SAMOAN SAINTS SETTLERS AND sojourners

by max maimak stanton such a move was made especially easy because the property in laie was churchownedchurch owned and the overwhelming majority of the inha- from stanton samoan saints the in the mormon village of university of oregon laie hawaii unpublished doctoral dissertation bitants of the community were fellow latterlatterdayday saints many of the 1973 appp 345634 56 data updated to march 9 19821982. samoans had already broken traditional village and familial ties to join the church and had moved into one of the recently founded one of the earliest areas to be settled by samoans outside of mormon settlements in their home islands thus the move to hawaii a their home islands was laie it was founded on the site of was not as severe a measure as might be assumed 2 7 traditional hawaiian city of refugerefuges in 1865 cunningscummings 19654 there have been no official records kept on the ethnic compos- of as a gathering place for members of the church of jesus christ ition of laie but pierce 195620 reports that in 1925 thirtyonethirty one replace the former latterlatterdayday saints in the sandwich islands to samoans were living in the village and that by 1929 the number had which settlement in the lalawaipalawai basin on the island of lanai the increased to 125 ibid which was roughly onefourthone fourth of the total church had lost a year earlier due to the mismanagement and deceit population of the community thereafter the rate of immigration of walter murray gibson see beck 1972 for further details for declined most probably due to the closing of a local sugar plantation mormon the next fifty years laie served as a center of the church the economic depression of the 1930s and the total cessation of in hawaii and attracted many hawaiian converts immigration due to the second world war after peace had been restored to the pacific samoans again samoan immigration to laie began to immigrate to hawaii in 1950 463 natives of american and in 1919 the hawaii mormon temple was dedicated in laie were living in hawaii united nations 1956220 from pop- shortly thereafter samoan mormons began to settle in the village ulation estimates provided by pierce 195620 it is safe to assume mainly to enjoy the special benefits of the edifice in light of the that about half of this number lived in laie in 1951 there was a gathering concept popular at the time among members of the church sharp increase in the number of immigrants as a result of the transfer theology and the importance of the temple in latterlatterdayday saint it of the administration of from the department of the wanted emigrate to is understandable why samoans should have to navy to the department of the interior in that year 117 samoan

