OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 39 NO. 3 SUMMER 1989

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF The Archaeological Society of Ohio Membership and Dues Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included 1990 President Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Ct., Lancaster, OH in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an 43130—Tele: 614/653-9477 incorporated non-profit organization. 1990 Vice President Gary Davis, Box 133, Bainbridge, OH 45612 Tele: 614/634-2761 1990 Exec. Sect. Michael W. Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick-Eastern Back Issues Rd. N.W., Pickerington, OH 43147 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 1990 Treasurer Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, OH 43130—Tele: 614/653-6642 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 1990 Recording Sect. Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd., Canal Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 4.00 Winchester, OH 43110—Tele: Bus. 614/898-4116 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 1990 Immediate Past Pres. Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 Columbus, OH 43211—Tele: 614/297-2641 1990 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH Back issues—black and white—each $ 4.00 43064—Tele: 614/873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 4.00 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write TRUSTEES to business office for prices and availability. 1992 David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 1992 Larry Morris, 901 Evening Star S.E., East Canton, OH ASO Chapters 44730 Aboriginal Explorers Club 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave., Seaman, OH 45679 President: Chuck Henderson, 1244 North Union, Salem, OH 1992 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Rangeline Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 Chapter 1990 John J. Winsch, M.D., 41 Dorsey Mill Rd., Heath, OH 43056 President: Jacque F. Stahler, 115 South Mill St., DeGraff, OH 1990 Dana L. Baker, 17240 Twp. Rd. 206, Mt. Victory, OH 43340 Beau Fleuve Chapter Tele: 513/354-3951 President: John McKendry, 1020 Humbolt Pkwy, Buffalo, NY 1990 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, OH 44136 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1990 Stephen Puttera, Jr., 4696 Hillside Rd., Seven Hills, OH President: Norman Park, 4495 West High Street, Mantua, OH 44131 Fort Salem Chapter President: Clinton McClain, 1844 Sicily Road, Mt. Orab, OH Business Manager Johnny Appleseed Chapter Frank Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081 President: Mark Hersman, 608 Logan Road, Mansfield, OH Tele: 614/846-7640 King Beaver Chapter President: Carl Storti, 1519 Herrick St., New Castle, PA Regional Collaborators Lake County Chapter David W Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President. Bili King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, OH Lower Valley Basin Chapter Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH President: John Unrue, Rt. 5, Box 5372 - Apt. 52, South Point, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH Mound Citv Chafer James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall. PreetOwit. tiarmel "Bud ftiokutt, 9/ Mnsawlmann /iiil -- Columbus, OH 43210 Uhillicoth*, ZH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St.. Bluffton, 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Harry Blair, 613 Virginia Ave., Midland, PA Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, , OH Sandusky Bay Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: George Demuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman. OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Seneca Arrow Hunters President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Six Rivers Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist a"}sider>: ^rank '//. Cttc, 2200 E. Powell Rd., Westerville, OH should be sen! to the Editor. Memberships, . ei^u^jii ;oi OQCK issues, changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Standing Stone Chapter ness Manager. President: Sieve Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, OH Sugar Creek Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, President: Gary L. Summers, 8170 Sharon Ave., N.W., North SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Canton, OH TABLE OF CONTENTS ; President's Column A Remarkable Hopewell Pipe by Robert N. converse 4 Another summer has come and gone, Cylindrical Eye Birdstone Salvage by car/B.Dunn 5 \ as we|| as one of my most enjoyable A Rare Northern Find byDougMiiier 6 times. Not just because of the warm I weather that allows us to get out more, The Oakley Cache by Robert N.Converse 7 j DUt to visit with our chapters at their A Fine Blade From Hardin County by Russell J. Long 8 I summer picnic meetings. Officers from j the state organizational level are always The Shouvlin Center Site, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio by Robert n/./Morr/s 9 warmly greeted and made to feel A Licking County Surface Find by Jim Suttner 17 i welcome. It is a time as President of the A.S.O. that I can relax at a meeting. I Hopewell Crow/Raven Effigy Pipes: An Ohio-Illinois Comparison by Phillip R.snriver 18 have no meetings to conduct nor do I An Engraved Birdstone from the Kenneth Black Collection by Robert w.converse 22 have t0 worry if everything is going ! alright. It is a time to enjoy some of the The Ordeal of Mishinakwa, The of the Miamis, \ best peach pie you'll ever eat, bid on an At The Treaty of Greene Ville by Phillip R.Shriver 23 ! at the chapter's silent auction, or I enjoy a short program presented by a The Archaeological Conservancy by Thomas R. Grubb 29 j member of a chapter. These meetings The Lake Mohave Knife by wm JackHranicky 30 i are just as important as the four that are j held in Columbus, Ohio each year. It Engraved Paint Cup from the Richman Collection by Ron R/cbman 32 gives those on the state level an Flint From The Fletcher Collection by Perry Fletcher 32 opportunity to not only visit, but show our support for the chapters. As Vice Axe Extremes by Carl a Dunn 33 President and now president of the An Early Archaic Double-Notched Butterfly Bannerstone A.S.O., I have been stressing that the chapters and the state organization are From Butler County by Phillip R.Shriver 34 I not two separate entities, but together A Cache of Five Blanks from Tiffin, Ohio by Dr. Russetu. Long 38 ! helP make UP this 9reat archaeological I society. I have tried to get the chapters Summary of the Gallant Site by Dr. Russell j. Long 38 j more involved at the state level: the June A Lamar Culture Pipe by Jon c. GnWn 40 i meeting in Marietta, Ohio "where our j chapters were featured"; the chapters Finds by Dawc/M.Btosser 41 presenting our mini-sessions at the four In Memoriam ....41 meetings in Columbus, Ohio; an annual chapter president's meeting in Novem- Recognition Awards 42 ber; and the first picture in the Ohio Book Review The Hopewell Site: A Contemporary Analysis Archaeologist of the chapter presidents. ! I have also been amazed at the Based on the Work of Charles C. Willoughby 43 | number of people belonging to chapters Letter to the Editor...... 43 ! that have never been to a state meeting i in Columbus. At these meetings, we have j a mini-session at 10:30 a.m. and at 1 j p.m. a program with top quality speakers in the field of archaeology. The quality of our programs has been outstanding thanks to our program chairperson Martha Otto. These programs are not presented just so our state officers can enjoy them. They are presented for the ! benefit of all our members. Come to the I state meetings, as well as your chapter i meetings, and bring a friend.

j Donald A. Casto FRONT CO VER - Hopewell effigy platform P res ide nt pipe of siltstone in the collection of J. Kirk Whaley, Madison, . See article on pages 4 and 5.

3 A Remarkable Hopewell Pipe

by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

Many archaeologists and collectors, as well as the general public, consider Hopewell effigy platform pipes to be the epitome of prehistoric sculptural art. Depicting a wide variety of animal and human forms familiar to Hopewell craftsmen, these rare pipes have come principally from two caches - one found at Mound City by Squier and Davis and the other from the Tremper Mound by Wm. C. Mills. Despite the fact that other large Hopewell centers have yielded quantities of exotic material, effigy pipes are usually absent and only a handful have been found over the whole Hopewell area from Ohio to Illinois. In fact, not a single pipe of this kind was found at the original Hopewell site and it would be safe to say that fully 80% to 90% of all the known effigy platform pipes are encompassed in the Tremper and Mound City caches. These sculptures are lifelike and yet many are stylized and show a skill in design and execution which would be the Fig. 1 (Converse) Side view of Hopewell effigy platform pipe. Length is 4 13/16 inches. envy of many modern day artists, Not only are they skillfully carved, but the rather complicated method of incorporating a pipe bowl into sculpture without distracting from the total appearance requires an additional ingenuity and talent. Madison Wisconsin, the pipe is one of the pipe depicts a waterfowl quite possibly a The finding of one of these pipes on few examples not in a museum. The front brant, which would be a rare visitor to the the surface is a rarity of rarities, but such portion of the platform was broken off and Mississippian flyway where the pipe was was the case when this pipe (front cover missing but fortunately the pipe was found. The carving shows only the head, and accompanying figures) was found found before it became destroyed by farm and the identification, therefore, is north of Kingston, Des Moines County, or construction machinery or the attrition tentative. In aboriginal times the cavities Iowa. The finder was Don Simonson, an of time. The missing part has been representing the eyes were probably Iowa game protector, on May 22, 1974. carefully restored. fitted with small fresh water pearls or bits Now in the collection of J. Kirk Whaley of Made of a gray-green siltstone, the of shell.

Fig. 2 (Converse) Bowl cavity of pipe has been drilled and slightly Fig. 3 (Converse) Underside of bill is carefully carved, gouged.

4 Cylindrical Eye Birdstone Salvage

by Carl B. Dunn 120 Crescent Court Bucyrus, Ohio

While surface hunting for Indian outstanding feature is the eyes which References artifacts in Eden Township, Wyandot have variously been described as Converse, Robert N. County, Ohio, my brother, Boyd F. Dunn, "cylindrical projections" (Converse n.d.: 1971 Ohio Slate Types, A Special found the head of a broken birdstone. 64), "popeyed" and "protruding knobs" Publication Of The Archaeological Society of Ohio, p. 39 and Foreword, Attempts to salvage the piece by the (Converse 1971: 39), and "beaded" Columbus. prehistoric owner are depicted in the (Parks 1976: 9). accompanying photographs which reveal The cultures of Red Ocher, Gravel Converse, Robert N. deliberate scratching or roughening of the Kame and Meadowood are n.d. The Glacial Kame Indians, A Special highly polished surface and a prominent contemporaneous in Late Archaic/Early Publication Of The Archaeological groove worked into the neck (Figure 1). Woodland archaeological sequence Society Of Ohio, pp. 16-17, Slate pieces broken by the Indians were (Converse n.d.: 27) with birdstones listed Columbus. often salvaged by reuniting the pieces as a common trait (Converse n.d.: 16-17). through drilling holes at appropriate In Ohio Slate Types the statement is Dragoo, Don W. lashings (Converse n.d.: Foreword). made (Converse 1971: 39), "This 1963 Mounds For The Dead: An Analysis Of The , Annals Of Roughening of the neck's surface birdstone (referring to a photo of two The Carnegie Museum, Vol. 37, adjacent to and above the break is shown cylindrical eyed birdstones) is diagnostic Pittsburgh. on the reverse (Figure 2). It is obvious of the Meadwood Phase of New York that the groove and abrasions were made (Ritchie 1965: 190)". Converse added the Parks, Cameron in an effort to provide a more secure further clarification that although 1976 Some Notes On Frauds, Ohio purchase for the binding used to affix the Meadowood was a culture which shared Archaeologist, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 9- head to the body. The length and angle of many traits with the Gravel Kame of Ohio 12, Columbus. the fracture would indicate that the there were no recorded instances of salvage effort probably initially was popeyed (cylindrical eyed) birdstones Ritchie, William A. successful. Repair of a broken cylindrical found with Gravel Kame burials in Ohio. 1965 The Archaeology Of New York State, The Natural History Press, Garden eye birdstone involving grooving although There were no Meadowood points City, New York. of a different type was reported on a find located in the immediate vicinity of the in Ottawa County, Ohio (Tiell 1976: 16). birdstone head, however, the author has Tiell, William W. Dimensions of the artifact are: end of found multiple Meadwood points within 1976 A Salvaged Brown Slate Birdstone beak to maximum extent to the break 1 one-quarter mile of that location. Based From Ottawa County, Ohio, Ohio 3/4 inches; basal width of throat 1/2 inch; upon the researched information the Archaeologist, Vol. 26, No. 2, p. 16, height of eye 3/8 inch; inside cylindrical eyed birdstone is associated Columbus. measurement eye to eye 3/4 inch; width with the Meadowood culture which of groove 1/8 inch and depth of groove appeared in time approximately 1,000 1/16 inch. The material from which the B.C. (Converse n.d.: 26). head is made is a dark green slate with Photographic credit and my black banding. There are no tally marks appreciation is given Mr. James Slosser, visible (Tiell 1976: 18).The most Willard, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Dunn) Obverse of birdstone head showing groove and Fig. 2 (Dunn) Reverse view revealing the slanting break and adjacent roughening of polished slate surface to facilitate repair or salvage of deliberately roughened surface to provide a better face for the salvage the broken artifact. lashing.

5 A Rare Northern Illinois Find by Doug Miller 1828 2nd Ave. Sterling, Illinois 61081

While surface hunting in Bureau together (Fig. 2). The upper portion has This term "Ohio" pipestone may be County, Illinois in April, 1989, I found a not been found. misleading. John Washburn, Ken banded slate anchor pendant (Fig. 1), The jagged edge resulting from the Farnsworth, of the Center for American partially exposed in a bean field. Artifacts break has been heavily ground. The Archaeology, and I have recently of this type and material are not in piece must have meant a lot to its maker, questioned the origin of some of the local general very rare, but in our area of judging from the extensive efforts made material. An uncommonly large amount of northern Illinois, the ornamental artifacts to salvage it. the unworked pipestone material, as well we find are usually made of pipestone. Another uncommon feature of the as completed artifacts, has been turning Robert Converse, in his Ohio Slate pendant is a series of 20 tally marks up in Sterling, Rock Falls, Rock Island Types, places this type of pendant in the along the right side of the stem. I will let and Moline areas of northwestern Illinois. Early to Middle Woodland time period. He the professionals speculate what the The edges of the raw material have been notes that this type of pendant is usually marks mean, but I have observed that polished, giving the material a tumbled somewhat thicker than most other such tally marks appear most frequently appearance. The larger pieces or cobbles pendants. This piece is no exception, on anciently damaged or salvaged have somewhat of an outer cortex over being 7/16 inch thick. It also exhibits the artifacts, seldom on undamaged or some of the surfaces. bi-facial drilling characteristic of this type complete relics. These pieces of unworked material of pendant. This piece is 3 inches long and 2 3/4 may suggest a more local supply source There are two uncommon aspects to inches across the points. It is very highly for the pipestone, other than trade with this piece, however. A deeply incised polished. the distant southern Ohio inhabitants. A groove runs entirely across the edge of I noted previously that most uncommon local source might be a local quarry or the piece near the upper left corner of the artifacts found in this part of Illinois are glacial till. stem. This may have been done in a futile usually made of pipestone, specifically, Chemical analyses of several hundred attempt to remove the unsymmetrical "Ohio" pipestone. Some of these artifacts pipestone fragments found in the area are bulge at the top of the stem, a bulge left are nearly 20 plummets, 20-30 different being conducted through the Center for by the ancient breakage of the stem. The complete or fragmentary gorgets, several American Archaeology of Kampsville, groove may have been used to help lash bannerstones, a tube pipe and a Illinois for comparison with the Ohio the two portions of the broken stem back birdstone. material.

Fig. 1 (Miller) Banded slate anchor pendant. Fig. 2 (Miller) Author's conception of how artifact may have been fastened together. The Oakley Cache

by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

This cache of approximately 25 to 30 and are bi-pointed in design, much like the use of Indiana hornstone - both of blades was found in Stokes Twp, Logan unnotched turkeytail points. These which are typical of Red Ocher. County, Ohio, by Dave and Gary Oakley blades, however, are not as thin and well Most Red Ocher occurrences found of Wapakoneta, Ohio, between chipped as classic turkeytails. Since most thus far in Ohio have come from the November 10, 1988, and March 14, 1989. of the blades are in whole condition it is southwestern part of the state from Ross Whole blades and pieces of blades were unlikely that they were intentionally County to Hamilton County, the Oakley found on a knoll which had apparently broken or "killed" but were probably Cache being the first reported from north eroded allowing them to be reached by broken by the plow. central Ohio. Strangely, another almost the plow. There are at least 25 whole Such caches are not common in Ohio simultaneous find of a similar cache has blades and pieces of what may be as and the cultural affiliation immediately recently come to light from near Kaiser many as 8 or 9 more. All are made of comes into question. The blades bear no Lake in Champaign County Indiana hornstone, a material imported resemblance whatever to Adena or These new discoveries reveal that the from Harrison County, Indiana. This flint, Hopewell cache blades nor are they Red Ocher presence in Ohio may be which is nodular, shows the typical circles similar to rough percussion chipped more widespread than was previously and nodule centers making it easily blades sometimes found in caches and thought and that Red Ocher people were identifiable. The colors are gray with which are probably Archaic in origin. Two regular visitors to the Ohio area in the last tinges of brown, tan and frosty gray. Most clues may point to their source - the bi- millennium BC. of the blades are from 5 to 6 inches long pointed somewhat assymetric shape, and

Fig. 1 (Converse) Bi-pointed blades of Indiana hornstone from a cache found in Logan County, Ohio.

