La Presse Israélienne Contre Le Viol Et Le Suicide Entre Les Années 1958 Et 1962 Directeur De Thèse : M

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La Presse Israélienne Contre Le Viol Et Le Suicide Entre Les Années 1958 Et 1962 Directeur De Thèse : M UNIVERSITE DE PARIS VIII No. Attribué par la bibliothèque : ECOLE DOCTORALE PRATIQUES ET THEORIES DU SENS THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS 8 Discipline : ETUDES JUIVES ET HEBRAIQUES Présentée et soutenue publiquement Par Tal Strasman Shapira Juillet 2016 La presse israélienne contre le viol et le suicide entre les années 1958 et 1962 Directeur de thèse : M. Gideon Kouts Jury : M. Kouts Gideon, Professeur à l’Université Paris 8 M. Elyada Ouzi, Professeur à l’Université de Haïfa M. Rausky Franklin, Directeur des recherches doctorales à l’Université Denis Diderot M. Riveline Ephraïm, Professeur émérite à l’Université Paris 8, Président Résumé en français : Le 10.01.1960, se tient à Tel Aviv une réunion spéciale d’un sous-comité du Comité des rédacteurs. Ce sous-comité est fondé ad-hoc dans l’intention de prendre une décision exceptionnelle d’autocensure. Les rédacteurs s’infligeaient par cette décision des restrictions quant à la quantité de nouvelles publiées dans la presse sur les questions liées au suicide et au viol. La présente étude présentera les différents aspects de cette décision dans le cadre de la situation en Israël à l’époque : Les lourdes vagues d’immigration et les conséquences sociales qu’elles entrainaient et les rapports entre les journalistes et le leadership politique. Il est possible que la décision de Janvier 1960 soit le fruit d’une perception de la part des décideurs de la stratégie commerciale, perception selon laquelle la presse a une influence éthique, morale, émotionnelle et psychologique au-delà de son simple rôle de transmission de l'information. Selon cette approche, l’objectif de ladite décision était de réduire l’impact psychologique et criminel de ce type de publications ainsi que le phénomène de copiage des actes décrits. Je suggère qu’un second motif a peut-être conduit à l’adoption de la décision et cette seconde hypothèse implique que Ben Gourion a poussé les rédacteurs à adopter cette décision afin de cacher au public des lecteurs les difficultés de la réalité du pays. Cette recherche est la première étude traitant de l’autocensure des publications sur le suicide et le viol et c’est aussi la première recherche au sujet de la décision de 1960. La revue de presse que démontre que la décision n’a jamais été appliquée intégralement, malgré le fait qu’elle a influencé la quantité et la qualité des publications pendant un certain temps. L’analyse démontre que la réduction du nombre d’articles ainsi que leur présentation n’ont eu aucun impact tangible sur le nombre de suicides et de viols. Dans les deux domaines, la décision a failli à entrainer une baisse des taux de suicide et de viol en Israël. Title in English : The Israeli press vs. rape and suicide between the years 1958 and 1962 Abstract : On January 10th, 1960, two senior newspaper editors held a meeting in Tel Aviv. The two editors constituted a special subcommittee of the Editors Committee that had been appointed to make an unusual decision in favour of self-censorship. The decision set limits on the quantity and contents of published articles on the subjects of suicide and rape. This research examines various aspects of that decision and the conditions that enabled it to be taken, based on different aspects of the situation in Israel at the time: the mass migration, the status of the journalists and their relations with the leaders, and the prevailing laws. It is possible that the January 1960 decision, the focus of this research, evolved from the belief of the editors and policy-makers, that the press had a moral, mental, emotional and psychological effect on the newspaper consumers, in addition to its role of spreading information. This self-imposed restriction on detailed publication on the subjects of suicide and rape, may have originated from their intention to prevent psychological and criminal damage, and copycat cases. There may have been another reason for taking this decision which was that David Ben Gurion, the Prime Minister at the time, directed the editors to take it in order to prevent the exposure of the difficulties prevailing in those years. This is the first research about self-imposed censorship on the subjects of suicide and rape, and the first examination of the self-imposed censorship decision taken by the Editors Committee in January 1960. The research will show that the decision was implemented partially and for a limited time only. The analysis shows that the reduction of publications and changing the terminology following the decision had no influence on the quantity of suicides, attempted suicide cases and assaults. In both suicide and rape, the decision did not reduce the number of actual cases. Table des matières Avant-propos ............................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 7 Chapitre 1 – La décision ........................................................................................................ 26 1.1 - La décision du Comité des rédacteurs au sujet de la publication de nouvelles sur le suicide et le viol.................................................................................................................... 26 1.2 Notions de base théoriques, les causes et les conséquences .......................................... 71 Chapitre 2- L’état d’Israël dans les années cinquante ....................................................... 97 2.1 Contexte historique et culturel ....................................................................................... 97 2.2 Le contexte politique .................................................................................................... 105 2.3 Le contexte sociologique-psychologique-criminologique ........................................... 111 Chapitre 3 - L'état de la presse en Israël dans les années cinquante .............................. 131 3.1 Introduction sur la presse en Israël dans les années 50 ................................................ 131 3.2 Le Comité des rédacteurs - Histoire et Caractéristiques ............................................. 143 3.3 Le conseil de la presse .................................................................................................. 151 3.4 Les relations entre journalistes et dirigeants dans les années 50 .................................. 154 3.4.1 Ben Gourion et sa relation avec la presse .............................................................. 160 3.4.2 Ben Gourion et les sujets du suicide et du viol...................................................... 177 Chapitre 4 – La presse et les cas de suicides ...................................................................... 188 4.1 Suicide et journalisme - Introduction ........................................................................... 188 4.2 La situation dans d'autres pays ..................................................................................... 196 4.3. La situation en Israël - Introduction ............................................................................ 202 4.3.1 Revue de presse 1958-1962 ................................................................................... 208 4.3.1.1 Données statistiques ....................................................................................... 208 4.3.1.2. Analyse qualitative ........................................................................................ 220 4.4 Les attentats-suicides.................................................................................................... 245 Chapitre 5 - La presse et les cas de viol ............................................................................. 252 5.1 Viol et journalisme - Introduction ................................................................................ 252 5.2. La situation dans d'autres pays .................................................................................... 265 5.3 La situation en Israël - Introduction ............................................................................. 278 5.3.1 Revue de presse 1958-1962 ................................................................................... 289 5.3.1.1. Données statistiques ...................................................................................... 289 5.3.1.2. Analyse qualitative ........................................................................................ 299 Chapitre 6 - Discussion et conclusions ............................................................................... 319 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................................ 341 Annexes ................................................................................................................................. 375 Annexe 1- Liste détaillée des publications quotidiennes sur le suicide dans Maariv, Davar et Hatzofé. .......................................................................................................................... 375 Annexe 2- Liste détaillée des publications quotidiennes sur le viol dans Maariv, Davar et Hatzofé. .............................................................................................................................. 376 Avant-propos « Depuis le 17ème siècle, le journal imprimé est un intermédiaire clé entre l'événement et le lecteur. Cependant,
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