21 navy personnel and 257 dependents were transferred to pearl harbor recent group came to hawaii after 1950 for a variety of reasons born 1968456 in july of the next year 1952 another 958 with employment and education being the two most prominent reasons samoans left american samoa and arrived in hawaii on the USS see also born 1968457 it is significant that in eydes study president jackson ibid another 1074 persons were left behind 19546 the prime motivation for migration given by those who in samoa who had also expressed their desire to immigrate pierce settled in laie from the USS president jackson group was church 195622 it must be assumed that most of these latter individuals work however pierce 195628 31 was able to determine that also were eventually able to emigrate economic factors played the most important role in the final decision until 1950 nearly all of the samoans arriving in hawaii were for these people to migrate pierce completed his studies before members ofot theche mormon church born 1968456 the dramatic influx the church college of hawaii had made much of an impact on laielalelafe but of over 1300 samoans in the early 1950s included mostly non he did predict ibid22Ibid 22 that the college would greatly effect the mormons eyde 195414 after the arrival of the USS president social nature of the community which has since been the case jackson over 300 newly arrived immigrants settled with friends and in 1954 the church college of hawaii now known as brigham relatives in laie pierce 195621 of this number over onethirdone third young university hawaii campus was established first as a were not Morcormonsmormonsmons and many of those who were latterlatterdayday saints did junior college and then im 1961 raised to a full four year not adhere strictly to church standards within a year only 88 status A primary objective of the college was to provide advanced of the USS president jackson group remained in laie ibid and education with a religious environment at minimal cost for the by 1955 only 59 president jackson immigrants were still in the members of the mormon church in hawaii and the rest of polynesia community ibid71 72 australia and asia A number of young men from samoa were called samoan immigration to laie can be divided into two major groups as labor missionaries to help construct the physical plant of the the older group those who came to hawaii before 1950 and their college many of these young men remained at the church college as children born either in samoa or hawaii immigrated primarily forfor students the church also provided scholarships and financial aid mormon temple religious reasons they wanted to be close to the to young men and women from samoa to attend the college most of day more and to live in a community with fellow latterlatterday saints the these students came from the mormon secondary schools of pesegapenega near apia and mapusaga in american samoa by 1965 forty students from samoa were enrolled at the church college of hawaii this total does not include samoan residents of hawaii new zealand and the united many others working as secretaries switchboard operators security states mainland in 1981 over 130 students from western and american guards public relations specialists maintenance men and other vital samoa were registered at the college registrar BYUHCBYU HC nd personnel necessary to keep such a large operation functioning the another factor that contributes to the in flow of samoans to PCC is a major source of employment in the area and it is not sur samoans many laie is the polynesian cultural center PCC which was established prising that a number of work there students of the in 1963 the PCC was created to preserve elements of the traditional church college of hawaii continue their association with the PCC culture of the polynesian people and to provide a source of income after graduation which provides them with the means to remain in samoa and support for the students attending the church college of hawaii laie rather than returning to the samoans maintain one of the six villages in the center the in 1955 there were 307 samoans out of the total population of villages are actually exhibit areas containing some typical examples 1041 in laie pierce 195622 of which 150 were from the old of traditional architecture and provide a pleasing backdrop for the pre 1950 group the majority of the samoans living in laie up demonstration of various native arts handicrafts songs and dances until pierces study was made were from Anernneranercianamercianemerciancianclan samoa but in no one actually resides in these villages at the PCC those who recent years there has been a sharp increase in the number of work or perform there live in laie or other communities in the area western samoans immigrating to laie A survey conducted in although many of the mployeesemployees are students the PCC also employs january 1972 by the author of this dissertation included data older artisans and specialist who are wellversedwell versed in traditional from eighty five per cent of the households in the community culture many of those in the latter category came to hawaii with ninety one households were contacted in which either the head of their families directly from samoa the household the spouse if married and living with the marriage the polynesian cultural center is now one of the most popular partner or both were Sasamoanssammansmoans of these ninetyoneninety one households tourist attractions in hawaii it employs a staff of over 1100 fiftyfiftytwotwo were samoan samoan marriages thirteen were either people to keep it in operation in addition to those individuals who single or not living with their spouse nine were samoan caucasian are busy with the outward tourist attraction type activities there are nine were samoan hawaiian three were samoan tongan two were samoan maori and one each were married to a tahitian fijian and a japanese

23 TABLE I1 A comparison BETWEEN PLACE OF biablaBIMBIRTH AND YEARS OF RESIDENCE IN ulelaleUIELAIE TABLE ilII11 A comparison OF REASONS FOR MIGRATING PLACE OF BIRTH AND YEARS OF RESIDENCE IN LAIE years of residence in laielalelaie place of birth 050 5 6106 10 111511 15 162016 20 212521 25 26 total reasons for place of years of residence in laie migrating birth in samoa 050 5 6106 10 111511 15 162016 20 212521 25 26 american samoa 5 17 10 8 4 11 55 total western samoa 23 16 15 4 3 6 67 attend american 3 2 1 0 11 6 CCECCH western 8 2 1 0 11 total 28 33 25 12 7 17 122 work at american 0 1 2 I11 PCC western 2 0 2