7 A Fine Blade From Hardin County

by Russell J. Long 675 Alma St. Beaumont, Texas 77705

I never got to hunt much "new ground" around Ada because almost all of the land was under cultivation or else in permanent wood lots. One field I had watched for a long time was on the Sam Van Atta farm three and a half miles east of Ada on SR81 in Washington township, Hardin county. This was close to Hog Creek as it came out of the Hog Creek marsh. In the Spring of 1951 we were visiting our families in the Ada area. Dean Driskill told me that the field had been plowed and was in corn. I went over the next morning and talked to Roy McMillan who was farming the land. Imagine my surprise when I found this large thin blade in a corn row. The material is waxy black . Large thinning flakes are taken from both faces then both edges are pressure chipped from both faces. The width diminishes slightly as you approach the square base. There is no polishing on the sides but the base is highly ground. There is some basal thinning. Paul Tanner's pencil drawing shows this flint knapping gem in natural size. The chipper really knew what he was doing, because there is a non-flint inclusion near the tip. This defect did not spoil the symmetry of the piece. The width to thickness ratio is 5.88 to 1. Davis (1980) has a photograph of the same type of blade made from Carter Cave flint () that was found near Buckskin Creek in Ross County. Our editor, Robert N. Converse, in commenting on the blade in connection with Davis' article is of the opinion that it belongs to the Piano period. Davis thought it was late Adena.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Converse, Robert N. 1980 Comment of Davis blade article, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 30, No. 2. Spring 1980, pp31.

Davis, Garry 1980 A Fine Blade, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 30, No. 2, Spring 1980.

Fig. 1 (Long) Black Upper Mercer blade, from Hardin County. Pencil drawing by Paul Tanner, natural size.

8 The Shouvlin Center Site Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology, Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501

This report concerns the excavation Street, respectively. More specifically, the large parking lot adjacent to the site. In and analysis of artifacts recovered from a site is located behind an old brick home addition, trenching, emplacement of recently discovered archaeological site at 723 North Fountain Avenue (known as concrete curbs and a brick sidewalk on the Wittenberg University campus in the Hume House), and adjacent to the within five feet of the site has created Springfield, Clark County, Ohio. This site Shouvlin Center. The exact location is further disturbance. Finally, installation of was accidentally discovered during the approximately 120 feet due west of North the base of a new light pole only two feet summer of 1988 by Mr. Kerry E. Howard Fountain Avenue and 23 feet west of the southwest of square C has added to the and Mr. Andrew Jordan of the Wittenberg rear wall (NW corner) of the Hume disturbance. In summary, human activity Grounds crew, during the removal of an House. It is 5 feet east of the brick during the past century, especially the old lilac bush at this location. After sidewalk adjacent to the parking lot and recent construction by the University have digging and chopping out the bush at its 72 feet due south of the Shouvlin Center. left their imprint on the site and made its roots, they refilled the hole and levelled The site is located in what was the interpretation quite difficult. the ground surface. A few days later, after backyard of the Hume House, but which In general, the substrate in all squares heavy rains, Mr. Howard and Jordan has been recently landscaped into a is disturbed. Because the site is located noticed some arrowheads had washed bedding plot for ground cover and small in a bedding plot bordering a campus out at the surface. They began to search trees. sidewalk, the surface 1 - 2 inches is a the soil in that area and collected several mixture of bark mulch, wood chips, and dozen complete and broken projectile EXCAVATION topsoil. Below the mulch layer, one might points and five small celts. A total of four 3 by 3 foot squares expect to find A horizon topsoil; however, The author learned of this discovery in (designated A, B, C, and D) were in portions of nearly all the squares from September 1988 and received permission excavated at the site by the author. These 3 to 7 inches of tan clay occurs. This clay from Mr. Howard and Jordan to study and squares, including part of another (square is mixed in places with accumulations of document the artifacts they had collected, E), covered an area of more than 36 1/4 to one inch sized crushed stone as well as put them on exhibit at square feet (Figure 2). Square A was (dolomite). Below the clay/crushed stone Wittenberg. In addition, the author centered at the approximate location of layer occurs typical dark grey brown decided to conduct a careful, small-scale the original pit dug by Howard and topsoil which probably represents excavation at the site in order to a) Jordan. The western corners of square A portions of the original A horizon. In most document the location of any artifacts still were located five feet from the edge of squares, about 12 to 14 inches down the buried, and b) record the stratigraphy and the brick sidewalk. Location of the other topsoil grades into a dense dark brown, substrate materials which comprise the squares were measured relative and pebbly soil which probably represents site. Because this site is located on the adjacent to square A (see Figure 2). weathered glacial till. The author Wittenberg campus in an area where Excavation involved the use of a trowel to interprets the clay and clay/stone mixture construction and landscaping have in the carefully remove soil in 1/4 inch horizontal to represent subsurface clay unearthed past and will continue to occur, the author intervals downward. Objects and features during trenching for the nearby sidewalk considered this excavation to be, in part, encountered were examined and depth and spread laterally into the site area a salvage operation in case the site is and locations were measured. Sediment where it now covers, in part, the original obliterated in the future. Permission to excavated was not screened; partly due topsoil horizon. The crushed stone is excavate several test pits (squares) was to the nature of the substrate and the used as fill below the brick. Most of obtained from Mr. Mark L. Goheen, prevalent rainy weather. Depths to which square A contained a mixture of loosely Superintendent of Grounds, Wittenberg the squares were excavated varied and packed fill composed of topsoil, clay University. During several days in depended on the type of substrate lumps, mulch fragments, and dolomite December 1988 the author excavated encountered. Square A was excavated to fragments that had been used to refill the one 3 by 3 foot square and part of 11/2 feet, except for the central and NE original pit after removal of the shrub. The another. In April - May 1989, three portion which went down to 2 1/2 feet. mixed fill in square A extended to a depth additional squares were excavated. In Square C was excavated to one foot; the of 18 inches where the roots of the bush early May, the author refilled the eastern part of square E to two feet; and were cut. Further excavation to 30 inches excavation and closed the site. This squares B and D to eight inches. depth revealed only dark brown topsoil report presents a discussion of the site, containing no artifacts or lithic materials. its stratigraphy, interpretation, and STRATIGRAPHY In addition to the highly disturbed soil analysis of the artifacts recovered. As each square was excavated, it horizons, additional evidence of modern became more apparent that the normal man's impact on the site involves the LOCATION soil profile and horizons were no longer presence of recent artifacts in the The site is located in the same block as intact and that the substrate has been squares. Man-made materials such as the Shouvlin Center, the Wittenberg highly disturbed. This condition was to be sherds of broken glass, earthenware Student Center (formerly the Wittenberg expected since the site is located 20 feet flower pot sherds, and rusty nails were Student Union), and the Student Center from the rear of an old brick house in an excavated at depths ranging from 3 to 10 parking lot (see Figure 1). This block is area that was used as a garden. Within inches. Along the NE edge of square C, a bounded on the west and east by the past decade or so, excavation for the broken Archaic point was found adjacent Woodlawn and North Fountain Avenues, foundation and construction of the to a fragment of brick at a depth of 3 respectively, and on the north and south Shouvlin Center has occurred, as well as inches. In square B, fragments of brick, by Stoughton Place and West Ward the construction and landscaping of a aluminum wire, and glass were found at

9 depths down to 6 inches. These square B (Figure 2). Two additional points points are made of tan to brown Delaware occurrences illustrate the highly disturbed are similar to the Transitional point of chert and 4 points from a dull black chert. nature of the site. Converse (1973:15) and could be Late Consideration of the type of flint as Paleo or Early Archaic in age (Figure 6). related to cultural affiliation indicates the ARTIFACTS FROM THE SITE The majority of the identified points following: 41% of the Archaic artifacts A total of 78 lithic artifacts have been appear to be of Archaic age. Quite a were made from dark or mottled recovered from the site; 46 (59%) of range of Archaic point types are Coshocton (Upper Mercer) flint, in which were collected randomly by Kerry represented including: several side-notch contrast to only 27% of the Archaic items Howard and Andrew Jordan when they varieties, two bottleneck points, a being made of Flint Ridge flint. Of the ten discovered the site. The majority of these Kanawha bifurcate, a bevel, a Kirk corner Adena points, 60% are made of Flint items came from the area which notch, a small dovetail, and others Ridge material in contrast to only 20% of corresponds to square A. An additional (Figure 7). An Archaic pendant-stem Coshocton flint. 32 artifacts (41%) were excavated point, similar to those described by stratigraphically by the author, as part of Hothem (1986:97), was excavated as part OTHER ARTIFACTS this investigation. The variety of artifacts of Assemblage 3. A possible Expanded Two additional types of artifactual include the following: stem point of Late Archaic age is also material were recovered from the site. 63 projectile points/blades present. These consist of specimens of hematite 2 drills/perforators The second most numerous category and muscovite mica, two minerals which 1 uniface scraper of points are regular and Late Adena often occur at certain prehistoric Indian 5 celts stemmed varieties (Figure 8). This group sites, including mounds, burials, and 1 piece - specular hematite comprises 22% of the identified points occupation site. One piece of micaceous 3 pieces - muscovite mica and more than half are fashioned from specular hematite (Figure 16) having a 2 pieces - worked flint Flint Ridge flint. At least six points from metallic luster, somewhat oval shape, and 1 grooved pebble the site appear to be Hopewell (Figure 9). rather smooth exterior was found. One One is a Jacks Reef Corner notched point side of this hematite object is quite flat Stone Tools of Late Woodland age excavated from and shows evidence of rubbing or Five celts, representing three different square C (Figure 10). It is interesting that abrasion. Perhaps it was used as a types, were recovered. Three of these are no or Mississippian age polishing or sharpening stone or for some similar; being short stubby celts made points have been found at the site. other purpose? from dark grey to grey black slate (Figure During excavation, three different Three pieces of muscovite mica 3). They are smooth and polished in part, assemblages of multiple points occurring ranging from 2 to 3 inches in length were but are rough in some places. They are together were unearthed and are referred excavated from different locations in possibly smaller, crude examples of to as Assemblages 1, 2, and 3. The square A (Figure 16). The two largest Adena celts, as described by Converse detailed site map (Figure 2) shows the pieces were found at depths of 3 inches; (1973:32). A well preserved, rectangular locations of these assemblages. the smaller at 7 to 8 inches depth. None shaped celt composed of dark grey Assemblage 1 was located at a depth of 3 show evidence of being cut into a definite banded slate was also found (Figure 4). inches near the SW corner of square A ornamental shape, although both larger This celt has a smooth exterior and is (Figure 11). Assemblage 2 (Figure 12) pieces taper to a rounded point at one probably a square celt of Hopewell origin, consists of four points found in close end. However, this may reflect the partial as figured by Converse (1973:35). The proximity among roots in square C. form of the original muscovite crystal of best celt of the group is a highly polished, Assemblage 3 (Figure 13) consists of four which each mica fragment was once a tapered variety made of diabase (Figure points found close together near the SW part. It is well known that the Hopewell 4). Unfortunately none of the celts were corner of square A. Indians of the Ohio Valley used muscovite collected stratigraphically. In addition to points and blades, two mica sheets, as well as other exotic drills and a uniface scraper were also materials such as copper, galena, conch LITHIC ARTIFACTS OF FLINT found (Figure 14). One drill has a broad shells, fossilized sharks teeth, etc. both A total of 63 projectile points and expanded base; the other, of Flint Ridge as, and to manufacture, ceremonial blades were recovered from the site. flint, has a notched base. It may have objects and ornaments (Potter, 1968; Eighteen were not assigned to a cultural been a thick large point that has been Woodward and McDonald, 1986; affinity due to either fragmentary worn down and resharpened many times Hothem, 1989). The Hopewell preservation or uncertainty of the author. into this heavy duty drill or perforator. established a far-reaching trade network Of the 45 identified points, one blade (and Other flint items from the site include with other Indian cultures and traded the perhaps two others) are of Paleo age; 23 several pieces which show evidence of highly prized Flint Ridge flint and Ohio (51%) are Archaic in age; 10 (22%) are having been worked or used as a tool pipestone for these exotic materials. Adena to Late Adena types; 6 (13%) are (Figure 15). Also a curious siltstone Shiny, silvery sheets of muscovite mica Hopewell; and three are generally pebble was found which has a groove probably came from the Appalachian Woodland in age. The oldest artifact is a present around the middle. This may be Mountains in either western North Paleo Lanceolate blade of the Agate due to natural weathering and not a Carolina or Virginia which are geologically Basin type (Figure 5), nearly identical to manmade groove. among the closest sources for this the example from Marion County, Ohio Lithic analysis of the types of flint or mineral to Ohio. Hothem (1989:4) illustrated by Hothem (1986:13). This chert comprising the artifacts reveals the mentions the Cane Creek quarry in blade is well made from dark mottled following: 24 items (36%) are made from Virginia as a known source for mica Coshocton flint; quite typical as noted by Flint Ridge flint and the same number are sheets. Large sized muscovite crystals Converse (1973:10). It also has a flute­ made from Coshocton (Upper Mercer) which can be split into large sheets occur like impact fracture on one side of the tip, flint. The Flint Ridge varieties range from geologically in pegmatite deposits, such as described by Overstreet and Peake the typical glossy light grey to colorful as occur in the Spruce Pine, North (1989:7-8). Most authors consider creamy pink and reddish. The Coshocton Carolina region. Prehistoric Indians must lanceolate points of this type to be of Late flints range from the dark black glossy have quarried muscovite from exposed Paleo or Transitional Paleo in age. It was variety to the mottled black and grey to pegmatite deposits in the Appalachians excavated at a depth of 5 inches in black and blue varieties. In addition, 5 as a source for this material. The piece of

10 specular hematite is also not indigenous situated near the west side of Woodlawn artifacts from the site. These consist of to Ohio, but most likely came from the Avenue immediately opposite the Paleo-lndian, Archaic, Adena, and Iron Ranges of the northern Great Lakes Wittenberg Student Center. Other early Hopewell. The least amount of material is area. Geologically, the closest sources for maps also record the presence of Indian of Paleo origin; whereas Archaic material this mineral would be the Upper Spring, for example Evert's 1875 map is the most abundant (23 points). Lesser Peninsula of , northern from the Illustrated Atlas of Clark County, amounts of Adena (10 points, 3 celts?) , or northern Wisconsin. Ohio (Figure 18). In fact, Robinson and and Hopewell material (6 points, one celt, Hopewell Indians traded extensively for Pidgeon's 1882 map illustrates two mica) occur. No evidence of the Fort native copper from the Keweenaw springs, Indian Spring and another Ancient or Erie culture has been found. It Peninsula area of Michigan and could unnamed spring, in this same area. As is evident that the excavated portion of also have acquired specular hematite can be seen on these maps, Indian the site was not a workshop area. Very from the nearby Marquette Iron Range. Spring gave rise to a small surface few chips, flakes, or flint debitage were stream which flowed westward through found. Although the majority of artifacts PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE SITE the campus eventually into Buck Creek were derived from square A (where the The Shouvlin Center site is located in near Plum Street. Today, evidence of this shrub was removed), at least 14 artifacts the southeastern sector of the Wittenberg former spring-fed stream can be seen as were excavated from locations beyond University campus area, immediately the lowlying "hollows" (eg. Graduation square A, some in place among roots south of Shouvlin Center (Figure 1). Hollow) adjacent to West Ward Street and which had not been recently disturbed. Topographically, the main portion of the along the southern base of Myers Hill. Further, the majority (76%) of the 30 plus campus between Plum Street and During the years 1851-60, Lentz artifacts excavated in place by the author, Woodlawn Avenue is a series of rolling (1946:80) notes that a bathhouse was occurred in a depth range of 2 to 5 inches hills on which are located many of the constructed along this stream under the below the surface, with the average depth campus buildings. Geologically, this hilly direction of Professor H. R. Geiger, so being 3 to 31/2 inches. These items terrain is the southern end of the that students could bathe in the stream include three assemblages of points Springfield end moraine and consists waters. (Figures 11-13) and mainly occurred in a mainly of thick deposits of glacial till Indian Spring no longer exists in the dark topsoil material. deposited here as the last Pleistocene ice campus area as a surface spring; The author feels the site could sheet melted away. The hilly morainal however, its presence is still felt. During represent one of several possible topography slopes down into lowlying flat construction of several University interpretations. The artifacts collected at terrain to the south and southeast along buildings (Wittenberg Student Center, the site might represent someone's West Ward Street and to the east along Shouvlin Center), groundwater flowing artifact collection that was buried and Woodlawn Avenue. The site is located in from zones of glacial sand and gravel forgotten years ago and later was this lowlying flat region extending which underlie this area caused flooding disturbed by gardening and building eastward from Woodlawn Avenue. About problems and had to be pumped from the activity. However, the author prefers to one-third mile to the south and southwest, construction sites. Even today, sump interpret the site as some type of this flat topography terminates at the top pumps in the basements of these two prehistoric Indian site which has been (edge) of a line of dolomite cliffs which buildings prevent potential flooding from highly disturbed over the years by more overlook the gorge through which Buck this groundwater source. Obviously, recent human activity. The presence of Creek (formerly called Lagonda Creek) construction of these campus buildings, the aforementioned Indian Spring in close flows westward into Mad River. Today this private homes, and the city streets have proximity to this location during the past area is a typical suburban neighborhood disrupted the natural groundwater flow several thousands of years could have with University buildings interspersed and eradicated Indian Spring; however, provided an excellent water source for among private homes, situated along its former presence has definite prehistoric Indians who inhabited this paved streets. However, little more than a implications for this site. It is common area from time to time. In addition, Clark century ago, this area was quite knowledge that prehistoric Indians, as County is very rich in prehistoric Indian undeveloped with much of the campus well as early settlers often camped near history and sites which span the cultural and surroundings being wooded rolling springs. The author has been unable to periods represented at this site. In his hills and pasture. In his "History of locate any specific reference to Indian publication on the archaeology of Clark Wittenberg College," H. H. Lentz Spring and why it became known as County, Mr. David Collins (1959) (1946:79-80) records that during the ante­ such. Perhaps some of the historic discusses many of the important sites, bellum years of 1851-60, cattle often Indians (Miami and ) who still mounds, and artifacts interpreted to be of grazed on the Wittenberg College lived in the Springfield area during the Archaic, Glacial Kame, Adena, and property and fences were finally erected early 1800's utilized the spring as a water Hopewell age from this area. The Works to control this situation. The City of source? Perhaps early residents of Project Administration publication Springfield map in the 1870 Atlas of Clark Springfield found Indian artifacts near the concerning Springfield and Clark County County shows only 5 houses existing in spring and applied the name? Whatever (1941:14) states that as of that date, 64 the immediate campus area (Figure 17). the reason, the author feels that the mounds, 9 enclosures, 14 habitation The only building on the campus at that presence of this spring adjacent to a large sites, 55 burials, and 8 cemeteries time was Myers Hall, situated atop the hill (Myers Hill) would have been a good attributed to prehistoric Indians had been large hill in the middle of the campus. inducement for prehistoric Indians to located in Clark County. A number of Careful inspection of this 1870 secure water and camp here periodically these sites had been discovered and Springfield map reveals some interesting during the past. studied by the late Arthur R. Altick, former information relative to the Shouvlin Curator of the Clark County Historical Center site. First, the site is located west INTERPRETATION OF THE SITE Society, during the 1930's. of North Market Street (now North The highly disturbed nature of the site Within the City of Springfield, several Fountain Avenue) in the southern portion makes its interpretation both difficult and mounds and burials have been located of the I. Ward estate. Secondly, a natural questionable. Several basic facts can be and excavated over the years. According spring, called Indian Spring, was also established which pertain to its analysis. to Beer's (1881:455-456), a conical present nearby. This spring, no longer First, at least four different prehistoric mound of 50 yards diameter at its base present at the surface, would have been Indian cultures are represented by and containing large quantities of human

