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Cow Statues” in Private Tombs of Dynasty 26

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“COW STATUES” IN PRIVATE TOMBS OF DYNASTY 26 Elena Pischikova Metropolitan Museum of Art I am honored to dedicate this piece of research to Stylistically it belongs to late 26th Dynasty, prob- Richard Fazzini, one of the leading archaeologists ably the time of Amasis.2 The cow statue in the and scholars in contemporary Egyptology. His tomb of Basa (TT 389) in Asasif is still recog- work on the religion, iconography, and style of nizable, although badly damaged.3 Two partially art of the Third Intermediate and Late Periods preserved statues in the Cairo Museum can be is an encyclopedic body of knowledge and a dated to the same period. The statue inscribed continuous source of inspiration for scholars of for Padisematawy shows a body of a striding cow the first millennium BCE. and remains of feet that suggest a kneeling fig- The present paper is an attempt to catalogue ure under her head.4 The body of the cow was and interpret a type of private sculpture that recently reunited with the head identified in a remains underestimated as a component of 26th private collection in Paris.5 The statue was found Dynasty tomb decoration. It is called a “cow at Kom Abu-Yasin, a cemetery near Horbeit in statue” throughout the article and refers to a the eastern Delta.6 If Padisematawy, who com- sculptural image of Hathor as a cow with a figure missioned the statue, is the general who served of a king or a private individual standing under Psamtik II, the statue may be considered to be se- her chin, with an occasional addition of an image curely dated.7 The second cow statue in the Cairo of the same person as an infant suckling from her Museum is headless and uninscribed.8 Recently, udder. an unfinished and very fragmentary cow statue of The group of known cow statues dated to Dy- the vizier Nespakashuty (TT 312) was identified nasty 26th is very limited. Existing examples vary at his tomb at Deir el-Bahri.9 The tomb as well as in stages of completion and preservation. The his sculptural images are dated to the early reign best-preserved cow statue dated to this period of Psamtik I. is that of Psamtik from his tomb at Saqqara.1 1 Egyptian Museum, Cairo CG 784, graywacke; 96cm a centennial exhibition, 1970–1971 (Boston: Museum of Fine ×104cm×29cm, see Ludwig Borchardt, Statuen und Statuetten Arts, 1970), 168. The Tell Abu-Yasin provenance is accepted von Königen und Privatleuten 3, Catalogue général des antiquités byscholarsasthemostprobable;seeFay,“TheHeadof égyptiennes du Musée du Caire nos. 1–1294 (Berlin: Reichs- Pa-di-sema-tawy’s Cow Goddess,” 147–148,JeanYoyotte, druckerei, 1930), 91–92,pl.144; Edna R. Russmann, Egyptian “Contribution à l’histoire du chapitre 162 du Livre des Sculpture: Cairo and Luxor (Austin: University of Texas Press, Morts,” RdÉ 29 (1977): 200–202. 1992),185–188,fig.86. 7 The connection between the graywacke sarcophagus 2 Bernard V. Bothmer et al., Egyptian Sculpture of the Late of general Padisematawy found with his burial in Kom Abu- Period, 700B.C. to A.D. 100 (New York: Brooklyn Museum, Yasin and the cow statue inscribed to a person with the same 1960), 64. name is discussed by Fay, “The Head of Pa-di-sema-tawy’s 3 Jan Assmann, Das Grab des Basa (Nr. 389) in der the- Cow Goddess,” 148, Yoyotte, “Contribution à l’histoire,” banischen Nekropole (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1973), 61–63, 201. pl. 6. 8 Egyptian Museum, Cairo CG 683,limestone,l.84cm, 4 Egyptian Museum, Cairo CG 676, graywacke, 98cm see Borchardt, Statuen und Statuetten, 28,pl.125.Theprove- ×132cm×37cm, see Borchardt, Statuen und Statuetten, 21–22, nance “Saqqara Serapeum” given in CG suggests rather an pl. 124; Bodil Hornemann, Types of Ancient Egyptian Statuary Apis bull. The quality of work is described as rough and 4–5 (København: Munksgaard, 1966), no. 1346. unmodeled. 5 Biri Fay, “The Head of Pa-di-sema-tawy’s Cow God- 9 Klaus P. von Kuhlman and Wolfgang Schenkel, Das dess Reunited with its Body,” MDAIK 59 (2003): 145–148. Grab des Ibi, Obergutsverwalters des Gottesgemahlin des Amun (the- 6 The provenance given in CG is Tell el-Timai (Central banisches Grab Nr. 36) (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1983), Delta), yet JE gives a different provenance “said to be 56–63,pl.8; Elena Pischikova, “Two Ostraka from Deir el- from Tell Abu-Yasin”; see Edward L.B. Terrace and Henry Bahri and the Lily Flower Motif in Twenty-sixth Dynasty G. Fischer, Treasures of Egyptian Art from the Cairo Museum: Theban Tombs,” JARCE 39 (2002): 197–206. “cow statues” in private tombs of dynasty 26 191 The group of 26th Dynasty cow statues, as- votive cloth from Deir el-Bahri, dated to the late sembled according to today’s knowledge, may 18th Dynasty, depict a cow statue of Hathor of look small and insignificant, yet it represents an Akh-isut suckling and protecting the king standing important aspect of Late Period tomb decoration beneath her head.16 and funerary religion.10 Our information is lim- Another important piece of evidence is the ited by a largely incomplete archaeological survey head of a cult statue of the goddess Hathor found of the tombs of this period, and most probably in the rubble of the mortuary temple of Nebhep- will be expanded in the nearest future. etre Mentuhotep.17 Stylistically, this beautiful life- Most of the known cow statues are inscribed size head dates to the early 18th Dynasty. The to the goddess Hathor. The cow statue of Padis- eyes, with long cosmetic lines and eyebrows, were ematawy is inscribed to the cow goddess Ihet, al- inlaid with rock crystal and lapis lazuli; the horns though it wears Hathor’s headdress, composed of holding the sun disk and the ears were prob- the sun disk and double plume, and a menat col- ably made of gilded bronze. Together with the lar around its neck. This is understandable, as in statue of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep, also found in the New Kingdom a number of cow goddesses, the temple and dated to late Dynasty 18,itcould including Ihet and Mehet-weret, were identified have been a replacement for the missing parts of with Hathor.11 Thus the Late Period Hathor com- the cult cow statue of Akh-isut.18 Another possibil- bines powers of numerous goddesses, including ity is that the alabaster head of a cow was once Nut and Isis.12 part of a cult statue of Hathor in her manifes- Two of the known Late Period cow statues tation as a cow, made at the time of Hatshep- were found in northern cemeteries; the other two sut for the Hathor chapel of Djeser-Djeseru.19 Dam- were discovered in Theban tombs. It reflects an aged, it could have fallen down onto the platform ancient tradition of Hathor worship in different of the 11th Dynasty temple.20 In any case, Hat- religious centers of Egypt. Iconography of the shepsut’s Hathor chapel could have contained a cow-statue type has ancient roots as well. “cow statue” with two images of Hatshepsut, one Hathor’s cult and imagery were always promi- standing under the chin of the cow and another nent features of the Theban necropolis. Although suckling the goddess. Numerous images on the the cult of a cow goddess, mistress of the necrop- walls of the chapel show this scene with a cow olis, probably dates back to the Old Kingdom, figure mounted on a base that suggests a statue.21 her association with Hathor is not registered be- The best-preserved royal cow statue of the fore the 11th Dynasty, when the temple of Neb- 18th Dynasty was found by Naville in 1906 in hepetre Mentuhotep, Akh-isut,wasbuilt.13 The ac- the ruins of the temple of Thutmose III, Djeser- tual place for the shrine of the goddess is not Akhet. The goddess is shown walking out of the determined, but it was probably located under mountain of the necropolis while protecting King the platform of Hathor’s shrine in Djeser-Djeseru.14 Amenhotep II, who stands under her chin, and Supposedly it contained a statue of Hathor as also suckling the king as an infant, shown crouch- a cow, with a figure of King Nebhepetre Men- ing under her belly.22 tuhotep standing under her chin.15 Although the It is hard to say which of these cow statues original statue has not survived, a votive stela and could have been seen by the artists of the Late 10 B. Fay also mentions an unpublished statue in the San Eighteenth Dynasty Temple Complexes,” in Egypt: The World Antonio Museum. of the Pharaohs, ed. Regine Schulz (Köln: Könemann, 1998), 11 Geraldine Pinch, Votive Offerings to Hathor (Oxford: 186,fig.74. Griffith Institute, 1993), 175, 177. 18 Dieter Arnold, Der Tempel des Königs Mentuhotep 2, 31– 12 Ibid., 215–216. 32. 13 Eberhard Otto, Topographie des Thebanischen Gaues, 19 Schultz, “Temple Complexes,” 186. UGAÄ 6 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1952), 51. 20 Edouard Naville, The XIth Dynasty Temple at Deir el- 14 Dieter Arnold, Der Tempel des Königs Mentuhotep von Deir Bahari 1, Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 28 (Lon- el-Bahari,vol.1, Architecture und Deutung,AV8 (Mainz: Philipp don: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1907), 69. von Zabern, 1974), 83–84. 21 Edouard Naville, The Temple of Deir el-Bahari 4,Mem- 15 Dieter Arnold, Der Tempel des Königs Mentuhotep von Deir oir of the Egypt Exploration Fund 19 (London: Egypt Ex- el-Bahari,vol.2, Die Wandreliefs des Sanktuares,AV11 (Mainz: ploration Fund, 1899–1900), pls.
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  • Kings from Kush: Egypt's 25Th Dynasty – Dr