note an additional fourteen individuals in this survey were church american 0 2 4 6 2 2 16 born in hawaii seven other did not indicate their place of birth affiliation western 3 7 I1 0 1 3 15 live with american 1 1 1 0 1 2 6 most of the recent immigrants are from western samoa see relatives western 3 2 2 0 0 0 7 table I1 there are only about 3000 members of the mormon church Employmentemployment3employments3 american 0 1 2 0 0 2 5 opportunitiesopportunitieswesternwestern 0 1 2 1 1 2 7 in american samoa compared to nearly 16000 in western samoa 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 other 4 american figures supplied by R wayne shute hence it is understand- reasonsreasons4 western 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 able that through thepccthebhe PCC and the church college of hawaii a greater total respondents 80 number of individuals would begoe arriving from western samoa note five respondents were born in hawaii and are not included closely related to the information in table I1 is the data in the table ithe church college of hawaii was not in operation during this relating to the reasons why the people settled in laie eyde made or any earlier time span athe2the a similar study 19546 in which over half of the president the polynesian cultural center was not in operation during this USS or any earlier time span jackson group indicated that the motivation to come to laie was for athis3thisthis category does not include employment opportunities at PCC or CCH church work 3 As pierce found reason indicated earlier the real athis4thisthis category includes lower home leases toco get away from samoa and to get away from town for most migrants to come to hawaii was economic but it must be tressedstressed that ideal behavior is still socially significant people often act or react according to what they believe or perceive to be true if they believe that they came to latelaielalelafe because of the oppo- rtunity to be involved in churchorientedchurch oriented tasks then it is important are either lost or only partially remembered none of the younger to them and to them it is a fact in the survey of 1972 eighty people interviewed by the author were aware of the significant role five of the respondents interviewed in the samoan and partpartsamoansamoan played by the USS president jackson in the migration of samoans households were actually samoans only one adult per household was to hawaii interviewed one of the questions asked was related to the reasons samoans in a multiethnicmulti ethnic society why a person would come to laie the results are shown in table II11 from table II11 it is evident that church affiliation is still the presence of samoans in laie has been important for the past the major factor for the presence of the largest single group of fifty years but with the exception of about a year after the samoans in laie however it is also evident that the more recent arrival of the USS president jackson the majority of the people arrivals are arriving for reasons other than church work the major in laie have belonged to other ethnic groups the two other groups factor being the church college of hawaii that have the longest association and the largest number of repre- one of the largest cells in table II11 represents six american sentativessenta tives in laie are the hawaiians and the caucasians samoans who came to laie 162016 20 years ago this probably represents laie was the center of the church in hawaii in the latter part the remainder of the USS president jackson group the raw data of the nineteenth century and many members in the islands were at- printoutprint out of the survey reveals a total of nine adults who came to tracted to the village because of favorable leases and also because laie during that time period which would be close to the actual of close association with other latterlatterdayday saints cummings 19657 number still remaining in the community but whatever impact the around the beginning the the twentieth century it seemed as though arrival of the immigrants on the USS esidentresidentpresidentpj jackson might at the prospect of laie as a home for the latterlatterdayday saints was not to one time have had on laie is now a part of the past the author was be continued the settlement of losepaiosepaiokepa in utah had been founded able to interview only one person in the village who came in the attracting a large number of staunch members see atkin 1958 others 1952 group and while most adult samoans are aware that at one time had moved to honolulu the trend of outmigrationout migration was somewhat a large group of new immigrants arrived on some ship the details reversed in 1915 when it was announced that a temple would be built in laie many of the former residents of the community returned

25 s s CM s a 4i 0O O t W 0 fif 0 n 4 00 4 0 .44 n andend in 1919 the hawaii temple was and opened 0 0a 10 10 4 00 to10 1 4 i 4I 10 CM0 go dedicated for use U41 S 1 S Mn ii 0 41 c 0 0 pl en 00 fm 0 oo 0 t f4 E i 4I in o a 00 C 00OO 01 O01 1 0 ei 14 0 tm 1 1 tat4 it MI cu 1.4ed14 I 00 cuamilngsuningsdunings 19651314196513 14 the establishment of the temple however 0 4 141 0 0 0 s z s i i & s ce ii rn 00go en t0ta 0 did not secure the future growth of the village in 1920 the 0 0s st 00 0 C 1 b aj4j M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CD 0 01 11t 4 isais00 headquarters of the were moved from 0 to hawaiian mission laie to aj4j u r 01 0 0 1 4I M P it honolulu irin 1927 zions securities released a large parcel of beach ja 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 t s 1 0 mormon N U nonnonmormon 1 U frontage lots to buyers and fourfajrfojr years later the sugar W 4 CM 0 cd i i- J 0 raili 414 1 r a 1 4 CL d r4 j ai 14 & CCI 441 W 1 O O O O O 41 15 0 0 0 C 0 0 414 1 4 i plantation was leased Ibid the great depression and the emer- 0 01 t ibid15 aj4j M s