11 Wittenberg campus and providing a 1986 Indian Flints of Ohio. Hothem bones was removed from the area of House Books, Lancaster. Spring and Washington Streets in 1847 barricade for use at the site. The author is 1986 Collecting Indian Knives. Books by workmen who used it for ballast during indebted to Mr. Charles Fulk of Ashland, Americana, Florence, AL construction of the Dayton and Sandusky Ohio, who kindly examined and helped 1989 The Hopewell Trade Empire. Railroad. Immediately west of the identify many of the artifacts and provided Indian-Artifact Magazine 8 (2):4- 5. Wittenberg campus in Ferncliff Cemetery, a wealth of useful information. Thanks Lake, D. J. a prehistoric Indian mound known as also goes to Mr. Brent Hamilton, who 1870 Atlas of Clarke County. Sylvan Hill (the G.A.R. Mound) was helped excavate square C; Miss Kristin Ohio. C. 0. Titus Publisher, graded and approximately 60 skeletons Morris, who helped measure the site . of prehistoric Moundbuilder Indians were location; and Dr. William Kinnison, who Lentz, Harold H. unearthed (Prince, 1922:31). Dr. William provided useful historical information 1946 A History ot Wittenberg College Kinnison, President of Wittenberg about Wittenberg and local Springfield (1845-1945). The Wittenberg University, mentions reading newspaper history. Finally, the author thanks Mrs. Press. accounts of early Wittenberg students Joanne Kernitz and Mr. Floyd Barmann of Overstreet, Robert M. and Howard Peake the Clark County Historical Society and who reportedly dug into a mound or 1989 Indian Price Indian site near the campus and collected Mrs. Regina Entorf of the Wittenberg Guide. Overstreet Publications, arrowheads and artifacts; however, there University Archives for help in locating Inc., Cleveland, TN. is no mention of the location of the historical information pertaining to the Potter, Martha A. mound or site (Kinnison, 1989, personal site. 1968 Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples. The communication). Thus, the Shouvlin Ohio Historical Society.Columbus. Center site could represent a temporary REFERENCES Prince, Benjamin F. occupation site for several prehistoric Beers, W. H. 1922 A Standard History of 1881 The History of Clark County. Springfield and Clark County. Indian cultures through time, mainly Ohio. W. H. Beers & Co., Ohio. The American Historical because of its location and the availability Chicago. Society, Chicago and New York. of good spring water. Collins, David R. Robinson, E. and R. H. Pidgeon An interesting question regarding this 1959 Archaeology of Clark 1882 Atlas of the City of Springfield. County. The Clark County Ohio. E. Robinson, Publisher, site is: why do a large number of artifacts Historical Society. occur in a rather small localized area? Mr. New York. David Collins has suggested this site Converse, Robert N. Woodward, Susan L. and Jerry N. McDonald 1973 Ohio Flint Tvoes. The 1986 Indian Mounds of the Middle might represent a collection of projectile Archaeological Society of Ohio, Ohio Valley. The McDonald and points, celts, and other items gathered Columbus. Woodward Publishing Co., and buried here by a prehistoric (Late 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Newark. Woodland?) Indian (Collins, 1988, Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus. Works Project Administration personal communication). This collection Everts, L H. 1941 Springfield and Clark County, (cache) was later disturbed by more Ohio In the W.P.A. American 1875 Illustrated Atlas of Clark County. Guide Series published by The recent human activity. Most caches Ohio. L. H. Everts &Co., Springfield Tribune Printing Co. consist of small to large numbers of Philadelphia. blades or points which are of similar type Hothem, Lar and material; however, not all. In his discussion of various caches, Hothem (1986:10) reports a cache from Madison County, Kentucky which contained 28 triangular blades plus additional artifacts including a 6 by 9 inch sheet of mica, nodules of galena, and a large rectangular gorget. Whatever the case, the bulk of the site area has been extensively destroyed, first by the construction of private homes, and later by the construction of several University buildings and a large parking lot. If the Shouvlin Center site is a true prehistoric Indian site, it is definitely multicomponent and contains material dating back to the Paleo-lndians of about 8500 - 8000 BC (Hothem, 1986). However, the majority of the artifacts recovered are Archaic in age, followed by lesser amounts of Adena and Hopewell material.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank Mr. Kerry Howard and Mr. Andy Jordan for allowing me to study the artifacts they collected and put them on display as an exhibit in the Science Building, Wittenberg University. Special thanks also goes to Mr. Mark Goheen, Fig. 1 (Morris) Map of Wittenberg University campus area, Springfield, Ohio. The star indicates the Superintendent of Grounds, for giving me location of the Shouvlin Center Site. permission to excavate the site on the

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Fig. 2 (Morris) Detailed excavation map of the Shouvlin Center site. Excavated squares are labeled A through E. The number next to each artifact symbol represents the depth (in inches) at which the artifact was located.

13 Fig. 3 (Morris) Three short celts, possibly Adena in age. They range Fig. 4 (Morris) Top, Square celt of Hopewell origin. It is 4 inches in from 3 to 4 inches in length and are 2 inches in width at the blade. length and 2 inches wide at the blade. Bottom, Highly polished celt The bar scale is 2 inches in length. made of diabase.

Fig. 6 (Morris) Left, a Late Archaic Expanded stem point of Flint Fig. 5 (Morris) Paleo Lanceolate blade of dark mottled Coshocton Ridge flint. Center and right, possible Tranitional points of Late Paleo flint, excavated from square B. It is 2 3/4 inches in length. or Early Archaic age.

Fig. 7 (Morris) Archaic projectile points from the site. The two points on the left are bottlenecks: the two points in the lower right are a Fig. 8 (Morris) Stemmed Adena points from the site. The lower row are Kanawha bifurcate and a bevel. regular Adena points: the upper row are probably Late Adena in age.

Fig. 10 (Morris) Artifacts excavated from square C. The smaller point (upper right) is perhaps a Jacks Reef corner notch variety of Hopewell age. It is probably made from Pipe Creek material. The large point is made of Flint Ridge flint and is probably Hopewll. Lower, tight, a flint Fig. 9 (Morris) Hopewell points from the site. chip of Flint Ridge flint which might have been used as a thumbnail scraper. Fig. 11 (Morris) Assemblage 1, excavated at a depth of 3 inches. The Fig. 12 (Morris) Assemblage 2, excavated at a depth of 3 inches from large stemmed point is of Delaware chert and is possibly Late the northern portion of square C. The dark point is a hatted scraper Archaic. Top Center, and Archaic point of Flint Ridge flint. of mottled Coshocton flint. Extreme right, An Archaic Kirk corner notch point of Delaware chert.

Fig. 13 (Morris) Assemblage 3, excavated at a depth of 4 to 5 inches. Fig. 14 (Morris) Left., a notched, heavy duty drill or perforator of Flint Left to right, an Archaic pendant-stem point of black chert: a Ridge flint. Center, a large expanded base drill or perforator of glossy Woodland side notch point of blue-black Coshocton flint: a broken Coshocton flint. Right, a uniface scaper of gret striped Flint Ridge Archaic bifurcate of Flint Ridge material: a point of pink and white flint. chert.

Fig. 15 (Morris) Left and center, worked flint items which show Fig. 16. (Morris) Upper right, specimen of micaceous specular evidence of chipping or use as tools. Right, siltstone pebble with hematite measuring 3 1/4 inches in length by 1 3/4 inches in width. medal groove. Other specimens are pieces of muscovite mica, 1/4 inch thick, excavated from square A. The white surface on the specimen (lower left) represents reflected light.

15 1 A MitcttttU S N tJtr •* X k "ij l\

Fig. 17 (morris) A portion of the 1870 City of Springfield map showing the Wittenberg College campus and surrounding neighborhoods. Note the presence of Indian Spring in the I. Ward estate and its proximity to the Shouvlin Center site. A black dot has been added to the map at he approximate location of the site. This map is reproduced from the 1870 Atlas of Clarke County, Ohio published by CO. Titus. Philadelphia.

Fig. 18 (Morris) A portion of the 1875 City of Springfield map showing the Wittenberg College area, including the former Indian Spring and stream which flowed through the southern part of the campus. The Shouvlin Center site is marked by a black dot added to the map. This map is reproduced from L. H. Everts' 1875 Illustrated Atlas of Clarke County, Ohio published by L. H. Everts & Co., Philadelphia

16 A Licking County Surface Find by Jim Suttner 4144 Grayfriars Lane Columbus, Ohio 43224

The paleo blade shown was found by the author on March 7, 1989 while field hunting in Etna Township, Licking County. It is 4 7/8 inches long and was found a few hundred feet from the busy I-70 Interstate Highway. This artifact is made of glossy black Coshocton flint and has a distinct right- hand bevel. The base is lightly ground and the chipping shows some collateral flaking. It was awarded a Best Of Show ribbon at the May, 1989 meeting. Photograph by B. Pickard.

Fig. 1 (Suttner) Paleo Blade found in Licking County, Ohio.

17 Hopewell Crow/Raven Effigy Pipes: An Ohio-Illinois Comparison by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

John B. Carlson has written: "The Indian way of life encountered by Europeans when they came to these shores was the faded shadow of a society that flourished in the eastern woodlands around the time of Christ. That society was a dynamic and opulent one, leaving earthworks on a gigantic scale and carloads of imaginative art done in copper, mica, stone, and other mediums as the most visible evidence of its existence. . . . Once lumped together as with all of the ancient peoples who piled up earth for various purposes — until archaeologists at the beginning of this century identified the society as a distinct episode in human experience — this society is now called Hopewell. ... The most stunning evidence of Hopewell comes from the main river valleys of southern Ohio, where freshwater pearls by the thousands adorned single burials, and millions of cubic feet of earth went into construction of geometric forms and the biggest burial Fig. 1 (shriver) Found in the Mica Grave of Mound 13 in Mound City in Ross County, Ohio by William C. Mills and Henry C. Shetrone, this exceptional 4 1/2 inch long crow/raven effigy pipe had mounds to be found anywhere. Yet from been ceremonially broken before being thrown upon a crematory fire. Originally shaped from light Kansas City eastward to New York, and tan-colored pipestone, only those fragments of the pipe which fell outside the fire retained their from Florida northward to the Great original color. The rest were heat-discolored to brownish-black shades. Ay one time part of the Lakes, archaeologists find the artifacts collection of the Ohio Historical Society, it is now a featured exhibit of the Mound City Group and other evidences that identify National Monument near Chillicothe. It is reproduced here through the courtesy of the National Hopewell. It was undeniably a successful Park Service from a photograph by Bonnie Murray. phenomenon, existing roughly from about 100 B.C. to A.D. 500." (See Carlson, 1979: 1.) In early March, 1978, more than 150 people gathered at Chillicothe, Ohio, from every part of what Joseph R. Caldwell had earlier styled the "Hopewell interaction sphere" (1964) for a Conference on Hopewell Archaeology sponsored by the National Park Service and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. For four days they shared their recent research through papers and discussions focused on cultural ecology and on "archaeological data that show in situ cultural developments and regional diversity among the elements of the Hopewell (or Hopewellian) archaeological complex.n (See Brose and Greber, 1979: xiii.) Of the many papers coming out of the Chillicothe Conference, one which caught my attention was entitled "Woodland Subsistence and Settlement in West Central Illinois," co-authored by David L. Asch, Kenneth B. Farnsworth, and Nancy B. Asch, all three representing the Fig. 2 (shriver) Largest of all the platform pipes excavated by Mills and Shetrone at Mound City, thisFoundatio n for Illinois Archaeology. In it crow/raven effigy pipe measures 5 inches in length and is shaped from dark blue pipestone. they observed: "Farnsworth, who is Reproduced from the photograph which appeared originally in the 1992 article by Mills entitled studying the spatial distribution of "Exploration of the MOund City Group," it appears here courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society. Hopewell pipes held in private and museum collections, has found the west side of the Mississippi to be a void.

