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Wildlife Habitat in the James River Valley, South Dakota L View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Theses and Dissertations 1978 Wildlife Habitat in the James River Valley, South Dakota L. Paul Schneider Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Recommended Citation Schneider, L. Paul, "Wildlife Habitat in the James River Valley, South Dakota" (1978). Theses and Dissertations. 221. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/221 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WILDLIFE HABITAT IN THE JAMES RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH DAKOTA BY L. PAUL SCHNEIDER A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science, Major in Wildlife South Dakota State University 1978 WILDLIFE HABITAT IN THE JAMES RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH DAKOTA This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the degree, Master of Science, and is acceptable for meeting the thesis require- ments for this degree. Acceptance of this thesis does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. 'l1hes1.s Actvlsor Date neaa, VVJ.J.UJ..1.1.e cu1u r J.::sut::1.J.e::. ual:.e Sciences Department ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this study was provided by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. I gratefully acknowledge the guidance and patience provided by my advisor, Dr. R. Linder of the South Dakota Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit; the field assistance provided by C. Wulff, T. Melius, and R. Olson; and the advice and encouragement on manuscript preparation given by T. Grahl, D. Herrig, and W. Brewster. My wife, Connie, provided logistic support and much needed encouragement. I am grateful to Trudy Leininger for typing this manuscript. WILDLIFE HABITAT IN THE JAMES RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH DAKOTA Abstract L. PAUL SCHNEIDER A wildlife habitat inventory was conducted on the 12 485 ha study area of the James River floodplain in north­ eastern South Dakota. Included were vegetation mapping, small mammal trapping, waterfowl breeding pair counts, water­ fowl brood counts, bird census routes, and general observa­ tions. Natural vegetation consisted of 3181 ha of grassland, 2002 ha of woodland, 1115 ha of savannah, and 392 ha of marshland. Small mammal trapping revealed low densities of mostly white-footed mice (Peromyscus spp. ). No vegetation type was more valuable to small mammals than any other. Waterfowl breeding pairs, mostly mallard, blue-winged teal, and wood duck, numbered 244 in 1974 and 648 in 1975, a record flood year. Counts on bird census routes showed 138 species of birds using them, with the majority being summer residents in the woodlands. Other observations showed four double­ crested cormorant and great blue heron rookeries, several nesting red-tailed and Swainson's hawks, numerous valuable dead trees that often formed jams in the river, and a general condition of excessive grazing on the area. The dynamic condition of the river channel on the study area appeared to enhance the value of the floodplain to wildlife although overgrazing and flooding were preventing the full potential of the floodplain as wildlife habitat from developing. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRO DUCTI ON • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 STUDY AREA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 METHODS .• ••••••• 6 Vegetation Mapping 6 Small Mammals ..... 6 Waterfowl Breeding Pairs 7 Waterfowl Broods ... 8 Birds ...... 8 Other Observations 9 RESULTS . 10 Vegetation Mapping 10 Small Mammals ... 14 Waterfowl Breeding Pairs 16 Waterfowl Broods ..... 16 Birds . 20 Other Observations 20 DISCUSSION • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • 23 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 31 LITERATURE CITED • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 i LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Areas of the major vegetation types present on the James River study area, 1974 .. .. 11 2. Small mammal captures per 100 trap nights, James River study area, 1975 ...... 15 3 . Waterfowl breeding pairs counted on the James River study area, 1974 and 1975 .. 17 4. Number of broods of waterfowl observed on the study area, 1974 ... ........ 19 5. Number of species of birds observed by month in each vegetation type, 1975 ........ 21 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Locations of 1975 stratified small mammal sections, 1974 waterfowl brood sample reaches, and double-crested cormorant and great blue heron rookeries on the James River study area, South Dakota ..•... 2 2. Waterfowl breeding pairs per aerial kilometer for 1974 and 1975 ........ 