N 1 41111 41 1 0 41 CM cn bo gency of world war 11 also served to thetrie growth of a 1 0 IIU retard laie 0 4 CM cn XJ U 1 CM 14 U 0 0 0 0 U u 0 0 inr 0 0 0 0 cd 0 CM CM recent growth of has been slow but extreme loca- 1 3 0U the laie its 441 r s 1 00CO 4jr aj4j 1 CM WV 0 aj cn rj 4 JC V I1 1 44141 0 s0 0 1 en to 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 CM M tion away from honolulu on oahu serve as a factor in helping to X in 0a 4 U alql it 16 e4ea il 1 i C 0 01 444 e ajcd to s 41401 0 a Eexcept fo people on the 1 H retain distinctive identity forr the living 4cc 441 010 s 0 411 CM 01 1 0 4 va u 1 &j U 4 v1 M0 00 W aj 0 JS U beach frontage most of whom are part time from V inn cn CM i i 0 0 0 0 in 4 0 lots parttime residents cn I 30 1 qj pid 5 aj pij 414 1 0 cdr who horreshomes as a 35 4 3 4rar4 wealthvwealthawealthy families in honolulu use their laie country Q CM W 1 .1 aj4j 0l 0 1 1.1 0 0 1 U ili 01 X W01 441 U 3 ixiaxi t1ta U 114 0 in 0 cn a 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 U 4 weekend refuge t he population of has remained 1.1 0 0 houseweekendvacationhouse vacation re laie 0 efe4E 4f f CM Q C SB 414 1 010

mormon 4 s eniekl 111 1 04 overwhelmingly 1 1.1 3 CM 00 1 4 01 0 d a 04i ln cm 4i ri 100o 4 0 Z h IV qa aj4j en 1 1 0 a PT U 4411 mine number of individ- 1 1 jjpjap 1 quite to deterrdeberrdetermine exactly the 1 it is difficult 11 t 0 4414 at3t al 14 I 141 4 0 1 go f 00 0 111 we N M S S ulU l a group living in 1 1 uals of specific ethnic laie fro table liiIII in in i c4caCM 0 441 1 1 .1 O 0 0 l 4t 04 r4ra1 4 r0l 1 T 1 at r rl 414 v J 4 414 1 1 166 0 a in d a 1 can see out of a of 488438 families consist of house- 1 1 ciin that total irs 4 r0 01 XI0 aj4j41 1 ES 1I ij414 1 31 0 n and wife come from ethnic N S holds wherein the husband different s 1 CM vo 0 0 01 3 r0 0o t 04 0 00oo 0 ri r C 14 0 1 per cent of the families 1 1 backgrounds this represents thirtyfourthirty four U 4a 10vo 0 4 V 0 in rir i 0i f 00oo uiu i 4 1 1 0 4 hawaiians 0 4 a-& surveyed of the four largest grupsgr irpsheps represented the hawaiian w111 1 aj4j 60 EIE 4I i as i a exhibited the greatest per centage f outmarriagesout marriages with total ig 0 ni m 3 id 010 0 M U C 01 0 0 4 41 01 0U r groups although the caucasians 1 1 Z of forty marriages with other ethnic 0 0C o0id 4 V d li S a a d C dricri m U cd 0 bo P 4 C it i of 3 S E C 0O J D C Uj 4411 5CC C 0 1 it1 it C 41 0 01 0 0 U BC cnOT eiE i ag h i U C PH eiE i

