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United States–Republic of Korea Alliance: an Alliance at Risk?

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United States–Republic of Korea Alliance: an Alliance at Risk? UNITED STATES–REPUBLIC OF KOREA ALLIANCE: AN ALLIANCE AT RISK? HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION SEPTEMBER 27, 2006 Serial No. 109–231 Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international—relations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 30–142PDF WASHINGTON : 2006 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HENRY J. HYDE, Illinois, Chairman JAMES A. LEACH, Iowa TOM LANTOS, California CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, HOWARD L. BERMAN, California Vice Chairman GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York DAN BURTON, Indiana ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American ELTON GALLEGLY, California Samoa ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey DANA ROHRABACHER, California SHERROD BROWN, Ohio EDWARD R. ROYCE, California BRAD SHERMAN, California PETER T. KING, New York ROBERT WEXLER, Florida STEVE CHABOT, Ohio ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York THOMAS G. TANCREDO, Colorado WILLIAM D. DELAHUNT, Massachusetts RON PAUL, Texas GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York DARRELL ISSA, California BARBARA LEE, California JEFF FLAKE, Arizona JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York JO ANN DAVIS, Virginia EARL BLUMENAUER, Oregon MARK GREEN, Wisconsin SHELLEY BERKLEY, Nevada JERRY WELLER, Illinois GRACE F. NAPOLITANO, California MIKE PENCE, Indiana ADAM B. SCHIFF, California THADDEUS G. MCCOTTER, Michigan DIANE E. WATSON, California KATHERINE HARRIS, Florida ADAM SMITH, Washington JOE WILSON, South Carolina BETTY MCCOLLUM, Minnesota JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky J. GRESHAM BARRETT, South Carolina DENNIS A. CARDOZA, California CONNIE MACK, Florida RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri JEFF FORTENBERRY, Nebraska MICHAEL MCCAUL, Texas TED POE, Texas THOMAS E. MOONEY, SR., Staff Director/General Counsel ROBERT R. KING, Democratic Staff Director DENNIS HALPIN, Professional Staff Member JEAN CARROLL, Full Committee Hearing Coordinator (II) C O N T E N T S Page WITNESSES The Honorable Christopher R. Hill, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, United States Department of State ................................... 9 Mr. Richard P. Lawless, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense, International Security Affairs—Asia Pacific, United States Department of Defense ............ 17 Balbina Y. Hwang, Ph.D., Senior Policy Analyst, Asian Studies Center, The Heritage Foundation ............................................................................................ 39 Mr. L. Gordon Flake, Executive Director, The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation ............................................................................................................ 46 Joshua Stanton, Esq., former United States Army Judge Advocate Assigned to United States Forces Korea (1998–2002) ....................................................... 55 LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING The Honorable James A. Leach, a Representative in Congress from the State of Iowa: Prepared statement ............................................................................... 5 The Honorable Gary L. Ackerman, a Representative in Congress from the State of New York: Prepared statement ............................................................ 7 The Honorable Christopher R. Hill: Prepared statement .................................... 12 Mr. Richard P. Lawless: Prepared statement ....................................................... 20 Balbina Y. Hwang, Ph.D.: Prepared statement .................................................... 41 Mr. L. Gordon Flake: Prepared statement ............................................................ 49 Joshua Stanton, Esq.: Prepared statement ........................................................... 58 (III) UNITED STATES–REPUBLIC OF KOREA ALLIANCE: AN ALLIANCE AT RISK? WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2006 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Washington, DC. The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:35 p.m., in room 2172, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Henry J. Hyde (Chair- man of the Committee) presiding. Chairman HYDE. The Committee will come to order. This is quite probably our last meeting as a Committee for this Congress, and I want to express my profound respect and admira- tion for the Members of the Committee, both Democrat and Repub- lican. This Committee is an important one that deals with important issues, and every Member has been serious and made a contribu- tion, especially