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Home , Jenny Holzer

Senem Ercatim Surrealism 4 Pop 5 Op Art 5 Jenny Holzer 6-7 René Magritte 8-11 12-15 Roy Lichtenstein 16-19 Dali 20-23 24-27 Own Artworks 28-31 Skulpture Park 32-33 Surrealism Pop Art

Founded by Andre Breton in the many critics regard Surrealism empathy from the viewer. Highly The term first appeared in Britain British artists such as Richard London. Peter Blake, for example, early 1920s and emphatically as a substantial divergence from individualized, the movement during the 1950s and referred to Hamilton and the Independent designed album covers for Elvis explained in his Manifestoes of traditional art movements. relied heavily on the element of the interest of a number of artists Group aimed at broadening taste Presley and the Beatles and placed Surrealism, Surrealism is often By stripping ordinary objects of the unexpected, borrowed from in the images of mass media, into more popular, less academic film stars such as Brigitte Bardot considered both a cultural and their normal function, Surrealist various Dadaist techniques and advertising, comics and consumer art. Hamilton helped organize the in his pictures in the same way revolutionary art movement. The artists aimed to expose psycholo- eventually came to represent the products. The 1950s were a period 'Man, Machine, and Motion' exhibi- that Warhol was immortalizing form dedicated itself to depicting gical truth and as a result created alienation many experienced in of optimism in Britain following tion in 1955, and 'This is Tomor- Marilyn Monroe in the USA. Pop the subconscious and as such abstract images in order to evoke the wake of a war stricken world. the end of war-time rationing, and row' with its landmark image Just art came in a number of waves, a consumer boom took place. Influ- What is it that makes today's home but all its adherents - Joe Trilson, enced by the art seen in Eduardo so different, so appealing? (1956). Richard Smith, Peter Phillips, Paolozzi's 1953 exhibition Parallel Pop Art therefore coincided with David Hockney and R.B. Kitaj - between Art and Life at the Insti- the youth and pop music pheno- shared some interest in the urban, tute for Contemporary , and menon of the 1950s and '60s, and consumer, modern experience. by American artists such as Jasper became very much a part of the Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, image of fashionable, 'swinging'

Op Art

Op painting used a framework of purely geometric forms as the basis for its effects and also drew on colour theory and the physiolo- gy and psychology of perception. Leading figures were Bridget Riley, Jesus Rafael Soto, and Victor Vasarely. Vasarely was one of the originators of op art. Soto’s work often involves mobile elements and points up the close connec- tion between kinetic and op art.