26 had the largest absolute number of outmarriagesout marriages forty eight the TABLE IV NUMBER AND percentage OF THE FOUR LARGEST ETHNIC GROUPS IN LAIE per centage of the total group Is much lower than that of the background hawaiiansHawaiians the children of a marriage between hawaiians and other ethnic of household marriage partners ethnic group number percentage groups tend to identify themselves with the hawaiians and are same other total same other total regarded by most of the rest of the community as hawaiian in the caucasians 753 157 910 28.4284 5.959 34.3343 case of a hawaiiansamoanhamalianhawalianhawaiian samoan marriage however the identity of the 284 59 343 hawaiians 492 118 610 185 45 230 children usually follows the ethnic background of the mother 18518.5 454.5 23023.0 samoans 512 90 602 19319.3 3.434 22722.7 A general idea of the ethnic diversity of laie may be gained 34 tongans 136 18 154 5.151 0.707 5.858 by the data provided in table IV due to the substantial number of 51 07 58 japanese 81 38 119 3.131 1.4lgig 4.545 mixed ethnic marrmarcmarriageslages no absolute breakdown is possible even if 31 14 45 such an operation were possible it is doubtful if it would serve notes the individuals in the same column represent the ma- rriage partners and other residents of the household in which both any better purpose than the information already established the of the marriage partners come from the sanesame ethnic background this category also includes the household totals in which the head was mixed columns in table IV represent a considerable duplication of single or not living with a partner all individuals who have married outside of their ethnic group are included in the same persons in the various ethnic groups eg sixtyfivesixty five persons live column without including the spouse or the other members of the household in caucasianhawaiiancaucasian hawaiian households these people are counted in the mixed column for both the caucasian and hawaiian categories in animosity which occasionally emerge the control mechanisms of table iliIII111 religion and family ties quickly restore a workable balance of when the total ethnic scene in laie is considered it becomes interaction clear that any neat division of the community along strictly ethnic the model presented by fredrik barth 196793819679 38 becomes very and across lines would be quite difficult this situation is recognized by useful in the laie situation frequent close contacts the people of laie and although some strong feelings of interintergroupgroup ethnic lines tend to obfuscate easily identifiable ethnic boundaries by carefully considering the overt signs of group membership as well as the ascriptive aspects that are involved it was possible to assign 2thisathishis includes parthawaiianspart hawaiians who identified themselves as such athis3thishis includes both east indians of fiji as well as ethnic Fijifijiansianslansans nonnonmormonmormon most of the residents to a specific ethnic group one case in mind thirty six households out of a total of ntninetyniftetyntnetynetynecy nearly illustrating this point involves an amusing situation at a rugby twothirdslwotwo thirthirdschirdsds of the nonnonmormonsmormons are caucasians the nonmormonnon mormon football game between laie and rauularadulahauula A young spectator of samoan caucasians find most of their social and economic ties outside of ancestry was known by the author to identify closely with the the village and according to the definition given by arensberg and caucasians of the village late in the game a samoan on the laie kimball 196520 are not an integral part of the community when team got into a fight with a tongan player from hauulagauula the young one considers only those nonnonmormonsmormons living in laie proper or those spectator was immediately on his feet shouting his encouragement to married to Morcormonsmormonsmons we have only sixtysixsixty six individuals or less than the samoan disputant in his native language and at the same time three per cent of the community among the Sasamoanssammansmoans the percentage hurling insults in english to any tongan within hearing range after is even more dramatic only two samoan households have nonmormonnon mormon the game had been restoredr to order the young man turned to the members one is a single male living with a relative in the village author and apologized for acting like a dumb samoan the excitement the relative is a member of the church the other household is a of the event brought out his true group identification samoanfijiansamoan fijian marriage wherein the samoan is a mormon and the children are also latterlatterdayday saints the religious homogeneity of laie with the above reservations in mind laie may be considered to the frequent mention of the unique religious situation merits be a highly homogeneous community in regards to religion the some further consideration at this point the condition of having mormon church has a strong influence on the various societal insti- over most people from such a wide ccultural background all belonging to the tutions in the community it either has direct control PPCCCC land same faith in so small a community as laie makes it an ideal testing of the major economic and religious activities eblegleg two beach ground for various theories and hypothesis based on ethnicity there the college the temple and churches even over local persons who operate are of course some nonmormonsnon mormons living in laie but the majority live recreational areas and a community park or the mormons public on the beachfront lots and most of these are located in the southern and work in the local establishments are eg the part of the community somewhat isolated from the village proper schools grocery stores bank etc anyone dealing with the affairs but even here less than half of the residents are nonnonmormonsmormons of the village must take the church into consideration

28 the situation wherein one man was at the same time stake president TABLE V laleIAIELAIE RESIDENTS WHO ARE NOT LATTERDAYLATTER DAY SAINTS temple president and head of zions securities has been eliminated

