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Emerging Trends in Molecular Systematics and Molecular Phylogeny of Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)

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Emerging Trends in Molecular Systematics and Molecular Phylogeny of Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) JoTT REVIEW 3(8): 1975–1980 Emerging trends in molecular systematics and molecular phylogeny of mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) K.G. Sivaramakrishnan 1, K.A. Subramanian 2, M. Arunachalam 3, C. Selva Kumar 4 & S. Sundar 5 1 Flat No.3, Rams Apartments, No.7 Natesan Street, T. Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600017, India 2 Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Station, P.C.N.T. Post, Rawet Road, Akurdi, Pune, Maharastra 411044, India 3,4,5 Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tamil Nadu 627412, India Email: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] (corresponding author), 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], 5 [email protected] Date of publication (online): 26 August 2011 Abstract: Current trends are reviewed in the molecular systematics and phylogeny of the Date of publication (print): 26 August 2011 Ephemeroptera (mayflies), an ancient monophyletic lineage of pterygote insects. Theories ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) of mayfly origins are analyzed, followed by a discussion of higher classification schemes Editor: V.V. Ramamurthy in light of recent developments in molecular systematics. Ephemeroptera evolution is a classic example of ancient rapid radiation, presenting challenges for phylogenetic analysis. Manuscript details: The utility of combined studies of morphological and molecular data is substantiated with Ms # o2661 examples and the role of molecular systematics in unraveling the taxonomy of cryptic Received 29 December 2010 Final received 21 July 2011 species complexes is highlighted. The importance of DNA barcoding in mayfly taxonomy Finally accepted 29 July 2011 is discussed in the light of recent progress, and future contributions of genetics to the study of taxonomy, ecology and evolution in mayflies are discussed. Citation: Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., K.A. Subramanian, M. Arunachalam, C.S. Kumar & Cryptic species, DNA barcoding, Ephemeroptera, molecular phylogeny, S. Sundar (2011). Emerging trends in molecular Keywords: systematics and molecular phylogeny of molecular systematics. mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera). Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(8): 1975–1980. Copyright: © K.G. Sivaramakrishnan, K.A. INTRODUCTION Subramanian, M. Arunachalam, C. Selva Kumar & S. Sundar 2011. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium The order Ephemeroptera presently encompasses over 3000 species for non-profit purposes, reproduction and and 400 genera, constituting at least 42 described families (Barber-James distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. et al. 2008). The Ephemeroptera (mayflies) are an archaic lineage of Author Detail: see end of this article. insects, dating back to the late Carboniferous or early Permian periods, Author Contribution: KGS and KAS some 290 mya (Brittain & Sartori 2003). They occupy freshwater and conceived and prepared the review. MA actively participated in the discussion of preparation of brackish water habitats across the world, with the exception of Antarctica. the manuscript and provided critical inputs. CSK The nymphs are immature stages inhabiting lentic and lotic waters. and SS helped in compiling the literature. The imagos or adults are terrestrial; they lack mouth parts and do not Acknowledgements: K.G.Sivaramakrishnan is grateful to Dr. M. Arunachalam for having feed, relying on nutritional build up during immature stages. They invited him to Sri Paramakalyani Centre for have an ephemeral lifespan of a day or two and their only function is Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, reproduction. The presence of a subimago with functional wings at the Tamilnadu, India. He is indebted to authorities of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University for penultimate moult is unique to pterygote insects. The winged stages of having offered facilities to carry out a UGC Ephemeroptera, as with Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and the Major Project, during which period he could interact with co-authors to organize this review. extinct Palaeodictyoptera, cannot fold their wings horizontally over the K.A.Subramanian is grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India for providing facilities abdomen as neopterans can. to prepare the manuscript. This article briefly reviews current trends in the molecular systematics and phylogeny of the Ephemeroptera and discusses how combined analysis of morphological and molecular data can be used to fine tune phylogenetic conclusions. MAYFLY ORIGINS OPEN ACCESS | FREE DOWNLOAD The