JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION A Publication of the Society for Scientifi c Exploration (ISSN 0892-3310) Editorial Offi ce: Journal of Scientifi c Exploration, Society for Scientifi c Exploration, Kathleen E. Erickson, JSE Managing Editor, 151 Petaluma Blvd. So., #227, Petaluma, CA 94952 USA [email protected], 1-415-435-1604, (fax 1-707-559-5030) Manuscript Submission: Submit manuscripts online at http://journalofscientifi cexploration.org/ index.php/jse/login Editor-in-Chief: Stephen E. Braude, University of Maryland Baltimore County Managing Editor: Kathleen E. Erickson, Petaluma, CA Associate Editors Carlos S. Alvarado, Atlantic University, Virginia Beach, VA Daryl Bem, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Robert Bobrow, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY Courtney Brown, Emory University, Alanta, GA Etzel Cardeña, Lund University, Sweden Jeremy Drake, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA Bernard Haisch, Digital Universe Foundation, USA Michael Ibison, Institute for Advanced Studies, Austin, TX Roger D. Nelson, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Mark Rodeghier, Center for UFO Studies, Chicago, IL Michael Sudduth, San Francisco State University, CA Book Review Editor: P. D. Moncrief ([email protected]) Assistant Managing Editor: Elissa Hoeger, Princeton, NJ Society for Scientifi c Exploration Website — http://www.scientifi cexploration.org Chair, Publications Committee: Robert G. Jahn, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Editorial Board Dr. Mikel Aickin, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Prof. Olivier Costa de Beauregard, University of Paris, France Dr. Steven J. Dick, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, DC Dr. Peter Fenwick, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK Dr. Alan Gauld, University of Nottingham, UK Prof. Richard C. Henry (Chairman), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD Prof. Robert G. Jahn, Princeton University, NJ Prof. W. H. Jeff erys, University of Texas, Austin, TX Dr. Wayne B. Jonas, Samueli Institute, Alexandria, VA Dr. Michael Levin, Tufts University, Boston, MA Dr. David C. Pieri, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA Prof. Juan Roederer, University of Alaska–Fairbanks, AK Prof. Kunitomo Sakurai, Kanagawa University, Japan Prof. Peter A. Sturrock, Stanford University, CA Prof. Yervant Terzian, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Prof. N. C. Wickramasinghe, Cardiff University, UK SUBSCRIPTIONS & PREVIOUS JOURNAL ISSUES: Order forms on back pages or at scientifi cexploration.org. COPYRIGHT: Authors retain copyright to their writings. However, when an article has been submitted to the Journal of Scientifi c Exploration, the Journal holds fi rst serial rights. Additionally, the Society has the right to post the published article on the Internet and make it available via electronic and print subscription. Th e material must not appear anywhere else (including on an Internet website) until it has been published by the Journal (or rejected). After publication, authors may use the material as they wish but should make appropriate reference to JSE: “Reprinted from “[title of article]”, Journal of Scientifi c Exploration, vol. [x], no. [xx], pp. [xx], published by the Society for Scientifi c Exploration, http://www.scientifi cexploration.org.” Journal of Scientifi c Exploration (ISSN 0892-3310) is published quarterly in March, June, September, and Decem- ber by the Society for Scientifi c Exploration, 151 Petaluma Blvd. So., #227, Petaluma, CA 94952 USA. Society Members receive online Journal subscriptions with their membership. Online Library subscriptions are $135. JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION A Publication of the Society for Scientifi c Exploration AIMS AND SCOPE: Th e Journal of Scientifi c Exploration publishes material consistent with the Society’s mission: to provide a professional forum for critical discussion of topics that are for various reasons ignored or studied inadequately within mainstream science, and to promote improved understanding of social and intellectual factors that limit the scope of scientifi c inquiry. Topics of interest cover a wide spectrum, ranging from apparent anomalies in well-established disciplines to paradoxical phenomena that seem to belong to no established discipline, as well as philosophical issues about the connections among disciplines. Th e Journal publishes research articles, review articles, essays, commentaries, guest editorials, historical perspectives, obituaries, book reviews, and letters or commentaries pertaining to previously published material. JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION A Publication of the Society for Scientifi c Exploration Volume 26, Number 2 2012 Editorial 255 Editorial STEPHEN E. BRAUDE Research Articles 261 A PK Experiment with Zebra