Larynx USMLE, Limited Edition > Gross Anatomy > Gross Anatomy

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Larynx USMLE, Limited Edition > Gross Anatomy > Gross Anatomy LARYNX • The larynx is the start of the lower respiratory tract. • Superiorly, the larynx is attached to the hyoid bone via connective tissues. • Three key functions of the larynx: • It conducts air from the pharynx to the trachea. • It prevents food and liquid from entering the lower respiratory tract. • It facilitates the production of speech. Key anatomical structures: Three larger, singular cartilages: • Thyroid cartilage – forms anterior and lateral walls; features the laryngeal prominence. • Cricoid cartilage – circular, forms base of larynx. • Epiglottis – "flap" that attaches to the internal surface of the thyroid cartilage, anteriorly, and projects posteriorly and superiorly over the opening of the larynx. - Upon swallowing, the flap closes off the entryway to the larynx, which prevents foods and liquids from entering the lower respiratory tract. Three paired sets of smaller cartilages: • Arytenoid cartilage – articulates with cricoid cartilage posteriorly. • Corniculate cartilage – sits on arytenoid cartilages. • Cuneiform cartilage – sits anterior to corniculate cartilages; very small, wedge-shaped. Membranes and connective tissues: • Thyrohyoid membrane - connects the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. • Cricothyroid ligament - extends superiorly from the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. 1 / 2 • Vocal ligament - thickened superior edge of the cricothyroid ligament comprises the vocal ligament; known as the "true" vocal cord because it facilitates sound production. • Rima glottides - opening between the vocal cords. During sound production, laryngeal muscles contract to rotate the arytenoid cartilages and alter the opening between the true vocal cords. • Quadrangular membrane - connects the lateral sides of the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilages. - Free edges of the quadrangular membrane thicken to form the: Aryepiglottic ligament, superiorly The vestibular ligament, inferiorly The vestibular ligament and its mucosal covering are often referred to as the "false vocal cord"; it does not participate in sound production. Clinical correlations: Laryngitis is inflammation of the vocal cords, which can stem from infectious or non-infectious causes (such as over- use). It typically results in hoarseness but severe swelling can block the airways. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 2 / 2.

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Larynx Anatomy
LARYNX ANATOMY Elena Rizzo Riera R1 ORL HUSE INTRODUCTION v Odd and median organ v Infrahyoid region v Phonation, swallowing and breathing v Triangular pyramid v Postero- superior base àpharynx and hyoid bone v Bottom point àupper orifice of the trachea INTRODUCTION C4-C6 Tongue – trachea In women it is somewhat higher than in men. Male Female Length 44mm 36mm Transverse diameter 43mm 41mm Anteroposterior diameter 36mm 26mm SKELETAL STRUCTURE Framework: 11 cartilages linked by joints and fibroelastic structures 3 odd-and median cartilages: the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis cartilages. 4 pair cartilages: corniculate cartilages of Santorini, the cuneiform cartilages of Wrisberg, the posterior sesamoid cartilages and arytenoid cartilages. Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles THYROID CARTILAGE Shield shaped cartilage Right and left vertical laminaà laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) M:90º F: 120º Children: intrathyroid cartilage THYROID CARTILAGE Outer surface à oblique line Inner surface Superior border à superior thyroid notch Inferior border à inferior thyroid notch Superior horns à lateral thyrohyoid ligaments Inferior horns à cricothyroid articulation THYROID CARTILAGE The oblique line gives attachement to the following muscles: ¡ Thyrohyoid muscle ¡ Sternothyroid muscle ¡ Inferior constrictor muscle Ligaments attached to the thyroid cartilage ¡ Thyroepiglottic lig ¡ Vestibular lig ¡ Vocal lig CRICOID CARTILAGE Complete signet ring Anterior arch and posterior lamina Ridge and depressions Cricothyroid articulation
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