phylogenetic position of Ephemeroptera within the winged insects Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | August 2011 | 3(8): 1975–1980 1975 Mayfly systematics and phylogeny K.G. Sivaramakrishnan et al. (Pterygota) is hotly debated by systematists, and Costatergalia, which is equal to McCafferty’s (1991) significant disagreement still exists in morphological Pisciforma + Setisura + Oniscigastridae. Topological and molecular studies. The first complete mitochondrial comparison of Kluge’s system and McCafferty’ system genome of a heptageniid mayfly, Parafronurus youi of mayfly classification is presented in Fig. 1, after was sequenced using a long PCR-based approach Ogden et al. (2009). In contrast to previous hypotheses by Zhang et al. (2008). In their analysis, the basal based on morphological observations, the relationships Ephemeroptera hypothesis (Ephemeroptera versus inferred from the molecular data (Ogden & Whiting (Odonata + Neoptera)) was supported. This result also 2005) were congruent in some cases, but incongruent received strong support by the nucleotide and amino in others. In their analysis, the groups, Furcatergalia, acid datasets from mitochondrial protein-coding Pannota, Carapacea, Ephemerelloidea and Caenoidea genes with BI and ML analyses. Zhang et al. (2008) and 15 families were supported as monophyletic. tentatively concluded that mitochondrial genomes can On the other hand, Setisura, Pisciforma, Baetoidea, answer the difficult question of the basic relationships Siphlonuroidea, Ephemeroidea, Heptagenoidea and among the winged insects. Ephemeroptera evolution five families (having more than one taxon represented) is a classic example of “ancient rapid radiation of were not supported as monophyletic. insects” presenting challenges for phylogenetic However, evidence supports the notion that analysis because such radiations take place over short combined data (morphology + molecular data) periods of time and allow few distinctive phylogenetic analysis provides a more robust estimate of markers to accumulate among lineages. phylogenetic relationships. The study of Ogden et The Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera present al. (2009) represents the first formal morphological a challenging phylogenetic tree shape, regardless of and combined (morphological and molecular) their true relationships, because the first pterygotes phylogenetic analyses of the order Ephemeroptera. may have emerged up to 400 mya, but the earliest Taxonomic sampling comprised 112 species in 107 representatives of their extant descendants is much genera, including 42 recognized families (all major younger than the first emergence of the lineage whose lineages of Ephemeroptera). Morphological data relationships are in question (Whitfield & Kjer 2008). consisted of 101 morphological characters. Molecular data were acquired from DNA sequences of 12S, 16S, MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS AND HIGHER 18S, 28S and H3 genes. The Asian genus Siphluriscus CLASSIFICATION (Siphluriscidae) was supported as sister to all other mayflies. The lineages Carapacea, Furcatergalia, The original subordinal classification of McCafferty Fossoriae, Pannota, Caenoidea and Ephemerelloidea & Edmunds (1979), based mostly on thoracic were supported as monophyletic. However, some morphology and wing pad position, comprised the recognized families (for example, Ameletopsidae holophyletic suborder Pannota and the paraphyletic and Coloburiscidae) and major lineages (such as suborder Schistonota indicating the retention of certain Setisura, Pisciforma and Ephemeroidea among others) plesiomorphic (ancestral) traits. It was realized that were not supported as monophyletic, mainly due to monophyly derived from synapomorphy (shared convergences within nymphal characters (Ogden et al. derived characters) should be the driving force behind 2009). any taxonomic classification (Hennig 1966, 1979; Farris 1979). Later, McCafferty (1991) proposed 3 different EFFICACY OF COMBINED MORPHOLOGICAL suborders (Pisciforma, Setisura and Rectracheata) and AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND traced phylogenetic relationships within and among the SYSTEMATICS - EXAMPLES FROM THE suborders. Concurrent to McCafferty’s work, Kluge EPHEMEROPTERA (1988, 1998) independently proposed two suborders for Ephemeroptera. His suborder Furcatergalia is It is quite obvious that most previous reconstructions equivalent to McCafferty’s Rectracheata, except the of phylogeny and classification were strongly hampered exclusion of Oniscigastridae form Furcatergalia. by superficial external morphological similarities, The other suborder proposal (Kluge 1988) was which do not always reflect the true phylogeny of the 1976 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | August 2011 | 3(8): 1975–1980 Mayfly systematics and phylogeny K.G. Sivaramakrishnan et al. Figure 1. Topological comparison of Kluge’s system and McCafferty’s system of mayfly
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