household total all three positions are now occupied by three separate individuals composition household location non LDS ethnic non LDS part LDS part LDS there is still some duplication of roles wherein the president group non LDS part LDS laielalelaielbaiel beachbeachabeach2 laielalelaielbaiel beachabeach2beach households of the church college is also a representative on the board of caucasian 2793 2162 0 16 631 16 28125 zions securities and of the polynesian cultural center as well as hawaiian 1041 726 315 315 411 14 211 being a stake high council representative with similar combinations samoan 112 11 112 0 26 11 15 318 holding true for the temple presidentp resident or the head of zionszonsZ ons becusecu japanese 312 0 0 0 0 312 312 ritiescities but the leadership of the religious as well as secular other 418 0 13 315 0 0 417 affairs is broken down into a consortium of no less than nine total 43155 533 1150 3232105105 216 317 48188 men CCH PCC zions securities oahu stake hawaii temple and note the first number in each cell represents the number of the four bishops of the local wards plupiupluspius a much larger network of households the number within the parenthesis is the total population of all the households represented in the cell counselors and assistants as well as members of the various gover 1 laie village proper ning boards from outside the community 2laie village beachfront lots there have been some allegations made in the community that at one time all three of the major leadership positions of laie even with the present diversification of power the caucasians were vested in the control of a single person temple president still control the religious affairs of the village some substance stake president 5andbandand director of zions securities with the to such an accusation might have existed in the past but recent establishment of the church college of hawaii and more recently the events have dispelled this problem the past stake presidents creation of the polynesian cultural center and expanding from one have both been samoans along with large numbers of and to four wards in the past twenty years the possibility of one single orientals in the stake and ward organizations only one of the monolithic control of community affairs has been greatly reduced current serve bishops in laielale is not a polynesianapolynesian ethnic group there are still men who hold positions of considerable prestige in has the advantage in the overall religious leadership structure communitycoracormcommmunity affairs but they share their power with others even of the community

29 laielalelafe over the last fifty years and through it more than any other there is also a laie community association made up of individ- factor the village has sustained its unique status uals of the whole village which isie independent of the church zionszione the mormon church had been established for fifty years in laie securities the college or any of the other major power groups in before the temple was built by the time was built the unique the village and works to promote the interests of the general it characteristic of laie as a special gathering place for the poly- population it is presently headed by a samoan and has six other nesian saints had begun to wane it is highly probable that the members on the board of directors four wallanshawaiiansHa and two Sasamoanssammansmoans interest of the church in maintaining the special status of laie with diffusion of power and responsibility into the hands of a would have gradually died were not for the temple number of individuals potential sources of stress and conflict it the temple gives a deeper appreciation of the gospel and have been greatly reduced between the various ethnic groups instills a greater sense of duty in a latterlatterdayday saint vows are taken and the temple and the priesthood convenantsconvenants are made which to a mormon are binding in mortal life and transcend mortality and continue throughout eternity A married two featuresfeattires of the church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saints couple and their children may be joined as an eternal unit vicarious which set it apart from most other christian groups are the temple work is performed for the dead such as baptism marriage and grant- and the lay priesthood they lie together at the center of the ing all the same temple privileges and blessings that are available theological foundation of the church and are important forces in laie to the living work for the dead must be performed inside the temple uethe temple and requires a proxy once a person has completed his own temple work he is expected to return often to perform vicarious work for the most important single unifying agent in laie is the temple 6 the dead it is a special religious edifice held in high respect and reverence A temple recommend must be presented at the entrance of the by the membership of the church and has a distinctive function in temple before gaining admittance such a certificate is obtained mormon life onlyworthyonly worthy mormons who adhere strictly to the norms after searching personal interviews with ones bishop and stake and values prescribed by the church are allowed to enter a temple president to establish the fact that all of the personal standards it has proved to be the main factor to attract mormon residents to

30 priesthood the priesthood held only by males and male must necessary for entrance are being strictly upheld the mere possession is a have the priesthood to gain entrance into the temple hence of a temple recommend does not guarantee a totally christian and denial of ones right to exercise his priesthood functions or the moral life but the general consensus among mormons is that a person inability to have ones temple recommend annually renewed a who enters the temple should live a type of life that is in general is serious matter for a devout mormon harmony with the doctrines of the gospel one of the strongest a mormons admonitions amongng is to be reminded that ones behavior is NOTES not compatible with the responsibility that has been assumed by 1 becoming a 11tetempietemplemple member the temple recommend is renewed annually the term saints is often used by the members of the church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saints in reference to themselves to insure sustained control over those who are worthy to take part it carries the special connotation of that of a true follower of christ a baptized member of his church in the ceremonies 2threeothree mormon the great stress andimportanceand importance of the temple is central to three villages were initially established one on each of the three major islands of the archipelago vaiola on savaii mapusaga mormon thetheologyology to the complete understanding of the sauniatu on upolu and on tutuila the names of each of it is basic these villages reflect the special nature of religious refuge water prepare and mapusaga day psyche is the thread that together the viola of life sauniatu to leave latterlatterday saint it ties place of rest in all three villages the matai system was never of the programs any attempt made to understand established although in each case adjacent communities dev- rest churchs eloped with predominately mormon populations having strong fonos mormon behavior and without consideration of the role played and a full functioning matai organization the increasing religious action tolerance found in samoa in recent times has obviated the need by the temple is a serious oversight of special gathering places 3 the actual breakdown from a total of eighteighteight eight responses was the priesthood church work forty seven education fourteen economic betterment fourteen other thirteen the temple is central to mormon theologtheologyandtheologyyandand the priesthood is 4 the information shown in table liiIII111 conform clislyclosly to those fundamental to the concept of temple work and the administration of found in the 1970 federal census US bureau of the census 1971 52 at that time 3009 people were reported living in laie of which the church mormons believe that the priesthood is the direct power 969 were classified as white 6 negro 13 indian 153 japanese 125 chinese 53 filipino and 1474 other the federal census to act in the name of god any program that is part of the mormon included married students and staff living on the church college campus as well as a number of caucasian and filipino families living administered or supervised by holders of the north of the village all of which are not included in this present church is directly study