18 Among the 544 plain and effigy pipes studied to date, 72 were recovered in west central Illinois counties bordering the . Only two are from adjacent counties in Missouri." (1979: 84.) This was the first attempt at over-all quantification of Hopewell pipes which I had seen. Recalling that 226 pipes had been found in the Mound City Group (15 plain, 211 effigy, most of which were recovered from Mound Number Eight by Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis in 1846 and subsequently ended up in the British Museum), 142 had been discovered by William C. Mills and Henry C. Shetrone in the Tremper Mound (79 plain and 63 effigy, most of which are now in the Ohio Historical Society Museum), and 47 had been excavated in the Hopewell Group (44 plain, 3 effigy), I understood that some 415 Hopewell platform pipes had been found in those three southern Ohio sites alone. (See Shetrone and Greenman, 1931: 508; Barnhart, 1985: 4: Otto, 1984:22.) That southern Ohio was the epicenter of the Hopewell interaction sphere has long been established. That west central Fig. 3 (Shriver) Effigy of a crow's head, this platform pipe was found in a cache of 136 pipes in the Illinois, in the valley of the Illinois River, Tremper Mound in Scioto County, Ohio. Featured in an article by Martha Potter Otto in Timeline in was another major center of Hopewell 1984, it is here reproduced with the permission of the Ohio Historical Society. cultural influence has also long been understood. Indeed, Martin, Quimby, and Collier observed as early as 1947 (294) that "of all the Hopewell cultures, the Illinois variant most closely paralleled the Ohio Hopewell in achievements." More recently, Robert Converse has pointed out that "there were two large centers of Hopewell activity in the eastern — one in the Scioto valley in Ohio and the second in the Illinois River valley in Illinois." (1988: 22.) John Carlson (1979: 6) goes so far as to suggest that "an item in one place duplicates the same artifact hundreds of miles away, as if both had come from the same 'factory.' Clay figurines from the Knight Mound in southern Illinois are virtually the same as some ceremonially broken ones from the Turner Mound in southern Ohio. . .Raven platform pipes from each of those regions literally came from the same mold, even to the configuration of the feathers, indicating a single artisan had made both." Intrigued by these comments, I endeavored to find examples in the published literature of raven/crow/corbie pipes from Ohio and from Illinois that seemed literally to have "come from the same mold, even to the configuration of the feathers." To date I have not seen examples from the two regions that are that similar, but I am still looking. I did, however, come across some interesting Fig. 4 (Shriver) Crow/raven Hopewell effigy pipe from Greene County, Illinois, this platform pipe pieces that are shown here to afford was shaped from reddish-brown pipestone and is 4 5/8 inches in length. It was aquired from the comparison. Three of them have Ohio Joseph E. Meyer Collection by the author in 1988. origin. One comes from Illinois. (As suggested above, I do not propose to get hung up on the ornithological distinctions between the crow and the raven. Differing 19 in size and range, the crow is the more The third of the Ohio crow/raven to ask his help in identifying the bird common today in the area south of the effigies is illustrated here in Figure 3. One represented by the pipe. Without Great Lakes. The larger raven is usually of 136 pipes removed from a single cache hesitation, he responded that it was a found in the far north and west. In all in the Tremper Mound, it is in fact the raven or a crow, that the head, the wings, likelihood, according to an ornithologist effigy of a crow's head. Shaped from Ohio the relatively short legs of the bird — all friend of mine, both species were found pipestone, it measures 3 1/4 inches in suggested this. In turn he enlisted the throughout the Ohio Valley in prehistoric length. Martha Potter Otto has noted that opinion of another colleague, whose times. /See Osborne, 1989./ The umbrella a similar crow pipe was found by Squier immediate response was that it was a term "corbie," which can be applied to and Davis when they excavated Mound 8 corbie — that is, a raven or a crow. (See both the crow and the raven, I propose of the Mound City Group in 1846. The two Osborne, 1988.) not to use since it has little meaning to are the only known effigies of crows' Yet another distinction between the most of us.) heads taken from Ohio mounds. (See Illinois effigy and the three from Ohio is The three Ohio Hopewell crow or raven Otto, 1984: 18-26; Barnhart, 1985: 2-17.) that the former has never been broken, effigy pipes were found in the Scioto From the other major center of ceremonially or otherwise, whereas all Valley, two in the Mica Grave of Mound Hopewell culture, the valley of the Illinois three Ohio pipes had been broken or 13 in Mound City, a mile north of River in west central Illinois, has come burned at the time of interment or Chillicothe, by William C. Mills and Henry the curved-platform effigy pipe shown cremation of their owners. This in turn C. Shetrone in 1920-21, the third in the here as Figure 4 . Sculptured from suggested that the Illinois pipe was a Tremper Mound five miles north of reddish-brown pipestone, possibly midden, not a mound, find. With that in Portsmouth by Mills and Shetrone in quarried in either Ohio or Wisconsin since mind, I turned to the report by David P. 1915. All three had been ceremonially pipestone is not found locally in Illinois, it Braun on Illinois Hopewell burial practices broken before deposit in their respective measures 4 5/8 inches in length and 2 1/2 (1979: 66-70), and noted that in the mounds. Fortunately, all three could be inches in heighth. Found by a man Klunk-Gibson Mound Group, a large restored. named Hubbs in Greene County, Illinois, Hopewellian burial site in the lower Illinois The first of the three (see Figure 1), at not far from the archaeologically rich River valley, over 500 individual Middle one time part of the collection of the Ohio Kampsville area in 1912, it was later part Woodland burials had been investigated Historical Society but now a feature of the of the R. Perkins Collection, the Stephens in 13 mound locations and one natural exhibits of the Mound City Group National Collection, and the Joseph E. Meyer knoll. In striking contrast with Ohio Monument near Chillicothe, was Collection before being recently acquired Hopewell sites, Braun found that in these described by Mills as "an exceptional by the author in March, 1988. Illinois Hopewell mounds "artifacts were sculpture, both with respect to its fidelity Close examination of this Illinois not common either as burial offerings or to life and the care with which the Hopewell pipe reveals a number of as feature inclusions, lacking association feathering is depicted by the artist. . . . interesting details. First, it would appear with any one particular individual." (1979: Originally made from a light tan colored that the eye sockets, as deeply indented 68.) However, according to Braun, pipestone, portions of the specimen, as they are, once held inserts of pearl or "among non-local material artifacts found when ceremonially broken, were thrown copper like those of the Ohio pipes. in the Klunk-Gibson Mound Group were upon the crematory fire, while other Second, the curvature of the platform plain platform pipes and effigy platform fragments fell outside the fire. The former base is unusually radical, at least in pipes, documented as 'Rare Midden were discolored by the heat to a rich contrast to those of the Ohio pipes. Third, Occurrences.'" (1979: 70.) brownish-black, while the latter retain the in marked contrast to the second Ohio Intrigued by the prospect of other light color of the original material." (See pipe (see Figure 2), the curved base of village or habitation midden finds of plain Mills, 1922: 516-517.) With a basal length the Illinois pipe is squared at the front and and platform effigy pipes in the Illinois of 4 1/2 inches and a heighth of 2 1/4 rounded at the back. In this respect, it is valley, I searched George West's inches at the bowl, this curved-base quite similar to the Hopewell duck hawk monumental study of prehistoric pipes for platform effigy was appraised by George effigy pipe, excavated by Squier and other reports of those of the Illinois A. West as "finely executed, bold, and Davis in 1846 in Mound 8 of the Mound Hopewell. In all, West reported 9 of them, with full details." (See West, 1934: 614.) City Group, which as part of the Davis 5 effigy and 4 plain. None of the 5 effigies Second of the Mound City crow/raven collection is now back in the British was that of a crow or raven. Each of two pipes is the one illustrated in Figure 2. Museum after having been on exhibit last of the plain platform pipes had a squared Largest of all the platform pipes year in the new Archaeology Mall of the end and a curved or tapered end, like the unearthed by Mills and Shetrone, it Ohio Historical Center. That pipe, like the ends of the base of the crow/raven pipe measures a full 5 inches across its base one shown here from Illinois, showed a shown in Figure 4. (See West, 1934: 582- with a heighth of 2 1/2 inches at the bowl. tapered or curved back end of its platform 583; 576-577.) In addition, one of these Made of dark bluish-drab pipestone, the base opposite the squared front or had both the radical curvature of the pipe has a curved base which is rounded mouthpiece end. platform base as well as the combination in the front and squared at the rear. Its Another distinctive feature of the Illinois of a squared end and a curved or tapered sculpture was described by Mills as "not crow/raven effigy is its rather heavy, end found in the crow/raven effigy as good" as that of the first pipe, abbreviated bill. (See Figure 4.) Though illustrated in Figure 4. (See West, 1934: "although the general form is fairly true to of similar proportions to one of the Ohio 576-577.) nature. The perforations for the eyes, pipes (see Figure 2), it is significantly Interestingly, of the 9 Illinois Hopewell which apparently were pearls, are drilled shorter and thicker in comparison to the pipes reported by West, only 3 were entirely through the head of the bird. It is other two (see Figures 1 and 3). Also, its shaped from catlinite or pipestone while 4 probable that in this manner the pearls head is knobbier and the details of wings, were made of steatite, 1 of chlorite, and 1 inserted for eyes could be secured, one feet, and talons are less conspicuous of sandstone. Two were bird effigies — to the other, by means of a cord, a than are those of the first two Ohio pipes. an owl of steatite and a songbird of process not infrequently employed in the Given all of these particular distinctions, sandstone. (See West, 1934: 576-577; Hopewell culture in setting pearls into is the Illinois pipe an effigy of a crow or 578-579: 582-583; 594-595; 626-627; bear teeth and other objects used as raven after all? Having doubts in my own 634-635; 642-643.) ornaments." (See Mills, 1922: 517-518; mind, I visited David Osborne, our According to West, catlinite or West, 1934:610-611.) resident ornithologist at Miami University, pipestone pipes found in Illinois are

20 fashioned from nonlocal materials since in their magnificently sculptured effigy Museum, Scientific Papers No. 12. there are no known deposits of pipestone pipes, of which the crow/raven pipes in that state. Rather, the stone may have represented in this article are but a few, Carlson, John B. come from quarries near the present town do we see this evidenced. 1979 "Hopewell: Prehistoric America's of Pipestone in southwestern Minnesota, Golden Age." Reprinted from Early Man magazine, Northwestern a beautiful, fine-grained stone running Acknowledgments Archaeological Program, Winter, from 2 to 4 inches in thickness which Gratitude is certainly due the Miami 1979. comes in many shades, though University Audio Visual Service for quality predominantly red. Or, it may have come photographic work with the Illinois Converse, Robert N. from several known catlinite quarries in Hopewell crow/raven effigy pipe featured 1975 "Ohio Hopewell Material in the Field north-central Wisconsin, material the in this article. Appreciation also goes to Museum." Ohio Archaeologist. 25(1): quality of which is quite similar to that the Ohio Historical Society for kind 16. from Minnesota though the color is more permission to reproduce the Tremper 1988 "A Large Hopewell Spear." Ohio a reddish-brown. Or, the stone may have Mound crow/raven effigy pipe featured in Archaeologist. 38(4): 22. come from quarries in south central Ohio the October 1984 issue of Timeline Gehlbach, Don R. near Portsmouth. West observes that magazine as well as the Mound City "Ohio produces a pipestone quite similar 1977 "The Effigy Platform Pipes of the crow/raven effigy pipe illustrated in the Hopewell People." Ohio in texture and other qualities to both of Ohio Archaeological and Historical Archaeologist. 27(31:16. the above mentioned varieties of catlinite, Quarterly, 31(4), 1922. I am also except that as a rule it is much lighter in particularly grateful to Robert Petersen, Martin, Paul S., George I. Quimby, and Donald color, being of pinkish shades ranging Park Ranger at the Mound City Group Collier into grays." (See West, 1934: 329-331.) National Monument, for his courtesy in 1947 Indians Before Columbus. University Given the reddish-brown material from enabling me to use the image of the of Chicago Press. which the Illinois crow/raven effigy pipe crow/raven effigy pipe photographed by Bonnie Murray of the National Park Mills, William C. (Figure 4) has been shaped, it is my 1922 "Exploration of the Mound City Service and now on display at Mound belief that it probably had its origin in the Group." Ohio Archaeological and catlinite quarries of north-central City. Historical Quarterly. 31(4): 423-584 . Wisconsin rather than those of southern References Ohio. Asch, David L., Kenneth B. Farnsworth, and Osborne, David R. In going through more than 30 years of Nancy Asch 1989 Conversation with the author, May 3 back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist, I 1979 "Woodland Subsistence and have come across comparatively few Settlement in West Central Illinois." Otto, Martha Potter articles dealing with Hopewell bird effigy In David S. Brose and N'omi Greber, 1984 "Masterworks in Pipestone: Treasure editors, Hopewell Archaeology: The from Tremper Mound." Timeline. platform pipes, even fewer targeting pipes Chillicothe Conference. Kent State 1(1): 18-33. with an Ohio-Illinois connection or University Press, Kent, Ohio. comparison. One, in 1975, dealt with a Robbins, Chandler S., Bertel Bruun, and double effigy pipe of a roseate spoonbill Baldwin, John Herbert S. Zim and a fish, but that pipe had been taken 1984 "A Hopewell Wood Duck Effigy Pipe 1966 A Guide to Field Indentification: from the Hopewell Farm in Ross County, of the Grand River." Ohio Birds of North America. Golden Ohio, by Warren K. Moorehead in 1892 Archaeologist. 34(2): 40-42. Press, New York. and later placed in the Field Museum in Chicago. (See Converse, 1975: 16.) Barnhart, Terry Shetrone, Henry C. and Emerson F. Greenman 1931 "Explorations of the Seip Group of Another, in 1977, featured a peregrine 1985 "An American Menagerie: The Cabinet of Squier and Davis." Prehistoric Earthworks." Ohio falcon pipe from the Tremper Mound in Timeline. 2(6): 2-17. Archaeological and Historical Scioto County, Ohio. (See Gehlbach, Quarterly. 40 (3): 349-509. 1977: 16.) Yet another, in 1984, Braun, David spotlighted a wood duck effigy pipe from 1979 "Illinois Hopewell Burial Practices Shriver, Phillip R. Michigan's Grand River valley and and Social Organization: A 1988 "Mound City Miniature." Ohio contrasted it with similar ones from the Reexamination of the Klunk-Gibson Archaeologist. 38 (2): 4-5. Lawrence Gay Mound in Pike County, Mound Group." In David S. Brose Illinois, and the Tremper Mound in Ohio. and N'omi Greber, editors, Squier, Ephraim G. and Edwin H. Davis (See Baldwin, 1984: 40-42.) The Spring Hopewell Archaeology: The 1848 Ancient Monuments of the 1988 issue featured, on its cover, 2 of the Chillicothe Conference. Kent State Mississippian Valley. Smithsonian University Press, Kent, Ohio. Institution, Washington. 12 Mound City Hopewell effigy pipes then on loan from the British Museum to the Brose, David S. and N'omi Greber, editors Tiell, William Ohio Historical Society, the 2 being a 1979 Hopewell Archaeology: The 1988 "Hopewell Pipes from the British cardinal and a hawk, as well as a Mound Chillicothe Conference. Kent State Museum." Ohio Archaeologist, 38 City miniature platform pipe with incised University Press, Kent, Ohio. (2): front cover, 3. bowl. (See Tiell, 1988: 3; Shriver, 1988: 4- 5.) Interestingly, only in the last Bull, John and John Farrand, Jr. West, George A. mentioned article was there even a 1934 Tobacco. Pipes and Smoking secondary focus of a crow or raven 1977 The Audubon Society Field Guide to Customs of the American Indians. 2 Hopewell effigy pipe. North American Birds (Eastern volumes. Milwaukee Public Museum. Region). Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Reprinted in 1970 by Greenwood John B. Carlson has called the Press Publishers, Westport, Hopewell Era "Prehistoric America's Caldwell, Joseph R. and Robert L. Hall, editors Connecticut. Golden Age." In no particular more than 1964 Hopewellian Studies. Illinois State

21 An Engraved Birdstone from the Kenneth Black Collection by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

Fig. 1 (Converse) Engraved birdstone from the collection of Kenneth Black, Mt. Vernon, Ohio.

Birdstones have long fascinated call them atlatl weights, but this is almost Kenneth Black of Mt. Vernon, Ohio. It was collectors as well as archaeologists and certainly wrong. None of the known atlatl found in Madison County, Ohio, and is reams of paper have been used to weights are drilled in the birdstone made of the usual banded slate, the lines describe them and guess at their uses. manner, nor are any of them made in an of which have been skillfully incorporated There is little doubt that birdstones first effigy form. The fragility of the hafting to form an eye on the left side. made their appearance sometime in the process alone is evidence which refutes The feature which sets this birdstone last millennium BC in Glacial Kame and their use in any utilitarian or strenuous apart from any I have seen is a series of contemporary cultures in the northeastern way. pleasingly engraved lines over nearly the United States and southern Canada. A number of birdstones are tally entire surface. Around the eye is a sort of Birdstones in Glacial Kame have been marked - almost all examples being sunburst design while along the sides of fairly well documented and bust type damaged or salvaged in one way or the body are lines which may depict birdstones have been tentatively another. Seldom does tally marking or wings or feathers. Strangely, the whole assigned to the Adena-Hopewell era. But alteration of any sort appear on engraving is so lightly done that it of all the birdstones in museums and undamaged specimens. Engraving on requires the use of a magnifying glass to private collections only a half dozen or so birdstones - either whole ones or see it clearly. Like many other engravings have been found under circumstances undamaged ones - is very nearly unheard on slate pieces, it seems that perhaps which would reveal their cultural affinity. of, making the example shown in the only the owner or engraver could Their function is still a total mystery. accompanying picture unique. appreciate the fact that it has been so A number of professional archaeologists This birdstone is in the collection of decorated since it is very hard to see.