Mr. Lantos, the ranking Democrat, who someday maybe in the future will make a great Secretary of State. I hate to anticipate him changing parties, but—he would be welcomed. But he has been a great asset to this Committee, and all of the Members have. And so I want to thank you for your cooperation and your contribution. This Committee has been a custodian of de- mocracy, and I am very proud of it. Let me offer a warm welcome to our expert witnesses today, and sincere congratulations to the people of South Korea as they pre- pare to celebrate next month’s National Foundation Day, and their Chusock Thanksgiving Day holidays. There are few alliances that have stood the test of time through such a series of major transitions as that of the United States and the Republic of Korea. Born of blood ties of shared conflict, ma- tured in a tense period in the Cold War, having transited through the birth of democracy in South Korea, further forged in Vietnam and Iraq. The alliance now faces new challenges. Seoul’s concern for its downtrodden brethren in the North and for maintaining the peace on the Korean Peninsula must be balanced with Washington’s heartfelt concerns over Pyongyang’s egregious human rights abuses, and, in a post-September 11th environment, overprolifera- tion of weapons of mass destruction by a dictatorial state. I am by nature an optimist, and my recent visit to Seoul, in addi- tion to a meeting this month with the South Korean President in Washington, lead me to believe that the differences we face are just bumps in the road on the path to a more mature equitable alliance. (1) 2 The Congress can certainly take concrete steps to enhance this alliance. These will include ratification of a free trade agreement with Seoul, once it is negotiated, which promotes both free and fair trade. In addition, Members can urge the Departments of Home- land Security and State to include South Korea in the Visa Waiver Program as soon as it meets all of the legal requirements. While accentuating the positive, we must remember that signifi- cant challenges exist in the alliance and they cannot be papered over. A recent article published by the Council on Foreign Rela- tions, entitled the ‘‘Fragile U.S.-South Korea Alliance’’ underscores this. Some of the issues to be addressed today involve basic nuts-and- bolts matters; the resolution of these, however, will be key to the resiliency of this alliance. The first involves the relocation of United States Forces-Korea out of Seoul and a reduction of Amer- ica’s highly visible footprint in South Korea. I received a very encouraging letter in this regard from the Gov- ernor of Kyunggi Province, which will play host to new the USFK headquarters. The Governor pledged his full cooperation and sup- port in this endeavor. Observers of the alliance, however, are fully aware that the target relocation date of the end of 2007 cannot be realistically met and that there are burden-sharing issues that have not yet been adequately addressed. The second issue involves the provision of a training range for our Air Force pilots stationed in Korea. They have had to travel as far away as Thailand for training, due to the lack of provision for an adequate range in South Korea. I am happy to report that President Roh assured our congressional delegation last month that this problem would be satisfactorily addressed. Recent South Korea news reports indicate that the training issue is now resolved. I hope our witnesses can confirm this. A third issue involves operational control of South Korean forces in wartime. As I stated during my visit to Seoul, I have concluded that enough time has passed for Seoul to be up to speed in terms of providing for its own defense. I support a transfer of wartime operational control of the forces of the Republic of Korea to their own command at the earliest possible moment. The American peo- ple welcome Seoul’s expressed desire to take charge of its own de- fense in wartime. President Harry Truman certainly never suspected that over half a century after the Inchon landing, Americans would still be play- ing the leading role in the defense of South Korea. After more than half a century of preparation under an American command, the South Korean military is ready to leave the nest and fly high into the heavens. As I mention Inchon, where I laid a wreath this sum- mer, I note that the September 15th anniversary of that heroic landing has just passed, and I hope we can recall favorably those who fell to preserve South Korean sovereignty. A fourth alliance issue involves the environmental cleanup of bases previously occupied by American forces. This issue has been underscored in the South Korean public’s mind by Seoul film mak- ers. They produced a film called The Host, which was this sum- mer’s South Korean blockbuster, drawing over 13 million
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