31 5 the term stake isie symbolic it represents the idea that the whole church is a tent the tent of zion and that each rope sup- porting the tent is held securely by a stake 6 these standards include total abstention from alcohol tobacco coffee and tea a payment of a full ten per cent on eyde david B tithe ones A group samoan gross income honest dealings with ones fellow men total fidelity 1954 preliminary study of a of migrants in hawaii to ones spouse ififmarriedmarried and complete abstention of sexual unpublished manuscript undergraduate research stipend social intercourse if single regular attendance at church meetings and science research council university of hawaii faithful execution of any callings or duties in the organization lack of sympathy for and avoidance of close association with known forster john apostate mormon groups especially those advocating the practices 1954 the assimilation of samoan migrants in the naval housing of plural marriage and finally a commitment to abide by the special area pearl harbor hawaii MA thesis university of hawaii covenants made in the temple hunter hal H nd laie community on oahubahu unpublished manuscript written ca 1968 in the possession of max E stanton laie hawaii bibliography lyons robin ray 1973a migration and acculturation of samoans in hawaii paper ablonabton joan presented at the hawaiian foundation for history and the huma- 1970a the samoan funeral in urban america ethnology 1020922710209 227 nities conference honolulu february 1973 1970b samoan family and community in crisis paper presented 1973b research notes in the possession of robin ray lyons at the annual meeting of the american anthropological association honolulu hawaii 1971a retention of cultural values and differential urban adaptation samoans and american indians in a west coast city ConnickmccormickMc james N social forces 4938539349385 393 1972 samoans in hawaii undergraduate research thesis ralph E 1971b the social organization of an urban samoan community wooley library church college of hawaii southwestern journal of anthropology 2775962775 96 omori gary allisonaliiaili son wayne L 1973 the samoans in hawaii inin the samoans in hawaiihawaiiaA resource 1971 speech presented at the meeting of the oahu guide ethnic research and fceaceresourcesource center publication no I11 stake november 7 1971 upublishedunpublished manuscript in the possession nancy F young ed honolulu hawaii appp 7137 13 of max E stanton laielalelaie hawaii pierce bernard F barth fredrik 1956 acculturation of samoans in the mormon village of laie 1966 models of social organization london royal anthropological MA thesis university of hawaii institute of great britain and northern ireland occasional paper no 23 schmitt robert C 1967 ethnic groups and boundaries boston little brown and 1972 the samoan population of hawaii memorandum to the hawaii company state census tract committee department of planning and 1967b introduction in ethnic groups and boundaries fredrik economic development february 23 1972 barch ed boston uttielittlelittie brown and company appp 9389 38 yost monica E beck raymond clyde 1965 the samoans of the nanakuli makahamagaha area of oahubahu hawaii 1972 lalawaipalawai basin hawaiis mormon zion MA thesis university MA thesis university of hawaii of hawaii young nancy ed born ted jay 1973 the samoans in hawaii A resource guide honolulu ethnic 1968 american samoans in hawaii A short summary of migration research and resource center publication no 1 and settlement patterns hawaiian historical review 1245545912455 459 david kenneth H and william L king 1972 review and analysis of problems of recent immigrants in hawaii honolulu office of social resources city and county nf honolulu