22 The Ordeal of Mishikinakwa, The Little Turtle of the Miamis, At The Treaty of Greene Ville by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Howard Chandler Christy's "Signing of the Treaty of Greene Ville." The original hangs in the rotunda of the Ohio statehouse in Columbus. Photograph courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society. In the great rotunda of the Ohio capital building in Columbus hangs one of ^f Howard Chandler Christy's most famous ~~7|\v^ P*i' murals, the one entitled "Signing the |Dtz:—--^SS^F" V? Treaty of Greene Ville." (See Figure 1.) In u the midst of the chambers of the governor, the senators, and the representatives of the state, it is viewed by thousands of visitors every week. Nearly every schoolboy and schoolgirl in Ohio has seen it reproduced in textbook illustrations. Of the many near life-size figures depicted on that great mural, two stand out from the rest. One is , hero of Fallen Timbers, the man commissioned by President to represent the "Fifteen Fires of America" (the fifteen United States in 1795) at the treaty The Other is F'9- 2 (Snnver) Key,0 Howard Chandler Christy's painting "Signing of the Treaty of Greene Ville." Reproduced Mishikinakwa, the Little Turtle of the ^^J^T^^^'^'f^Lu u .-y. «-* . u—*-i i n ... , . . . . , . ,. 1. Anthony Wayne 2. Little Turtle 3. 4. 5. William Clark 6. Meriwether Lewis 7. Issac Miamis, tne principal leader Of tne Indian Zam 8, Tarnf)i the Crane 9. Blue Jacket 10. Black Hoot 11. 12. Leatherlips 13. Bad Bird 14. White Pigeon forces in the ill-fated Struggle to keep ts.TheSun 16. David Jones 17. Henry De Butts IB.JohnMills 19. The Treaty ol Greene Ville 20. Greene Ville Treaty Calumel 23 Ohio and the Old Northwest forever Indian. (See Figure 2.) Harvey Lewis Carter has written, "There could have been no greater contrast.... Wayne wore the dress uniform of an American general; with gold epaulets on the shoulders of his blue coat, cut away to reveal his white trousers, he was a model of sartorial elegance from the cockade of his tricorne to the toes of his highly polished black boots. Little Turtle, who wore white man's apparel in later years, now, in the hot weather of the Lightning Moon, wore no clothing but his breech cloth and moccasins; he also had on a bear-claw necklace, metal armlets on his upper arms, large metal ear hoops, a large medallion suspended by a second neck chain, and a headpiece of thirteen eagle feathers fastened in his hair by means of three snake rattles. In his own way he was as impressive as General Wayne..." (Carter, 1987: 149. See also Figure 3.) Much has been written about the role of Wayne, the famous "Mad Anthony" of Revolutionary War fame, in the deliberations culminating in the Treaty of Greene Ville. Much less has been written about the role of his principal adversary, Mishikinakwa, the one called Little Turtle. It is about the latter that this paper has been written. Mishikinakwa, pronounced me'-she- kin-aw'-quaw, was born in 1747 in a small Miami village at the west end of Blue Lake in what is now Whitley County, Indiana. His name in the Miami language meant "turtle," specifically the "painted turtle," or Chrysemys picta. the most common of the several species of turtles found in the ponds, lakes, and streams of Indiana and Ohio. (See Carter, 1987: 44 . See also Figure 4. ) Son of Aquenackqua, the Turtle, an Eel River war chief renowned for his earlier successes against the , it was perhaps inevitable as he was growing up that he would come to be called the Little Turtle. Because inherited leadership Fig. 3 (Shriver) Believed to be a likeness of Mishikinawa, the Little Turtle of the Miamis, this among the Miamis is through the female woodcut is reproduced here through the courtesy and with the permission of the Ohio Historical line, and because his mother was a Society. Mohican, Little Turtle in his childhood years seemed destined for no influential Balme and 30 of his men were killed, the Confederacy, Little Turtle's greatest fame, role among his people. (See Anson, rest put to flight. Miami losses numbered of course, came with his victories over 1970: 45; Sword, 1985: 287.) but 5 in contrast. "From this time forward," General at in All this changed, however, during the according to Carter (1987: 74-75), "he October 1790 and over Governor Arthur American Revolutionary War when, in was a war chief whom the Miami followed St. Clair at what is now , November, 1780, he led a Miami war with confidence... from 1780 to 1790 he Ohio, in November 1791. The defeat of party to avenge the plundering of led many raids against frontier St. Clair, and with it the near annihilation Kekionga, the principal Miami town at the settlements along the Ohio and in of his army, was the worst defeat of an headwaters of the Maumee. The Kentucky, which increased his fame and American army by a force of Indians in all plunderers, a small American influence among the Miami and other history. To his credit, when it later became expeditionary force led by a Frenchman, tribes." Indeed, as a result of his efforts to evident to Little Turtle that a third Colonel Augustin Mottin de La Balme, drive-all whites back beyond the Ohjo adversary, Anthony Wayne.and his new, had made camp along the Eel River, River, there emerged by 1790 the alliance well-disciplined Legion of the West.were some three miles east of Turtletown, then of tribes of the Old Northwest known as unbeatable, he counselled peace among the home of Little Turtle. Shortly before the Miami Confederacy. (See Anson, his fellow Indians, only to find his dawn on November 5, 1780, Little Turtle 1970:94-138.) leadership then repudiated and his place and his followers made their attack. La As the leader of the Miami at the head of the confederated tribes

24 with the Kilatika Miami of earlier times, Little Turtle "was to see that the Miami but the name had vanished from use retained the leadership in peace that he when the British took over from the had earned for them in war." (Carter, French in 1763. They were actually one 1987: 147.) That was the role he sought of the six original Miami bands, of whom to play in the discussions at Greene Ville. the and the had by this With Isaac Zane and Abraham time achieved a separate tribal status." Williams serving as interpreters for the Anson has noted (1970: 13) that the other Wyandots, Robert Wilson for the three original Miami bands at the time of , Jacques Lasselle and earliest French contact, the Christopher Miller for the , Fig. 4 (Shriver) This sketch of the common Atchatchakangouens, Mengakonkias, and Baptiste Sans Crainte for the Ottawas, painted turtle, or Chrvsemvs picta. the species Pepicokias (or Tepicons), had become Chippewas, and , and of turtle for which Mishikinawa was named, is "so intermingled in historic times that the William Wells for the Miamis, Eel Rivers, reproduced here from the Great Lakes Nature names were discarded for the general , , Kickapoos and Guide by Paul A. Herbert, published by the term Miami." That separate recognition , the records of the Michigan United Conservation Clubs. was accorded the Wea, Piankeshaw, Eel proceedings at Fort Greene Ville, kept by River, and Miami delegations at Greene Wayne's secretary, Henry De Butts, and Ville, as representing distinct nations quoted from this point forward throughout taken by the white Shawnee, Blue Jacket, each entitled to separate governmental the remainder of the article, are who in turn led the Indians to humiliating annuities, was a significant pre- remarkably detailed and remarkably defeat in the conference achievement won by Little revealing. For example, they reveal that near present day Maumee on August 20, Turtle with the help of his once estranged at the beginning of the conference the 1794. white son-in-law and official interpreter, atmosphere was, at least on the surface, So it was that in the summer of 1795 William Wells. The "Miami Confederacy" akin to that of a banquet, with Wayne Little Turtle found himself at Fort Greene might yet have meaning! The objective of serving as host and the Indians as his Ville, summoned there by General Anthony Wayne to make peace with the THE TREWY OF GREENE VTLIB, 1795 United States. He who had once been victorious over Harmar and St. Clair was now no more than one of the vanquished in the eyes of Wayne, Pickering, and rd ^~- -s^r President Washington. Gathered with him were many of the greatest chiefs of that Detroit^'^^y j j^ time: Tarhe (called the Crane) and Teyyaghtaw, both of the Wyandots; Mashipinashiwish (or Bad Bird) and Masass, of the Chippewas; Tetabokshke ^^ (known as the "King of the Delawares"), /Tort Miamis J \. Buckongahelas, Peketelemund, and alien Timberar Weelebawkeelund, all Delawares; LeGris, Maumea-^irer r CuyanViga Biver 1 a Tepicon Miami, and The Soldier, an Eel 7 San Aisky \-~^ V t* River or Kilatika Miami; Egushawa of the Kekionga*^— V Rl Ottawas; Blue Jacket and Red Pole of the Shawnees; Asimethe, Michimang, the V/ \ \ New Corn, the Sun, and Okia, all x TuscarMteAs RiveFort r Lauren*-^^l ~. ^v J / Potawatomis; Keeahah of the Kickapoos Fort Recovery ~A ^^ and Kaskaskias; and Little Beaver, representing the Weas and Piankeshaws. 5 TLprjiflle'e Store »*£*-£ Greene Ville In all, 1,130 chiefs and braves were on <£ Muskingum J \ hand. Of the 1,130, the largest bloc, 381, J RVter j / were Delawares. Next in number were Greajt ^r Scicfco \ River ) the 240 Potawatomis, followed by 180 Mia(M. C fiivir \ /* / Ritfer rf Wyandots, 143 Shawnees, and 73 I Fort Harmarii-' / Miamis and Eel Rivers. Smaller f Fortrfomilton \ (Marietta]/ delegations present were those of the •Foift Washington Chippewas (46), Ottawas (45), Weas and ^V () Piankeshaws (12), and Kickapoos and \ \ Ohio River Kaskaskias (10). According to Carter (1987: 147), "The Delaware and delegations obviously contained large numbers of freeloaders, Kenti, cky LickW who came primarily for the refreshments. Rli er RlverU The Chippewa were by far the most populous tribe, but they lived a great distance away. The small number of Wea, Piankeshaw, and Kickapoo attests to the demoralized condition of these tribes... as well as their willingness to let the Miami Fig. 5 (Shriver) The most important provision of the Treaty of Greene Ville was the establishment of speak for them." a boundery line between Indian lands and those of the United States, as indicated on this map. Carter has also pointed out (1987: 146- "You take too much lands away" was the anguished protest of Little Turtle to General Anthony Wayne when he learned that all the land south and east of this line was to be surrendered by the 147): "The Eel River Miami were identical Indians to the United States. 25 invited guests. With seeming terms of the treaty until the absent ones attention to what I now say to you.... You egalitarianism Wayne addressed the had arrived. On July 18, with most of the have pointed out to us the boundary line chiefs as "brothers," and they, in turn, absent ones finally on hand, or en route between the Indians and the United used the same term in addressing him. as in the case of Blue Jacket, Little Turtle States, but I now take the liberty to inform However, by mid-July the spirit of equality rose again to address the General, this you, that that line cuts off from the Indians was vanishing. Wayne by that time was time to reply to Wayne's contention that a large portion of country, which has been addressing the chiefs as "younger precedence for the terms of the Treaty of enjoyed by my forefathers time brothers", to which they were responding Greene Ville could be found in the Treaty immemorial, without molestation or by calling him "elder brother." By the end of the [also called the Treaty dispute. The print of my ancestors' of the conference, after they had affixed of ] of 1789. That treaty in houses are every where to be seen in this their marks of acceptance on the treaty, turn had restated and confirmed the portion. I was a little astonished at the chiefs were addressed simply and Treaty of Fort Mcintosh of 1785 by which hearing you, and my brothers who are symbolically by Wayne as "my children," the Wyandots, Delawares, Ottawas, now present, telling each other what while they in turn replied, "father." Potawatomis, and Chippewas had agreed business you had transacted together And what were the principal terms of to accept limits on their lands to the area heretofore at Muskingum [Fort Harmar], the treaty proposed by Wayne? bounded by the Cuyahoga and concerning this country. It is well known Tuscarawas on the east to the Maumee by all my brothers present, that my 1. Hostilities between the United on the west, ostensibly thereby ceding to forefathers kindled the first fire at Detroit; States and the tribes of the Ohio would the United States the rest of the Ohio from thence, he extended his lines to the end. country and opening it to white head-waters of Scioto; from thence, to its settlement. Observed Little Turtle, "You mouth; from thence, down the Ohio, to 2. Prisoners on both sides would be have shown, and we have seen, your the mouth of the Wabash; from thence to exchanged. powers to treat with us. I came here for Chicago, on Lake Michigan; at this place I the purpose of hearing you. I suppose it first saw my elder brothers, the 3. A boundary line separating the to be your wish that peace should take Shawnees. I have now informed you of lands of the United States from those of place throughout the world. When we the boundaries of the Miami nation, the Indians would be established, hear you say so, we will be prepared to where the Great Spirit placed my commencing at Lake Erie at the mouth answer you. You have told me that the forefathers a long time ago, and charged of the and continuing present treaty should be founded upon him not to sell or part with his lands, but via that river to the portage path and that of Muskingum. I beg leave to observe to preserve them for his posterity. This the Tuscarawas River to . to you, that that treaty was effected charge has been handed down to me. I From Fort Laurens the line would run altogether by the Six Nations [of Iroquois], was much surprised to find that my other westward to Loramie's Store and then who seduced some of our young men to brothers differed so much from me on this to Fort Recovery. From Fort Recovery it attend it, together with a few of the subject: for their conduct would lead one would drop sharply southward to the Chippewas, Wyandots, Ottawas, to suppose, that the Great Spirit, and their Ohio River opposite the mouth of the Delawares, and Potawatomis. I beg leave forefathers, had not given them the same Kentucky, or "Cuttawa," River. (See to tell you, that I am entirely ignorant of charge that was given to me, but, on the Figure 5.) All the land east and south of what was done at that treaty...." contrary, had directed them to sell their lands to any white man who wore a hat, this line was to be ceded to the United Thrust on the defensive, a now sombre as soon as he should ask it of them. Now, States, along with 16 existing forts and Wayne replied to Little Turtle on July 20, elder brother, your younger brothers, the fort sites in the area which otherwise first noting that "many" present at Greene Miamis, have pointed out to you their was to remain Indian, including the Ville in 1795 had also been present at the country, and also to our brothers present. right of access to those forts and fort in 1789 (citing When I hear your remarks and proposals sites. Masass, the Chippewa chief, as an on this subject, I will be ready to give you example), and then reading and an answer; I came with an expectation of explaining the main points of that treaty. 4. A gift to the several tribes hearing you say good things, but I have Wayne concluded with the hope that the aggregating $20,000 would be made by not yet heard what I expected." the United States at the close of the new treaty then under consideration at conference, to be followed by annual Fort Greene Ville would "continue To these impressive arguments Wayne gifts thereafter amounting to $9,500. unbroken as long as the woods grow and made a short but caustic reply: "I the waters run." expected in this council that our minds With Tarhe, the Wyandot, The reply of Little Turtle, emotional yet would have been made up, and that we Mashipinashiwish, the Chippewa, Blue thoughtful, spilled over the next two days. should speak with one voice; I am sorry Jacket, the Shawnee, and Tetabokshke, On the 21st, he asserted that the lands to observe that you are rather unsettled the Delaware, setting the tone, the which had ostensibly been ceded to the and hasty in your conduct." responses of nearly all of the Indian United States by tribes other than the Tarhe, chief of the Wyandots and leaders to the terms proposed by Wayne Miamis at the Treaty of Muskingum [Fort principal spokesman of the were accommodating and accepting. The Harmar] in 1789 or by the British in the accomodationists, then sought to only one who spoke in serious opposition of 1783 "belong to me and undercut Little Turtle by proclaiming: "...I was Little Turtle, the Miami. my people... these lands were disposed have buried the hatchet, and I expect Though the festivities for the of without our knowledge or consent." none of my color will ever find it out. I now conference had begun on June 16, at the It was on July 22 that Little Turtle, the tell you that no one in particular can justly end of corn planting time, Little Turtle did only chief at Greene Ville capable of claim this land; it belongs, in common, to not come to Fort Greene Ville until June debating Wayne on equal terms, made us all; no earthly being has an exclusive 23, when he arrived with LeGris and 17 his most impassioned address. He began right to it; the Great Spirit above is the Miami warriors. By July 9, with principal boldly though courteously by addressing one and only owner of this soil, and he bands of both Wyandots and Shawnees General Wayne by name and not as has given us all an equal right to it." not yet on hand from Sandusky and "Elder Brother," as the other chiefs had With this rebuke to Little Turtle, Tarhe Detroit, it was Little Turtle who called on been deferentially calling him. He turned to Anthony Wayne and presented Wayne to delay serious discussion of the unabashedly asked the general to "pay the American general with a wampum

26 Fig. 6 (Shriver) Calumet of the Greene Ville Treaty, this magnificent pipe is one of the real tresures of the Ohio Historical Society and is here reproduced photographically courtesy of the Society.

Fig. 7 (Shriver) Wampum belt fragment recently aquired by the Ohio Historical Society. It may have been the one presented by the Wyandot Chief Tarhe to General Anthony Wayne at Greene Ville. The shells of this belt have been identified by Dr. David Stansbery of the Ohio State University Zoology Museum as mercenaria Mercenaria, or Northern Quahg, often called the "cherrystone" clam. It is an eastern coast ocean shell having both purple/blue colors. The dark colors are from the margin, the lighter from the inside of the shell. According to Julie Kime of the Ohio Historical Society staff, the warp of the belt is made of buckskin leather: the woof consists of twisted strands of bast fiber, probably Indian hemp.

Fig. 8 (Shriver) Silver presentation medal commemorating the Treaty of Greene Ville. The one shown here is beleived to be the medal presented by Anthony Wayne to Tarhe, called the Crane, a Wyandot chief. Photographed by the Ohio Historical Society, it is reproduced here courtesy of The Historical Society od .