Finches and a Virtual Predator FERNANDO ALVAREZ 273 Revisiting the Alexander UFO Religious Crisis Survey (AUFORCS): Is There Really a Crisis? JEFF LEVIN 285 Hallucinatory Telepathic Experiences Induced by Salvia divinorum GRZEGORZ JUSZCZAK 297 Hypnosis Reconsidered, Resituated, and Redefi ned ADAM CRABTREE Commentaries 329 A Proposal That Does Not Advance ETZEL CARDEÑA Our Understanding of Hypnosis DEVIN B. TERHUNE 341 Comments on Crabtree’s “Hypnosis Reconsidered, Resituated, and Redefi ned” CHARLES T. TART 347 Regarding “Hypnosis Reconsidered, Resituated, and Redefi ned”: A Commentary on Crabtree DON BEERE 363 Reply to Three Commentaries on “Hypnosis Reconsidered, Resituated, and Redefi ned” ADAM CRABTREE Historical Perspective 381 The Sorcerer of Cobenzl and His Legacy: The Life of Baron Karl Ludwig von Reichenbach, His Work and Its Aftermath MICHAEL NAHM Obituary 409 William Roll, Leader in Parapsychology Research LOYD AUERBACH Letter to the Editor 413 Erroneous Expert Judgments HENRY H. BAUER Book Reviews 415 How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counter- culture, and the Quantum Revival by David Kaiser BRIAN JOSEPHSON 417 Physics on the Fringe: Smoke Rings, Circlons, and Alternative Theories of Everything by Margaret Wertheim HENRY H. BAUER 423 A Scientifi c Adventure: Refl ections on the Riddle of Relativity by Ian McCausland HENRY H. BAUER 426 The Science Delusion: Freeing the Spirit of Enquiry by Rupert Sheldrake FRED ALAN WOLF 429 Comets and the Origin of Life by Janaki Wickramasinghe Chandra Wickramasinghe, and William Napier STEVEN J. DICK 432 Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty by Morris Kline MIKEL AICKIN 438 Deadly Powers: Animal Predators and the Mythic Imagination by Paul A. Trout THOMAS E. BULLARD 443 Yoga and Parapsychology: Empirical Research and Theoretical Studies edited by K. Ramakrishna Rao HOYT EDGE 448 Fringe-ology: How I Tried to Explain Away the Unexplainable—And Couldn’t by Steve Volk DEBORAH BLUM 451 The Psychology of Science and the Origins of the Scientifi c Mind by Gregory J. Feist RON WESTRUM 457 The Myth and Mystery of UFOs by Thomas E. Bullard KEVIN D. RANDLE 460 UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities by John B. Alexander KEVIN D. RANDLE 463 Flying Saucers over the White House: The Inside Story of Captain Edward J. Ruppelt and His Offi cial U.S. Airforce Investigation of UFOs by Colin Bennett BARRY GREENWOOD 470 Refl ections of a UFO Investigator by Kevin Randle BRUCE MACCABEE Further Books of Note 472 Qué es Sensibilidad Psíquica? [What Is Psychic Sensibility?] by Alejandro Parra STANLEY KRIPPNER 474 Supernatural America: A Cultural History by Laurence R. Samuel STANLEY KRIPPNER SSE News 475 SSE 31st Annual Conference; SSE 9th Biennial European Meeting; SSE Masthead 476 Index of Previous Articles in JSE 492 Order forms for JSE Issues, JSE Subscriptions, and Society Membership 495 Instructions for JSE Authors Journal of Scientifi c Exploration, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 255–260, 2012 0892-3310/12 EDITORIAL n addition to the usual array of interesting papers and reviews, this issue Iof the JSE features a debate that I consider especially noteworthy. The topic of the debate is hypnosis and the participants in the dialogue are all recognized authorities on the subject. However, the backgrounds and per- spectives of the participants are also quite different, and so the discussion of the issues is commendably broad and wide-ranging. I’ve often wondered whether JSE readers noticed and were puzzled by the fact that hypnosis has received little (if any) attention in the pages of this Journal. It has certainly puzzled me. Granted, unlike some of the phenomena (or alleged phenomena) discussed in the JSE, the existence of hypnosis is not generally disputed. However, the process and nature of hypnosis, and the implications of hypnotic phenomena for our understanding of the mind, remain acknowledged mysteries. To be sure, a small number of researchers cling obdurately to the belief (associated perhaps most often with Nicholas Spanos) that hypnosis is nothing but social compliance or role-playing designed to please the hypnotist.1 But the transparent absurdity of that position becomes clear as soon as one considers some of the more dramatic hypnotic phenomena—for example, failing to register pain during major surgery (e.g., limb amputation, the removal of 100-lb scrotal tumors [yes, that’s right], and the removal of toenails by the roots), and also the prevention of well-known involuntary responses to other noxious stimuli, such as ammonia placed under the nose and needles inserted in the mucous membranes of the eyes. Clearly, the subjects in these cases aren’t simply complying with the wishes of the surgeon by (say) feigning a lack of pain. These are paradigm cases of genuine and profound—and poorly understood—altered states, and they’re quite different from