    Kings from Kush: Egypt's 25Th Dynasty – Dr

    ESSEX EGYPTOLOGY GROUP - REVIEW May 2018 Meeting by Margaret Patterson Kings from Kush: Egypt's 25th Dynasty – Dr. Robert Morkot Chronologically the 25th Dynasty is in the Late Period at the end of the Third Intermediate Period. Kush is also referred to as Nubia, and is in the north of modern day Sudan stretching from Aswan to Khartoum. Nowadays this area is mostly desert but the rain line has changed and it was a much more fertile region during the time of Kush. Morkot prefers to use the term Kush instead of Nubia because it has fewer connotations. There are modern Nubians and it's not clear whether or not they have continuity with the 25th Dynasty era people. (Although old habits clearly die hard as he used Nubia and Kush pretty much interchangeably through the talk.) Morkot told us his interest in the region and period started when the temples were being moved when the High Dam was built at Aswan. Morkot's talk was split into two parts - first he told us about what evidence we have for the Kushites and their time ruling Egypt, and then he put it all together to tell us what the modern reconstruction of the period is. In the first part he also told us about who found the evidence and what their worldview was - as he pointed out near the start of his talk, how people used to think shapes what we think of the subject now. So it's important to know where our "facts" come from and to re-evaluate them in the light of those biases.