27 belt of blue beads, saying: "You have distinctly the prints of a French and a at home and we are anxious to be with appointed this [council] house for the British post at the Miami villages them." chiefs of the different tribes to sit in with [Kekionga], and of a British post at the Outraged, yet dignified, Little Turtle you, and none but good words ought to foot of the rapids, now in their possession charged that the Americans intended "to be spoken in it... You have proposed to us [Fort Miamis]: prints, very conspicuous, take much of [our] lands away." He to build our good work on the Treaty of are on the Great Miami [], asked-for support for a re-drawing of the Muskingum; that treaty I have always which were possessed by the French proposed boundary between the United considered as formed upon the fairest forty-five years ago; and another trace is States and the lands of the Indians, that principles... You might, by that agreement very distinctly to be seen at Sandusky." at the very least it should terminate at have taken all our lands; but you pitied Wayne concluded his reply to Little Fort Hamilton on the us, and let us hold part. I always looked Turtle with a condescending observation rather than on the Ohio opposite the upon that treaty to be binding upon the that though the Miamis had already sold mouth of the Kentucky River. If accepted, United States and us Indians." some of their lands in earlier years to the the change would have permitted the Significantly, the meeting the following French and the British, the United States Indians to keep the game-rich valley of day (July 23) began with another rebuke was now generously willing to the Whitewater River. In vain did he to Little Turtle, this by the Shawnee Blue compensate the Miamis one more time, attempt to refute the contention of Wayne Jacket, who announced that he was even for the lands they had already sold. that the Miamis already had set going to change his seat at the council It was at this juncture that Wayne precedent for parting with portions of their fire, symbolically moving away from his decided to underscore the right of the homeland when they had turned some of younger brothers, including Little Turtle United States to these lands by reading it over to the French and English in earlier and the Miamis, to "sit next to his portions of the treaties of Paris of 1763 years. He argued that in fact the French grandfathers [the Delawares] and his and 1783 by which the French had ceded and the English had only been permitted uncles [Tarhe and the Wyandots]." At this them to the British and then the British to use the land, that ownership had never point, Egushawa, the Ottawa chief, had relinquished them to the United been vested in them. presented Wayne with what he called the States. Reminding Little Turtle and the On the 29th his frustration poured out "calumet of the three fires" [the Ottawas, other chiefs that they had been the when he addressed Wayne as follows: Chippewas, and Potawatomis] from the unfortunate allies of the French during the "Elder Brother: Listen to me with great lake to the north [Lake Superior], , and of the British attention. You told us you discovered on quite possibly the calumet now on display during the , he the Great Miami traces of an old fort in the Ohio Historical Society Museum in asserted ultimate right of the United [Pickawillany]. It was not a French fort, Columbus. (See Figure 6.) As he did, he States to these lands through the fortunes brother, it was a fort built by me [i.e., by pointed out that an injunction had always of war. At the same time he assured the the Miamis]. You perceived another at attended the calumet, that it should be chiefs that the United States did not Loramies: 'tis true, a Frenchman once hidden when anything bad was intend to "take advantage of you which lived there for a year or two [Pierre contemplated, but should be brought out the British place in their hands; they wish Loramie]... The Miami villages were and smoked when anything good was you to enjoy your just rights, without occupied as you remarked; but it was considered. interruption, and to promote your unknown to your younger brothers, until Heartened by the rebukes to the Miami happiness." Having given this assurance, you told them, that we had sold land to war chief from his fellow Indians, Anthony he then reminded them of the terms of the French or the English. I was surprised Wayne on the following day made a the recent Jay Treaty of 1794 by which to hear you say that it was my forefathers stinging denunciation of Little Turtle's the British had finally agreed "to retire had set the example to the other Indians, assertion that much of the , from Michilimackinac, Fort St. Clair, in selling their land. I will inform you in from the westward, was the Detroit, Niagara, and all other places on what manner the French and English land of the Miamis. That land he said, this side of the lakes, in ten moons from occupied these places.... was the very land claimed by all the other this period, and leave the same to the full These people were seen by our tribes represented at the council. and quiet possession of the United forefathers first at Detroit; afterwards we Asserting that the Miamis had no problem States." saw them at the Miami village [Kekionga] earlier in selling off some of this very land Through the remainder of that day (July — that glorious gate, which your younger to their former "fathers," the French and 27) and through the next several days, it brothers had the happiness to own, and the British, he questioned how that tribe became painfully evident to Little Turtle through which the good words of our had kept faith with the injunction of the that his effort to stiffen Indian resistance chiefs had to pass, from the north to the Great Spirit never to sell any of it? He to the land cessions demanded by Wayne south, and from the east to the west. chided Little Turtle by noting that both the was being rapidly eroded by the Brothers, those people [the French and French and the British "also wore hats," impatience, boredom, and dispiritedness the English] never told us they wished to and "yet your forefathers sold them, at of the other chiefs. It was Tarhe who purchase our lands from us.... You told various times, portions of your lands." He counselled the others to "make no delay" us, at Chicago the French possessed a proceeded to enumerate examples of in accepting the terms proposed by the fort; we have never heard of it." Then on places within the lands claimed by the American general. The New Corn, a a conciliatory note, he concluded: We Miamis where the French or British had Potawatomi chief, argued that the time thank you for the trade you promised to been given sites on which to build trading had come to "finish this good work with open in our country...we wish former posts or forts: "...I find at Detroit a very our elder brother" [Wayne]. traders may be continued, and mixed with strong print [or mark of French and/or Mashipinashiwish, the Chippewa, yours." British occupancy], where the fire was undoubtedly spoke the sentiment of many On the 30th he resumed his rebuttal: first kindled by your forefathers; next, at when he observed that "My mind has long "You have told us of a place possessed Vincennes, on the Wabash; again at been made up...we have been a long by the French, called Musquiton. We Musquiton, on the same river; a little time here... we want no further private have lived at the village a long time; it is higher up that stream, they are to be seen council.... our tardy brothers [those chiefs very surprising that we should never at Ouitanon; I discover another strong and warriors who had not yet come to know any thing about it. The French lived trace at Chicago, another on the St. Greene Ville] have got their wives with at Vincennes, where they were permitted Joseph's of Lake Michigan; I have seen them; they are content and easy; ours are to settle by my forefathers, who told them

28 they should have a small quantity of land gate may now rekindle the fires at that copy would be transmitted by Wayne to for the cattle, etc., on the east, but none favorite spot; and, henceforth, as in their President George Washington for his on the west side of the Wabash." happiest days, be at full liberty to receive approval and for subsequent ratification When Little Turtle had finished, from, and send to, all quarters, the by the United States Senate.] And it was Masass, the Chippewa, wrily observed speeches of their chiefs as usual..." (See Tarhe on August 7, when consideration of that the question of Miami rights to the also Carter, 1987:151.) the distribution of goods and the lands in question had become academic. A final concession followed: "The Little presentation of silver peace medals to the Said he, "You asked who were the true Turtle yesterday expressed a wish that several tribes was commenced, who owners of the lands now ceded to the some of their former traders might be spoke to the assembled tribesmen with United States. In answer, I tell you, if any continued with them as a part of the these words: "I inform you all, brother nations should call themselves the number to be licensed by the United Indians, that we do now, and will owners of it, they would be guilty of a States. This is very fair and reasonable, henceforth, acknowledge the fifteen falsehood; our claim to it is equal; our and a certain number will be licensed United States of America to be our father, elder brother [Wayne and the United accordingly, when properly recommended and you will all, for the future, look upon States Army] has conquered it..." as good and honest men." Unfortunately them as such: you must call them At that point, Wayne rose to reply to for the Miamis, a further wish that they brothers no more. The Great Spirit has Little Turtle, saying: "If my ears did not might continue to control a portage on the crowned them with success in their deceive me, I have heard all the other Little River from which an income had undertakings." nations give their assent to the general been derived was denied. Turning then to Wayne, Tarhe boundary line, and to the reservation Following a final reading of the addressed him as "Father." He continued: generally; I therefore address you, the proposed articles, which remained in "You will see we will all now acknowledge Miamis: You say that the general every essential unchanged from their you to be our father. I take you by the boundary line, as proposed by me, will original reading, Wayne called on each of hand, which I offer as a pledge of our take away some of your best hunting the tribes to approve them. This each did, sincerity, and of our happiness in grounds, and propose to alter it, and run it in turn. When the question was becoming your children.... Now all my from Fort Recovery, through the centre of addressed by Wayne to the Miamis, "You, brothers present, you see that we have this place, and along the road to the Miamis, do you agree?", the response acknowledged and called on the United Miami River, opposite Fort Hamilton.... came back, like all the rest, "Yes." States as our father. Be strong, brothers, This would be a very crooked, as well as Unfortunately, the minutes of the and obedient to our father; ever listen to difficult line to follow; because there are proceedings kept by Henry De Butts do him when he speaks to you, and follow several roads between this and Fort not record the identity of the responder. It his advice. I now deliver this wampum, in Hamilton, some of them several miles may have been Richardville, a village presence of you all, as a token of our apart, which might certainly be productive chief, who was, subsequently, the first being now the children of the Fifteen of unpleasant mistakes and differences; Miami to sign the treaty. (See Sword, Fires." With these words, Tarhe presented that which I propose will be free from 1985: 329.) Conspicuous by his silence to Wayne a large wampum belt of white difficulty and uncertainty. You all know was Little Turtle. and blue shells. This was the Fort Recovery as well as the mouth of the With all the tribes assenting, Wayne presentation scene which would have Kentucky river; a straight line, drawn from announced that the treaty would be been historically accurate had Christy one to the other, will never vary; they are engrossed on parchment and presented chosen it for his mural, not the one two points which will ever be in several days to the chiefs for them to depicting Little Turtle as the presenter of remembered, not only by all present, but sign individually. "In the interim," he the belt of peace to Wayne. (See Figure by our children's children to the end of remarked, "we will eat, drink, and rejoice, 1.) Quite possibly, the wampum belt from time...." and thank the Great Spirit for the happy the Greene Ville Treaty now on display in As for the hope of Little Turtle and the stage this good work has arrived at." the Ohio Historical Center in Columbus is Miamis that they might return to On August 3, the engrossing and was the one presented by Tarhe to Kekionga, their "glorious gate" at the completed, Anthony Wayne committed Wayne. (See Figure 7.) headwaters of the Maumee, Wayne his signature to the treaty, followed by the And what was Wayne's reply to Tarhe? observed that , near the site "sachems and war chiefs" of the Indian Listen! all you nations present. I have of the old Miami villages, was here to tribes and nations, each making his mark hitherto addressed you as brothers. I now stay, noting: "I find there is some as testament of acceptance of its adopt you all, in the name of the objection to the reservation at Fort provisions. This was the scene Howard President and Fifteen great Fires of Wayne. The Little Turtle observes he Chandler Christy sought to memorialize America, as their children, and you are so never heard of any cessions made at that on canvas more than a century later in his accordingly. The medals which I shall place to the French. I have traced the epic mural, "Signing the Treaty of Greene have the honor to deliver to you, you will lines of two forts at that point; one stood Ville." Yet, paradoxically, artistic license consider as presented by the hands of near the junction of the St. Joseph's with being what it was and still is, the scene your father... These you will hand down to the St. Mary's, and the other not far captured on canvas by Christy was your children's children, in removed on the St. Mary's; and it is ever fraught with error. The one war chief who commemoration of this day — a day in an established rule, among Europeans, to refused to sign the treaty on August 3 which the United States of America gives reserve as much ground around their was Little Turtle. Overwhelmed with peace to you [and] all your nations, and forts as their cannon can command; this anguish, rebuked by his peers, he stood receives you and them under the is a rule well known as any other fact." apart from the rest in his isolation. protective wings of her eagle." (See However, in ostensible conciliation, No, not Little Turtle, it was Tarhe, the Figure 8.) Wayne observed that some Miamis might Wyandot, who was the central Indian With the distribution of goods, including come to Fort Wayne as "private traders figure at the signing. It was Tarhe who the medals and silver ornaments, whenever their assistance may be was presented with one of the two completed, on August 10 Wayne bade the required." He also agreed to reduce the original parchment copies of the treaty by 1,130 chiefs and warriors "an affectionate military reservation at Fort Wayne so that Wayne "to preserve as a sacred pledge of farewell" and wished them "a safe and Kekionga was not included, that "those the establishment of our future happy return" to their homes and families. people who have lived at that glorious friendship." [The other original parchment He closed the conference with a prayer:

29 "...that the peace now established may be that was wilderness no more." (Sword, 1987 The Life and Times of Little permanent, and that it may bind us 1985:331.) Turtle. First Sagamore of the Wabash. University of Illinois together in the bonds of friendship, until Press, Urbana. time shall be no more..." Acknowledgments Appreciation goes to Christopher S. Hill, Leonard U. Duckworth, William G. Keener, David R. 1957 John Johnston and the Indians Barker and the Ohio Historical Society for in the Land of the Three Miamis. History has recorded that the official kind permission to reproduce Piqua, Ohio. proceedings relating to the Treaty of photographs used in the article "Artifacts Greene Ville came to an end on August of Peace" in the special Northwest Knopf, Richard O, editor 10, 1795, and that on that day the Territory Commemorative issue of 1960 Anthony Wavne. A Name in warriors and chiefs began to disperse to Timeline. April-May, 1988. It also goes to Arms. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1960. their various villages in the lands that the Society for permission to reproduce the photograph of Howard Chandler remained to them in the Old Northwest. Love, N.B.C. History has also recorded that "the Christy's mural, "The Signing of the 1909 "Meshekunnoghquah. or Little returning Shawnee delegation under Red Treaty of Greene Ville," and the Turtle. 1783-1812." Ohio Pole found eager Indian traders waiting at accompanying key identifying those Archaeological and Historical Fort Defiance. The more than twenty depicted in it. Publications, 18:115-148. horseloads of treaty goods possessed by Appreciation must also be expressed to Madison, James H. Red Pole's band were nearly all in the the Ohio Historical Society for permission 1986 The Indiana Way. Indiana hands of one Felix by the following day, to reproduce the photograph of the University Press, Bloomington. bartered for rum." (Sword, 1985: 331.) woodcut of Little Turtle (or Mishikinakwa), Shriver, Phillip R. and to the Historical Society of And history has recorded that it was on 1987 "The Wampum Belt of the August 12 that the greatest of all the war Pennsylvania for permission to reproduce Greene Ville Treaty." Ohio chiefs at Greene Ville, Mishikinakwa, the the photograph of the silver peace medal Archaeologist. 37(2): cover, 29. Little Turtle of the Miamis, made his own believed to be the one presented to 1987 "The Miami and the Illinois separate peace with Anthony Wayne, and Tarhe, the Wyandot chief, by General (Peoria) at the Time of Historic the United States. At a private Anthony Wayne at the close of the Treaty Contact." Ohio Archaeologist. conference, notes of which were kept by of Greene Ville proceedings. 37(4): 11-17. Henry De Butts, "Little Turtle reached a All quotations in this article, unless 1988 "Artifacts of Peace." Timeline. practical accommodation with Wayne.... otherwise noted, have been taken from 5(2): 43-45. [He] promised to give his allegiance to the the official transcript of the "Minutes of a Smith, Dwight L., editor United States and to observe the terms of Treaty with the tribes of Indians called the 1952 From Greeneville to Fallen the treaty, citing his plans to live in the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanese, Timbers: A Journal of the vicinity of Fort Wayne [near what had Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatamies, Wavne Campaign. Indianapolis. once been the Miami's 'glorious gate,' Miamies, Eel River, Kickapoos, Kekionga] as a mark of this sincerity. Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias, begun at Sword, Wiley Wayne had prevailed upon the Miami Greenville, on the 16th day of June, and 1985 President Washington's Indian chieftain only by saying that he alone had ended on the 10th day of August, 1795, War: The Struggle for the Old not entered into the accord, and that thus "recorded by Henry De Butts, Secretary, Northwest. 1790-1795. The University of Press, Little Turtle stood in opposition to the will and contained in Volume I, American Norman. of the majority. Little Turtle's name was State Papers, Indian Affairs, published in then entered upon the Treaty of Greene 1832 by Gales and Seaton. Van Trees, Robert V. Ville. Being the last to sign, he said that 1986 Banks of the Wabash. Privately he would be the last to break it, although References published, Fairborn, Ohio. in his heart he did not approve of the American State Papers treaty terms. Furthermore, it was his duty, 1832 Indian Affairs. Class II. 2 Weeks, Philip recorded the proud Miami chieftain, to volumes. See particularly pages 1988 The American Indian speak with candor and dignity, and he 562-583 of Volume I. Experience. Forum Press, hoped the United States would not Arlington Heights, Illinois. therefore treat him disdainfully." (Sword, Anson, Bert 1970 The Miami Indians. The Winger, Otho 1985:331.) University of Oklahoma Press, 1942 Little Turtle: The Great Chief of The sorrow of Little Turtle would remain Norman. Eel River. North Manchester, as a shadow at Greene Ville long after Indiana. the great chief had departed. "On the day Baxter, Nancy Niblack following the signing of the general treaty, 1987 The Miamis! Guild Press of Woehrmann, Paul W. the wife of Little Turtle had died in camp Indiana, Indianapolis. For the 1971 At the Headwaters of the at Greene Ville. The bitter irony of younger reader. Maumee: A History of the Forts American soldiers carrying the corpse to at Fort Wayne. Indiana Historical Carper, Jean and Grace L. Dickinson the grave, where it was buried to the Society Publications, Number 24. 1959 Little Turtle. Miami Chief. Albert accompaniment of 'military music' and a Whitman & Company, Chicago. Young, Calvin D. three-gun salute, perhaps augured the For the younger reader. 1914 "The Birthplace of Little Turtle." fate of the Indian peoples.... [a] young Ohio Archaeological and American officer observed that Little Carter, Harvey Lewis Historical Publications. 23: 105-149. Turtle was deeply affected. This land had 1980 "A Frontier Tragedy: Little Turtle once been his..., he uttered softly, and his and William Wells." The Old gaze wandered off to the distant forest Northwest. 6(11:3-18.

