissue 3- membranes and ligaments: connect the cartilage together. 4- Cartilage: the skeleton of the larynx. 5- Muscle: intrinsic muscles of the larynx. 6- Adventitia: connective tissue 2 | P a g e Functions of the larynx 1- Acts as an open valve in respiration: the respiration process can be divided into: Inspiration: the air goes from the larynx to the trachea and at the end it inflates the lungs. It is an active process. Expiration: it is a passive process; the diaphragm gets relaxed and goes upward which causes the intrathoracic pressure to increase so the lungs get deflated. 2- Acts as a closed valve in deglutition: when we swallow food, the bolus goes from the oral cavity to the oropharynx and then to the esophagus, so in order for the food not to enter the inlet of the larynx during deglutition, the epiglottis moves downward ( contracted ) and the larynx moves upward and by that the inlet of the larynx will be completely closed. -
Asymmetric Mineralization of the Arytenoid Cartilages in Patients
Asymmetric Mineralization of the Arytenoid ORIGINAL RESEARCH Cartilages in Patients without Laryngeal Cancer E. Zan BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sclerosis of the arytenoid cartilage may be seen as an incidental finding D.M. Yousem in patients who do not have laryngeal cancer but may also be an early sign of neoplastic infiltration. Our purpose was to determine the frequency of asymmetric mineralization, in particular sclerosis, of the N. Aygun arytenoid cartilages on CT scans in adults who have no history of laryngeal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cervical CT scans of 972 consecutive patients seen in our emergency department were retrospectively evaluated. Three hundred twenty-two patients were excluded who were younger than 18 years of age or whose arytenoids could not be reliably seen due to artifacts. Six hundred fifty patients (424 men, 226 women) were assessed, and their arytenoid cartilages were graded as nonmineralized, calcified, sclerotic, or ossified on each side separately. The mean age of patients was 44.3 Ϯ 17.8 years (range, 18–97 years). RESULTS: The frequencies of asymmetric arytenoid cartilage sclerosis, calcification, and ossification were 4.9% (32/650), 4.4% (29/650), and 3.4% (23/650), respectively, with an overall asymmetric mineralization frequency of 12.9% (84/650). Asymmetric sclerosis was more common in women (16/226, 7.1%) than in men (16/424, 3.8%), but the difference was just at statistical significance (P ϭ .05). The rate of unilateral arytenoid sclerosis was 4.6% in all subjects, 6.6% in women, and 3.5% in men. Unilateral sclerosis is much more frequently associated with the left arytenoid than the right. -
M.H Almohtaseb Dena Kofahi Reem Abushqeer Dana Alnasra Sheet 3
Sheet 3 – The larynx 1 Dana Alnasra Reem Abushqeer Dena Kofahi M.H Almohtaseb 0 Helloooo, in this sheet we’re gonna study about larynx. In this link, you’ll find some extra pictures I collected from Kenhub to help you throughout this lecture. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g8C6txbyvZw0o1CDf9sg-mDyf3y-F-gO/view?usp=sharing ر رح تحسوا حالكم ضايع ر ني باول صفحت ر ني ﻷنه المصطلحات جديدة, بس عادي كل ما مشيتوا بالشيت رح تفهموا اكت و تص رت الصورة اوضح, ن ف ما يف دا يع اول ما تقرؤوا مصطلح جديد تروحوا عجوجل Larynx − Extends from the third cervical vertebra C3 to the lower border of the sixth cervical vertebra C6 (at the level of the lower border of the cricoid cartilage). Hyoid bone − The larynx begins with the laryngopharynx opening and larynx ends with the trachea. − It is suspended from the hyoid bone above and attached to the trachea below by membranes and ligaments. trachea − You can think of the larynx as a box of cartilage; it consists of layers that are arranged according to the following: Histology corner: 1. Mucosa: The larynx is covered from the inside with respiratory mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) except for the true vocal cords and the anterior (upper) surface of the epiglottis, which are both lined with stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. 2. Submucosa: Connective tissue 3. Membranes, ligaments and joints: To connect the cartilaginous parts together. 4. Cartilage: The skeleton of the larynx. 5. Muscles: Intrinsic laryngeal muscles and one extrinsic. 6. Adventitia Functions of the larynx: (recommended animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUvfAsBnn9g ) 1.