18 iii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page A. One-hundred thirty-eight species of birds observed on survey routes and the vegetation types in which they were observed, 1974-75 .. 36 iv INTRODUCTION The James River has been proposed to carry irrigation return flows from the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota and the Initial Stage of the Oahe Unit in South Dakota. The Garrison Diversion Unit was authorized in 1965 by 79 Stat. 433 and construction started in 1967 . The Oahe Unit Initial Stage was authorized by Public Law 90-453 in 1968 and construction began in 1974. Both are U.S. Bureau of Reclamation irrigation projects with fish and wildlife features. The Garrison Unit would irrigate 101 2 15 hactares. The Oahe Project was scheduled to irrigate 79 923 hectares but funding for construction was discontinued in 1977 and may not be resumed. The James River originates in central North Dakota and enters the Missouri River near Yankton, South Dakota. It 2 drains an area of 57 270 km . Modification of the river was proposed from Tacoma Park near Aberdeen, South Dakota to Turtle Creek near Redfield, South Dakota (Fig. 1) . Several methods or combinations of methods for increasing the flow capacity of the river are under consideration. These methods include greenbelt, channel clearing, perimeter drainage, floodways, channelization, and levees . Impacts of these modifications on wildlife habitat have not been assessed because of the lack of basic information on the resource. 2 NORTH DAKOTA McPherson Co. Brown Co. Marshall Co. Tacoma Park SECTI NI Edmunds Co. Aberdeen REAC I Day Co. U.S. Hwy. 12 SECTION II A ROOKERY B Faulk Co. Spink Co. ROOKERYc REACH 3 Clark Co. SECTI N III Ashton• REACH 4 ROO RY D y,11 Hand Co. Redfield Figure 1. Locations of 1975 stratified smal mammal sections, 1974 waterfowl brood sample reaches, and double-crested cormorant and great blue heron rookeries on the James River study area, South Dakota. 3 The objectives of this study were to determine the quantity and relative quality of the major wildlife habitats in the James River Valley from Tacoma Park to Turtle Creek so that an evaluation of potential impacts could be made. 4 STUDY AREA The study area was that part of the James River from Tacoma Park to Turtle Creek, approximately 87 km by air and 197 km by water (Fig. 1). The river in the study area is meandered . It flows less than 0.5 rn/s over the flat, low- gradient bed of what was once glacial Lake Dakota. The channel gradient is approximately 6.2 cm/km (U.S . Dept . of Interior 1977). The normal flow regime of the river is variable. It may flood in the spring and be dry during the fall of the same year. Erosion and to some extent the levee system on the northern portion of the study area have contributed to an aggradation of the river channel with consequent increased severity and frequency of flooding. The climate of the study area is continental, typified by long cold winters and hot dry summers. Average annual precipitation is 48 .5 cm of which about 33.0 cm occur during the months April through August. Average annual snowfall is 89.0 cm. �he yearly mean temperature is 6.0 C, with monthly means of -12. 5 C for January, -2. 7 C for March, 22.1 C for July, and 8.8 C for October. Relative humidity is high in the forenoon and usually about 50%-60% during the afternoon. Yearly mean wind speed is 17. 8 km/hr. Prevailing wind direction is SE in summer and NNW in winter (National L_ 5 Weather Service 19 76). Soils in the study area are medium-textured chernozems deposited by glacial Lake Dakota and by frequent river flooding. These soils average 10- 12 m deep. Soil drainage is slow. There are no ground water aquifers within ten meters of the floodplain surface (U. S. Dept. of Interior 1973). Most wells tap artesian water far below the soil surface. ' ,,- 6 METHODS Vegetation Mapping Vegetation in the study area was mapped by ocular ground reconnaissance and recording information on copies of aerial photographs (1:12, 000 scale) provided by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Information recorded included major species of plants, approximate percentages of composition, land use, and other miscellaneous data such as grazing pressure that might set one vegetation type apart from another for wildlife purposes . Upon completion of mapping of the area, each continuous vegetation plot was measured and categorized as woodland, savannah, grassland, marshland, small grain, row crops, or alfalfa. Small Mammals A stratified random complete block experiment (Steel and Torrie 1960) was used to determine the relative values of each major natural vegetation type to small mammals. The study area was stratified into three sections according to gross vegetation similarities that became evident during mapping (Fig.
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