30 The Archaeological Conservancy by Thomas C. Grubb Mt. Vernon, Ohio

The plundering of prehistoric Indian people between 1000 and 1200 A.D. required. All Conservancy property will be graves and mounds in this country is However, the mound was originally permanently preserved and listed in the receiving increased attention and anger constructed by the Adena culture 1000 National Register of Historic Places. A of the public. Recent articles in the years before the Ft. Ancient people 100 year management plan will govern Newsweek and National Geographic moved in. While the site has been research on the site by a qualified magazines have publicized the extensive potholed, it has never been scientifically archaeologist. During the period when the robbing of prehistoric Indian cemetaries investigated. It was purchased by a grant land purchased by the Conservancy is and burial mounds by artifact collectors from Ruth A. Adebest of Cleveland for not excavated it will be responsible for who are mostly interested in finding one half of its cost while the other half maintaining adequate ground cover to artifacts which can be sold at increasingly must be raised by the Conservancy. The prevent erosion ( planting, mowing, higher prices. Thus in the forseeable third Conservancy Ohio acquisition was grazing etc.). Fencing and personal future all of our irreplaceable heritage of what is now called The Hopewell Mound supervision will be provided when the people who roamed our forests and group in Ross County consisting of 107 necessary. The President will consult with plains 10,000 to 15,000 years ago will be acres purchased by the George Gund local farmers and county agricultural forever lost. Fortunately a new orga­ Foundation and the Ohio Preservation agents to determine suitable ground nization devoted to the preservation of Office. Over the next two years the cover, methods of plowing and planting to prehistoric Indian village sites, burial Conservancy will be seeking about avoid disturbance below the existing plow mounds and cemetaries was founded in $100,000, to pay off the balance. The zone and the best frequency of 1980 in Santa Fe, N.M. with a $150,000 fourth site in Ohio contains the Great harvesting and mowing. The arid zones grant from the Ford and Rockefeller Mound surounded by 14 acres and will be suitably cared for to prevent or Foundations. While most of its activity purchased from Gerald Fisher at a cost of retard erosion. has been in the southwest, a new eastern $45,000. The Adena mound which has While these requirements for regional office was recently established in also been potholed is 34 feet high and permission to excavate are probably Indianapolis, Ind. in 1989, now headed by 178 feet in circumfrance is located in beyond the capability of most amateur the Director, Sylvia Ball, located at 7402 Butler County (see Fig. 2 for exact groups in Ohio, the writer has observed Charrington Ct. Indianapolis, Ind. 462254. location ). Across the Ohio River in Boone first hand the work of one amateur group The Conservancy has not only four sites County Ky. lies a loaf-shaped Adena which could easily qualify for permission, in Ohio and one in Kentucky but also mound 45 feet wide and 150 feet long namely The Licking County Archaeology organized many public tours with one in which was donated by the Reeves family. and Landmark Society headed by Paul E. Ohio beginning Oct. 1, 1989. It will While most Adena mounds are conical, Hodge, Grant Director. include sites occupied from 500 B.C. to the Reeves and Stackhouse/Braddock Membership in the Conservancy is 500 A,D., starting in Columbus then on to mounds are loaf-shaped. encouraged for all those interested in the Newark Earthworks, Stackhouse/ To obtain permission to excavate a preserving our national heritage and may Braddock mound, Chillicothe mounds, Conservancy property a formal written be obtained by sending $25 for a , Ft. Ancient, Miamisberg application must be submitted to the Subscribing Membership and up to $1000 Mounds and many more. For further President of the Conservancy. Mr. Mark for a Life Membership to the National information phone Sylvia Ball at 317-291- Michel, 415 Orchard Dr. Sante Fe, N.M. headquarters, 415 Orchard Dr. Santa Fe, 9857. 87501 consisting of a detailed research N.M. 87501. At this point it is very important to plan including a comprehensive design, The writer is indebted to President emphasize that the Conservancy is very submission of periodic and final reports, Mark Michel, Mark Kerrigan and Sylvia opposed to the excavation of mounds budgets for all costs and a complete cura Bell, Directors of the Eastern and burials by anyone just to find salable vitae of the Site Director. A member of the Headquarters for the information supplied artifacts but it does encourage the Conservancy Review Board will send a in this article. excavation of graves and mounds by copy of the application to the President qualified archaeologists on property recommending whether or not the which it owns. excavation should be authorized. A In Ohio the Conservancy has member of the Conservancy must purchased four sites. In 1981 it bought monitor the progress of the excavation. the Stackhouse/Braddock mound and The Site Director must submit a complete grounds from Mary Jean Zimpfer and report of the work within 90 days after Marjorie Price for a fraction of its market conclusion of the excavation. The report value. Sufficient land around the mound must include a site map, the identification, was purchased so that an access road curation and storage of all artifacts, from a public road could be constructed if budgets of all costs, photographic needed later. The mound, probably negatives, pollen samples and all C|4 Adena in origin, is unique in never having results, all of which will be the property of been "pothole". Also its summer and the Conservancy that will decide the winter solstice markers are unique. ultimate disposition of all materials, Another acquisition by the Con­ preferably in an institution such as a servancy was the Nieville Village and museum or university. A complete report mound site of 3.3 acres located on the must be presented at a professional banks of the Ohio River 25 miles meeting within one year after completion upstream from Cincinnati. The village and of the excavation. Publication of a report mound were used by the Ft. Ancient on the excavation is encouraged but not

31 The Lake Mohave Knife by Wm Jack Hranicky P.O. Box 11256 Alexandria, Virginia 22312

Several papers have named or variety appears to have a more pointed the author show that a thickness of 12 identified a specific style of high quality base than its northern counterparts; mm appears to be a dividing dimension bifaces. These publications reflect a very however, the blade reduction and between resharpened functional knives wide distribution of a knife style, which resharpening techniques are the same. versus nonresharpened ceremonial has received little attention in the He suggests, as many other do, the blades. Blades over 12 mm thick usually archaeological literature. This biface was blades were ceremonial. show resharpening. This is a tentative probably used primarily as a knife; Lake Mohave blades are usually made observation. however, other utilitarian function from high quality flints. Perino (1970:162) probably did occur. The Lake Mohave reports blades from Tennessee which References point (knife) was first described by were made from Dover flint. He suggests Brown, James A. Charles Amsden in Campbell and these blades are Hopewell. Perino (1969) 1976 Spiro Studies: The Artifacts. University of Oklahoma Campbell (1937), which is the earliest has also named a very similar knife, Research Institute, Vol. 1. identification or naming of the blade style. which he called the Morse archaic knife. Therefore, this name should be used. The Northwest coast blades are made Butler, B. Robert Other names occur, such as Haskett from obsidian as well as flint (Mohrman 1965 A Report on Investigations of an Early Man Site Near Lake (Butler 1965), Mahaffery (Perino 1977), 1983 and Heflin 1982). Channel, Southern Idaho. and the Duck River sword (Brown 1976). The Lake Mohave blade (and probable Tebiwa, Journal of the Idaho Examples of Lake Mohave blades are knife) is found in Mexico, western U.S., State Museum, Vol 8, No. 2. shown in Figures 1 and 2. the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, and Campbell, Elizabeth W. Crozier, and William H. The Lake Mohave blade is a what will be presented, the Middle Campbell multifunctional tool that is usually well Atlantic. 1937 The Archaeology of Pleistocene made and made from high quality lithic The origins of the style have not been Lake Mohave. Southwest materials. It is a thin biface with a round proven, but it could be the Old World. The Museum Papers II. base. Resharpening tends to be diagonal date remains to be determined; however, Knoblock, Bryon W. edges which form a point of the Mississippian period is the best 1956 Leaf-shaped Flint Blades from approximately 45 degrees. The blade is candidate. This knife style has a very Illinois and Mexico — Similar in Design. Central States made by random pressure flaking. The widespread distribution and a Archaeological Journal, Vol. 3, blade is not ground. The edges from the considerable antiquity. No. 1, pp. 26-29. base to the tip flair outward. Specimens The eastern distribution appears to be average 150 mm in length, 48 mm in Tennessee (an example is shown in Heflin, Eugene width, and 12 mm in thickness. 1982 The Huge Obsidian Ceremonial CSAJ 28-1, pp. 47 and 29-3, pp. 160). Blades of the Pacific Northwest. Probably the most popular name is the The lack of an eastern distribution is Central States Archaeological Duck River sword, which usually applies probably reflected the unavailability of Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3. to very large specimens. James A. Brown high quality flints along the Atlantic coast. Mohrman, Harold (1976) named this type for the Duck River This may also be due to under- or non- 1983 More on the Large Obsidian cache found in Humphreys County, reporting in the literature. If we assume Ceremonial Blades from the Tennessee in 1894 (Seever 1897). This that the style was made from high quality Pacific Northwest. Central cache consisted of 45 ceremonial pieces, materials, such as Dover flint or States Archaeological Journal, the largest was 1 3/4 inches wide and 28 westcoast obsidian, then the Middle Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 62-63. inches long (Perino 1985). They are Atlantic can offer examples of Lake Peacock, Charles K. depicted on eagle dances engraved on Mohave blades in quartz, quartzite, 1954 Duck River Cache - Tennessee's Mississippian shell gorgets, which date silicious slate (or commonly called shale Greatest Archaeological Find. flint), and perhaps rhyolite (see Figure 3). Tennessee Archaeological 1200-1300 AD. The Duck River cache Society. report in the 1897 Antiquarian was If the eastern variety exists, it appears to reprinted by the Tennessee be generally smaller, which may be the Perino, Gregory Archaeological Society (see Peacock workability of the material as opposed to 1985 Selected Preforms, Points and 1954). a intentional cultural decrease in size. Knives of the North American Also, the eastern varieties tend to be Indians. Points and Barbs Press, The Haskett type was named by B. Idabel, OK. Robert Butler (1965) after blades found more frequently resharpened, which 1977 The Mahaffey Point. Central on the Cougar Mountain site in Oregon. probably suggests more of a utilitarian States Archaeological Journal, function. Vol. 24, No. Dates of 6000 to 5000 BC have been 1970 What Is Hopewell — What Is An suggested (Perino 1985:175). The lower One aspect of this blade has been both Interaction Sphere? Central edges are ground, which suggests collectors and professional archaeologists States Archaeological Journal, hafting. continually calling them ceremonial Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 159-163. 1969 The Morse Archaic Knife. The Mahaffey type was named by blades. Examination of several blades by Central States Archaeological Gregory Perino (1977:165), and he the author shows edgeware and Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 86-87. suggests an Early Archaic date for these resharpening. This would suggest a bifaces. These bifaces are reported in function that was more than ceremonial. Seever, William J. 1897 A Cache of Idols and Chipped Oklahoma, Arkansas, and northern However, if the ceremonial function is Flint Instruments in Tennessee. Texas. true, this is probably the oldest The Antiquarian, Vol. 1, Part 6, Byon W. Knoblock (1956:27) reported ceremonial object in the New World. Columbus, OH. similar blades from Mexico. The Mexican Specimens that have been observed by

32 Fig. 1 (Harnicky) Lake Mohave Blades from Illinois. Fig. 2 (Harnicky) Lake Mohave Blade from Tennessee.

0 .5 • I INCM 0 25 s ' ^^B

Hr\H

Fig. 3 (Harnicky) Lake Mohave-Like Blades from Virginia and North Carolina.

33 Engraved Paint Cup from the Richman Collection

by Ron Richman Box 23, Clay St. Edinburg, PA. 16116

This Paint Cup was found in Hancock County, West Virginia. It measures 13/16" in width by 1 1/4" in length and is made of hematite. It is unique in its own way that it appears to have the same engraving on the inside as the backside and is tally marked on the rim.

Fig. 1 (Richman) Engraved paint cup from West Virginia. (Obverse and Reverse.)

Flint from the Fletcher Collection

by Perry Fletcher 13835 King Rd. Bowling Greene, Ohio 43402

Fig. 1 (Fletcher) A dovetail from Madison County, Ohio. It is made of Fig. 2 (Fletcher) A frame of bifurcates, all found in Wood County, Ohio, over the last colorful Flint Ridge material and 4 7/8 fifteen years. They are made of blue-black Upper Mercer flint and range in size from 2 inches long. 1/2 inches to 1 inche in length.

34 Axe Extremes by Carl B. Dunn 120 Crescent Court Bucyrus, Ohio

Emphasizing the size diversity of the fishing through the ice; 5) Remove slabs Archaeologist, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. ground stone tools utilized by the Indians of bark from oak trees to serve as roofing 122-123, Columbus. through the Archaic and into the Late material for shelters with the operation 1970 Miniature Axes, Ohio Woodland periods are the two axes performed in early spring during the time Archaeologist, Vol. 20, No. 3, p. shown in Figure (1). The large granite when the sap was flowing and the 220, Columbus. Cover, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. axe weighs ten pounds, is 7 1/2 inches swollen bark adhered less tightly to the 1977 27, No. 3, Columbus. long, 5 inches wide and is 14 1/2 inches tree trunk. (Source for this idea came at the circumference of the groove. It was from the illustration of the Adena house in Dragoo, Don W. found on a cultivated hill close by the cross-section (Dragoo 1963: 187) and my 1963 Mounds For The Dead: An Little Scioto River in Crawford County experience as a young man on the Analysis Of The Adena Culture, south of Bucyrus, Ohio, by Mr. James business end of a 12 pound sledge after Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Baker, 906 East Manfield Street, Bucyrus, cutting down an oak in order to obtain No. 37, p. 187, Pittsburgh. Ohio, in the spring of 1987. The three- anchors and posts for fencing.) The sixth quarter groove axe is unmarked, except application may have been as a cult Hothem, Lar for a scratch attributed to farm object. All of the above are possibilities 1988 Two Fairfield County Miniature implements, and two very old and shallow but you can bet the Indian didn't Axes, Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. fifty cent sized chips missing from the poll laboriously peck and polish these large 38, No. 1, p. 30, Columbus. which resemble damage occasioned by axes just to have something to do. Kelley, Stephen battering. Area debitage would indicate it 1980 Thirteen Pound Axe, Ohio was found in the vicinity of a former camp References Archaeologist, Vol. 30, No. 4, p. site. Anonymous 35, Columbus. The three-quarter groove undamaged 1983 Artifacts From Members Of The miniature made of dark grey granite Six Rivers Chapter, Ohio Schenck, Steve comes from Huron County, is 2 3/4 inches Archaeologist, Vol. 33, No. 3, p. 1981 Miniature Three-Quarter 33, Columbus. Grooved Axe, Ohio long, 1 3/8 inches wide, 3 3/4 inches in Archaeologist, Vol. 31, No. 3, p. circumference at the groove and was Converse, Robert N. 34, Columbus. purchased from the finder by the author. 1966 Ohio Stone Tools, Ohio Miniature axes are described as those being three inches or less in length which are faithful reproductions of large axes, are never heavy in the poll or in cross section and are believed to be toys (Converse 1970: 220). The relative few which have been reported in The Ohio Archaeologist include four from Franklin County (Converse 1970: 220), (Schenk 1981: 34), (Anonymous 1983: 33) and two from Fairfield County (Hothem 1988: 30) Even fewer axes weighing eight pounds or more have been reported, one being from Madison County weighed in at 8 1/2 pounds (Converse 1977: Cover) and another one weighing 13 pounds was reported from Butler County (Kelley 1980: 35). Neither of these three-quarter groove axes reveal wear resultant from usage whereas the Crawford County axe has some ancient poll damage. To what use could an Indian have put an artifact of this size and weight? The following applications may have been made: 1) Splitting hollow logs or breaking up branches for firewood; 2) Pounding stakes into the ground; 3) Breaking nodules of flint or chert into usable sized fragments; 4) Breaking ice in streams or springs during periods of intense cold in order to obtain water or for Fig. 1 (Dunn) A contrast in stone axe sizes. The ten pound Crawford County axe is compared to a miniature from Huron County, both three-quarter grooved.

35 An Early Archaic Double-Notched Butterfly Bannerstone From Butler County by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

An old saying has it that "half a loaf is 1979 Ohio Slate Types. American Indian. The Andover Archaeological Society of Ohio, Press, Andover, Massachussetts. better than none at all." A single wing Columbus. Knoblock, Byron W. along with the double-notched, ridged 1939 Banner-stones of the North Shriver, Phillip R. and perforated center section of what American Indian. Privately 1983 "An Early Archaic Single- was at one time a beautiful butterfly printed, LaGrange, Illinois. Notched Winged Bannerstone," Ohio Archaeologist. 33(3):26. bannerstone is, for this writer, a feature of Moffett, Ross 1988 "The Butterfly Banner-stone: the John Burer Collection on display in 1949 "The Raisch-Smith Site, an Ceremonial Symbol or the Butler County Historical Society Early Indian Occupation in Functional Atlatl Weight?" Ohio Museum in Hamilton. The missing Preble County, Ohio," Ohio Archaeologist. 38(1). second wing has been replaced, for the Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 58: 433. Webb, William S. sake of the display, by a new one of 1974 Indian Knoll. University of composition material painted to resemble Moorehead, Warren K. Tennessee Press, Knoxville. the original, the repair and salvage work 1917 Stone Ornaments of the skillfully accomplished by the late Lawrence Gersbach. (See Figure 1.) Though precise documentation is missing on this piece, it is believed that it was found by Mr. Burer on his farm on Winton Road in Fairfield Township not far from the Great Miami River. Shaped from dark gray-green banded slate, what remains of the original piece is very thin and finely, almost delicately, made. Given the uncertainty of measurement arising from the missing original wing, yet assuming the high probability of symmetry in the original which the replacement has approximated, the over­ all dimensions are 4 1/4 inches in width, 3 1/8 inches in height, and 1/2 inch in thickness of the center section. Given the presence of two winged bannerstones in the Raisch-Smith village site of known Early Archaic (Green River) tradition in the valley of the Talawanda, a tributary of the Great Miami, just north of Fig. 1 (Shriver) Butterfly bannerstone from the John Burer Collection of the Butler County Historical Society Museum. The wing on the left and the notched center section remain of the original banded the Butler-Preble county line, it may be slate butterfly; the right wing shown here has been fabricated and attached to simmutate the presumed that this piece, too, is Early appearance of the original. Archaic. For purposes of comparison, a winged bannerstone from the collection of the late Gordon F. Meuser, which was also found in Preble County, is shown in Figure 2.

Acknowledgments

To Helen Miller, Curator of the Butler County Historical Society Museum, and to the Miami University Audio Visual Service, go my thanks for their many courtesies in examining and photographing the double-notched winged bannerstone shown in Figure 1. To Robert N. Converse, editor of The Meuser Collection, goes appreciation for his permission to duplicate pictures in that book for use in the Ohio Archaeologist.

References Converse, Robert N. Fig. 2 (Shriver) Banded slate butterfly bannerstone from Preble County. Part of the collection of the 1977 The Meuser Collection. Privately late Gordon F. Meuser, its picture is reproduced here from Robert N. Converse, The Meuser printed, Plain City. Ohio. Collection, with permission of Mr. Converse. 36 A Cache of Five Blanks From Tiffin, Ohio by Russell J. Long 615 Alma St. Beaumont, Texas 77705

The late Errett Motter was a scoutmaster of the Ada troop for many years and managed the Ohio Power Company office. He was a long-time friend of mine, being interested in historical things and natural history. Besides, his father's farm bordered on Hog Creek north of Ada. One day back in 1936 Errett called me down to the Ohio Power office. A lineman named Hunter from the Tiffin office had come in with five rough pieces of flint he had found in Tiffin when he was digging a foundation for his garage. Errett had told him that I had some coins and he wanted to trade. I was unimpressed by the flint blanks but my coins were heavily worn by circulation so we made a trade. I was so unimpressed by the stones that I never did write down Mr. Hunter's first name, the address in Tiffin where he found the pieces, or how deep they were in the ground. Now I wish I had. As you see from the accompanying plate, Paul Tanner of Pt. Arthur, Texas continues his beautiful pencil work. Thickness is as follows: A-21mm., B-20mm, C-23mm., D- 24mm., E-25mm. All five pieces are Upper Mercer flint and are roughed out by percussion. All show striking platforms of less than 90 degrees. B and C are Nellie Chert, A and D are gray mottled flint, and E is black flint. Blank A shows definite signs of having been heat treated.

Fig. 1 (Long) A cache of five Upper Mercer flint blanks from Tiffin, Ohio. Pencil drawings by Paul Tanner. All natural size.

37 Summary of the Gallant Site

by Dr. Russell J. Long 675 Alma St. Beaumont, TX 77705

Artifacts from the Gallant site southeast I was not familiar with paleo-points of this thinned. Smith (1960) illustrates the same of Ada were partially described and sort. Since they were broken I put them in type of tool from the Sawmill site in Erie illustrated by Prufer and Baby in 1963 in a box with all other fragments with the county. Point I is made of mottled tan and their Paleo-indians of Ohio. This paper field. I though to myself - "these are pearl Upper Mercer flint. The with the accompanying pencil drawings surely well-made and thin, a whole one workmanship is unbelievable. There are by Paul Tanner brings the site material up would be something to see". no shoulders and no polish on the basal to date and provides detail that was not Base A is made of gray Delawsre chert edges. It was parallel flaked then pressure available to Prufer and Baby. and is shouldered, there is no polishing retouched until the lines are perfect. The field in which the Gallant site is on the basal edges. The width to the Apparently the break is the widest part of located was all plowed within my lifetime. thickness ratio is 5.3:1. Base B is of a the piece. After it was broken it was made I remember the eastern part of the field slightly darker Delaware chert than A and into a tool by retouching the broken edge as a permanent pasture with stumps in it shows polishing on all basal edges. It has from one direction. The width to thickness from the original timber. The field is small shoulders like A. The width to ratio is 5:1. Pieces Gand I were illustrated located a mile east of the south part of thickness ratio is 5.3:1. The base is with photographs and commented on by Ada, then south to Grass Run. It is the slightly concave. Base C is made of tan Long (1974). northwest angle between Grass Run and Delaware chert. It has slight shoulders Artifacts J and K are both made of the north south road. In 1934 a part of the and is basally thinned on both faces but mottled tan and pearl Upper Mercer flint. Gallant woods was cleared and that area the thinning is not complete, leaving a flat Both were parallel flaked. Piece J has a added to the field on the west side. This area the total width of the base. There is width to thickness ration of 5.5:1. cultivation uncovered the Paleo- no basal polishing. The chipper lanceolate site within the field. Grass Run encountered a problem on the base so he Conclusions flows into Hog Creek and thence to Lake ground a large facial area to get rid of a All of these artifacts are broken and Erie via the Maumee river. lump (see dash line #3 on the plate). The mostly bases, indicating a temporary Taken as a whole, the field is a multiple width to thickness ratio is 6:1. hunting camp. These people would carry component site. From the east side, Piece D is made of gray Delaware spears with broken points back to camp bordering the north - south road a series chert and has incipient shoulders. There and replace them. They would correct of fingers extend from a "plateau" in the is a slight polishing on the basal edges. defects by grinding to smooth out their field to the north. Then there is a shallow The base is somewhat concave. Both blanks. They did use burins. They did "draw" and more high ground to the faces of the point show a single fire-pop salvage broken points, making them into northwest of the woods. Against the so the artifact has been in fire. There was tools. The location of the camp in respect creek there is a small knoll that has a slight overall twist to the original flint to Grass Run indicates a wetter condition yielded all sorts of archaic material blank. The width to thickness ratio is 6:1. than at present. Gardner (1983) gives a including a birdstone (Long, 1952). This Base E is made of a mottled clay colored good summary of climatic conditions in knoll is a part of the original creek bank. Delaware chert with some chalkiness to at the close of the The "plateau" to the north of Gallant's it. Never-the-less it is evenly chipped with Wisconsin glacial period. woods represents the first glacial terrace. incipient shoulders like D. There is some When my three children were small I The lanceolate site is located on a small polishing all around the base. This base took them hunting in the Gallant field and finger that extends eastward into the is sislightly concave. There is also heavy they spoke better than they knew. As we draw about 100 yards north of the knoll patination to the stone which I believe is looked at the present Grass run they said next to the creek. The draw originally led due to its chalkiness. The width to "Don't tell us you fished and went north to a small sinkhole that had cattails thickness ratio is 6:1. swimming in this creek". growing in it. There is no sign of it today. Piece F is a square-based speciman It may have been a spring. made of bluish gray Upper Mercer flint References What is interesting to me is that the with quartz veins. There is no polishing Epstein, J. K., on the basal edges while the other edges 1963 The Burin-faceted Projectile Point. Turner site (Prufer and Baby, 1963) on American Antiquity, 29(2). Hog Creek northwest of Ada has the same are serrate, indicating that it was a knife. Gardner, William M., geographical situation - a multiple The width to thickness ratio is 5.8:1. 1983 Stop Me it You've Heard This One component knoll next to the creek I found Fragment C is made of blue and white Before: The Flint Run Paleo Indian the lancelotes north of it on the first terrace Upper Mercer flint. It has had a rough Complex Revisited. Archaeology of away from the original creek bank. existence. What there is of the base is Eastern North America, Fluted Point Survey - Vol. 11, Fall 1983, p.p. 49 • 64. Since I was hunting the northwest part indented, leaving a definite "ear". There is no polishing. The broken lower right edge Long, Russell J., of the Gallant field for the first time after it 1952 It's a Bird. Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 2, had been placed in cultivation in 1934, I as you look at the plate has been No. 3, New Series, July 1952 pp.16- 17. hunted low ground as well as the upper rechipped into a tool edge (dash line #1.) 1974 Paleo-indian Artifacts from the Ada part. I found two paleo bases the first time The opposite edge has had a burin struck Area. Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 24, no,4, I hunted that part of the field. The last from it, leaving a square edge the entire Fall 1974. pp20-21. piece I found was in 1964. Two pieces, I length (see dash line #2.) Epstein (1963) Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby, and K were found by the late Carl says he has not seen any burin scars on 1963 Paleo-indians of Ohio. Ohio. Sleesman prior to 1972. The last time I artifacts in Ohio Paleo-indian collections. Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. was in the field farming was being done The center lower tip shows wear. Smith, Arthur George, with chisel plows and I found nothing. 1960 The Sawmill Site. Erie County. Ohio. The broken drill base at H is made of Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 10, no. 3., When I found the first lanceolate bases tan-gray Delaware chert. It is basally July 1960. pp 84-97.

38 0 F

H K

Fig 1 (Long) Artifacts from the Gallant site. Liberty township, Hardin County. Pencil drawings by Paul Tanner. All figures natural size.

39 A Lamar Culture Pipe

by Jon C. Griffin 1732 Willow Creek Dr. Columbia, S.C., 29212

This Mississippian Period ceramic pipe was found washed out of a levee along the Ocmulgee River in Bibb County, Georgia, in the middle 1960's, by Billy Home of Macon, Georgia. Featuring a combination of relief and fenestrated (cut out) sculptural techniques, the pipe presents in extraordinary detail two fully articulated human figures in a manner somewhat reminiscent of the "paired figure" themes more frequently seen on engraved shell gorgets. The pipe is a remarkable example of 3- dimensional North American aboriginal art in general and is, to the best of this writer's knowledge, unique within the framework of southeastern prehistoric pipe forms. However, I hasten to add that a pipe fragment found on the Poarch Farm Site (9G01) in Gordon County, Georgia, and presently in the collection of Wayne Long of Calhoun, Georgia, may well have come from a pipe similar to the one found by Billy Home. Mr. Home traded the pipe three days after it was found to the late Mr. Erskine Carter of Americus, Georgia, for a "hand engraved Revolutionary War sword and an early model, curly maple Foxx shotgun" both of which are still in Home's possession. The pipe remained in Mr. Carter's collection for twenty years in the same Remington shotgun shell box until I obtained it.

Fig. 1 (Griffin) A probable Lamar Culture (approximately 1300-1600 A.D.) ceramic pipe from Bibb County, Georgia. Note the open area between the pipe bowl and the torso of each figure, the so-called monolithic axe type configuration of the stem and bowl, the unusual jockey-like position of the legs and feet. Illustration is approximately 2 times actual size.

40 Maumee River Finds by David M. Blosser Rt. 1 Box 31 Cecil, Ohio 45821

The Ashtabula point is a personal grooved and was found along the surface find from the Maumee River in Maumee River in Paulding County Defiance County, Ohio. It was found September 7, 1988. It is heavily August 24, 1988, and is made of what is weathered but implement scars show it to probably Plum Run flint. be a gray-green color inside. The axe is the first I've found. It is full

In Memoriam

It is with great regret that we must inform you of the passing of my good friend Jesse Walker of Newark, Ohio, on October 5, 1989. Jess began collecting relics at the age of twelve in and around Flint Ridge and later near the town of Croton. He often said with a smile that the farmers "all wondered whose barefoot tracks marked each row in the fields". During the 1920's and 30's he was employed as a master pattern maker by Newark industrialist A. T. Wehrle who also owned one of the largest Indian relic collections ever assembled in Ohio. He was also contracted by Wehrle to excavate sites and mounds in and around Newark. Important sites such as the Dobson site on Flint Ridge as well as the Deeds Mound, the Dusthammer Mound and the Rutledge Mound, to name a few, were excavated by a crew led by Walker. He excavated and preserved such artifacts as the double headed frog effigy and other artifacts now in the OHS collections. Jess kept a diary of his recollections dating back to 1912 through 1961 on his findings and excavations. Unfortunately, these valuable records were stolen in 1979. Jesse Walker was one of the oldest members of the Society at age 89, and he will be remembered by his many friends. Our condolences go to his wife Stella and his family. Jim Hahn

41 Recognition Awards Presented to Society Officers

At the annual May meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio in Columbus, awards for services to the Society were given to three people. For his twenty years as Business Manager, Joe Redick was presented a walnut desk clock with an appreciation plaque attached and bearing the Society emblem. Frank Otto was also awarded a similar clock for his twenty years served as Chairman of the Display Committee. A third identical award was presented to Robert Converse for his twenty years as Editor. Congratulations to Joe Redick, Frank Otto and Robert Converse for their years of unselfish and difficult work on the Society's behalf.

Frank Otto

Robert Converse Joe Redick 42 BOOK REVIEW The Hopewell Site: A Contemporary Analysis Based on the Work of Charles C. Willoughby. By. N'omi B. Greber and Katharine C. Ruhl Published by Westview Press 550 Central Ave., Boulder Colorado 80301 334 pages -184 tables and figures - softbound Price $38.50

This treatise done on the work of measurements and other attributes of the made from typewritten originals a savings Charles C. Willoughby who analyzed the Field Museum and O.H.S. collections. which could have amounted to no more Hopewell collection taken from the Misses Greber and Ruhl have done much than pennies in a book which costs original Hopewell Works by Warren K. to delineate the proper provenience and $38.50. The paper is not high quality, Moorehead will help clarify the report context from which many of the artifacts another dubious economy. An enormous written thirty years after Moorehead's were taken, no easy task in view of the amount of time and research obviously excavation. Moorehead dug the site in slipshod methods of Moorehead and the went into its preparation, but the 1891 - 92 but did not write his findings on fact that the second exploration by Henry disconcerting misspelling of the name of one of the most prolific sites in North Shetrone of the OHS found a site partially Ephraim Squier - Squire in many places, America until 1922. What most people do destroyed and partially excavated. once spelled two ways on the same page not know is that a great deal of what Shetrone's renumbering of the mounds - is puzzling. appears in Moorheads original report was and inability to even locate others added The book is a must for anyone done by Charles Willoughby who to the confusion and emphasizes the interested in Ohio archaeology and received little recognition for his lamentable treatment accorded Ohio's Hopewell in particular. Misses Greber and contributions. In fact it is doubtful whether premier Hopewell site. Ruhl can be justly satisfied with their Moorehead could have written his report There are a number of troubling important addition to Ohio Hopewell without Willoughby's observations. aspects with the book. The first point literature. The book explains Willoughby's which struck me was lack of typesetting - replication experiments and details, the page plates, captions and tables are Robert N. Converse

Letter to the Editor Having been a member for decades be greatly enhanced, I believe, by the I suggest that you give some and an ardent reader of the societies inclusion of a glossary at the end of some consideration to including a glossary, publication, I would like to take this of the articles. when indicated, along with the references opportunity to say how much I have I believe that most amateurs and many at the end of the articles. Have you never enjoyed the pictures and articles. I have professionals could benefit by a simple had to hunt up the meaning of some watched the quality and content of the explanation at some oi the more arcane obscure word, ox phrase, to. help. you. more magazine: improve enter the} •!••!<•• ttfi >«iwMy ctaarty understand j IIUlufilUIUlUHBMU tifiny,te inuhuT Or pachaps-yau. didn't rwiliiiy In comes ta miner materials of the various disciplines bather and instead felt a little cheated. arte way to make the articles mare involved in a trip or call to a public library, In any case I say again thank you. for meaningful and enjoyable. Inasmuch as even when fruitful, inltaiuurs the pleasure the fine publication. I look forward to it Archaeology encompasses so many derived from an otherwise interesting and put it right at the top of my reading diverse related sciences and disciplines perusal. Also, we must remember the list when it arrives. (astro-archaeology, biology, anatomy, young readers who are our strength in Sincerely, paleontology, physics, etc.) the years to come can not be expected to Richard W. Fulton comprehension and enjoyment of the know some of even the less arcane terms more technically involved articles would of our publication.

Back Cover

A Glacial Kame gorget of gray handed slate with cream inclusions. It was found in Mahoning County, Ohio, in the late 1800's and originally collected by Henry A. Butler of Youngs town, Ohio. It is 7 314 inches long and shows the classic three-hole Glacial Kame drilling. Collection of Sieve Fuller, Wooster, Ohio.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society ot Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.