4 5 Jenny Holzer Inflammatory Essays The Inflammatory Essays present An American Neo-Conceptu- a range of provocative state- alist artist, Jenny Holzer (born ments which were inspired by 1950) utilized the homogeneous the texts of political theorists, rhetoric of modern information religious fanatics and impassioned systems in order to address the 'folk' literature. Since childhood, politics of discourse. In 1989 she Holzer has been interested in became the first female artist 'rapturous writing' and wanted to chosen to represent the United write 'ecstatic, fantastic things'. States at Italy's . Each essay has exactly 100 words in twenty lines, and Holzer uses Jenny Holzer was born July 29, this rigid format to explore a range 1950, in Gallipolis, Ohio, into of extreme ideas. She questions a family of two generations of the viewer's response by setting Ford auto dealers. She completed fanatical statements against the her undergraduate degree at certainties of common opini- in Athens after on. Originally the Essays were attending and the fly-posted across City. . While en- rolled in the Rhode Island School Projections of Design, Holzer experimented with an abstract painting style in- Since 1996 Jenny Holzer has used ted texts in the interior of the what I can with words in light and fluenced by the color field painters architecture and landscape as the MAK in Vienna. Here she used motion in a chosen place, and Mark Rothko and Morris Louis. In screens for her text works to be two projectors facing each other when I envelop the time needed, 1976 she moved to , projected onto. Linking her earlier to create an immersive space in the space around, the noise, smells, participating in the Whitney Muse- street-based practice to her con- which words overlapped in a space the people looking at one another um's independent study program. tinuous engagement with media flooded with white light and everything before them, and advertising tactics, Holzers and language. I have given what I know” Language as Art projections have enabled her to reach and engage with new Holzer has projected texts both in drawn from poets, such as the Holzer's conception of language as make verbal comments. Holzer viewpoints of the "Essays," ranging audiences and have taken place interior and exterior spaces as Polish Nobel Laureate, Wislawa art, in which semantics developed would stand and listen to the from extreme leftist to rightist. in five continents, over a dozen well as urban and rural settings, Szymborska, and has used quotes into her aesthetic, began to dialogues invoked by her words. Holzer initiated the "Living Series" countries and nearly thirty cities. showingher own words and those from politicians, friends and emerge in New York. The Whitney The participatory effect and the in 1981, which she printed on Holzer first displayed her projec- borrowed from others. “I show other anonymous sources. program included an extensive underground format were vital aluminum and bronze plaques, reading list incorporating Western components of Holzer's "Truisms" the presentation format used and Eastern literature and philoso- and of her second series, the "In- by medical and government phy. Holzer felt the writings could flammatory Essays," which laconi- buildings. "Living" addressed the be simplified to phrases everyone cally articulated Holzer's concerns necessities of daily life: eating, could understand. She called these and anxieties about contempo- breathing, sleeping, and human summaries her "Truisms" (1978), rary society. Holzer printed the relationships. Her bland, short which she printed anonymously in "Essays" in alphabetical order, first instructions were accompanied black italic script on white paper on small posters and then as a ma- with paintings by the American and wheat-pasted to building fa- nuscript entitled The Black Book artist Peter Nadin, whose portraits cades, signs, and telephone booths (1979). Until the late 1980s, Hol- of men and women attached to in lower Manhattan. Arranged in zer refused to produce them in any metal posts further articulated alphabetical order and comprised non-underground formats because the emptiness of both life and of short sentences, her "Truisms" of their militant nature. Her decla- message in the information age. inspired pedestrians to scribble rative language assumed particular messages on the posters and force and violence in the multiple You Are My Own, 2006

6 7 lists. From 1927, through 1930, Magritte to showcase his style, figures in a suggestive, yet ques- to create in a similar manner. style. And, he brought an entirely René Magritte much of the work which Rene and to create a unique design, tioning manner, made his work Although he died in 1967, of new way of looking at art, with Magritte created, was described forcing viewers of his pieces, to extremely desirable, especially pancreatic cancer, much of the the paintings, as well as some of Rene Magritte was born in 1898, as cavernous, with many of his look outside of the norm, and during the 1960s. In fact, much work of Rene Magritte is still on the sculptures which he created, to a wealthy manufacturer father. paintings showcasing bizarre focus on the distinctive features of his work has been plagiarized display today, in his hometown, during the course of his career. In 1912, his mother committed scenes, with a hint of eroticism. which were not originally present. and used in books, print ads, and and around the world. Not only suicide, and at this time Rene After a fallout with fellow artist other manners, due to the distinct did he introduce a new style, he decided to study at the Academie Andre Breton, Rene Magritte Along the similar lines, and with style, and the inability of artists was a leader in the surrealist des Beaux-Art, which was located moved back to Brussels, where he a focus on the surrealist style in Brussels. Many of the early stayed for the remainder of his life. which he stayed true to, during works he did, were reminiscent of During the majority of his career, his career, Rene Magritte began the style in which Pablo Picasso his work followed a surrealist sty- to work on sculptures at a later painted, where he followed a le, and he very rarely, if ever, stray- part of his career as well. He had Cubo-Futurist style of art. One ed away from this form. Much of a playful and provocative sense of such example of this work, was a the work he created depicted simi- humor, which worked in to many of piece he created in 1919, Three lar scenes, and recurring themes. the pieces which he created, and nudes, In 1922 he married Geor- Some of his favorites were floating which became some of his most gette, and took a number of small well known pieces throughout jobs, including painting cabbage the course of his career. One such roses for a wallpaper company, in example of this is the series of order to be able to pay the bills. pipe paintings which he created. During the early period of his The fascination he had with a career, shortly following his mar- paradoxical world, is clearly seen riage, Rene Magritte would spend when you view the entire series the free time that he had, creating as a whole piece, rather than art forms and worked on a number viewing the images on their own. of pieces; it was during this time period that he realized surrealism Although in recent years many of was the art form which he most the works created by Rene Mag- enjoyed. The Threatened Assassin ritte have been on exhibit, during was one of his earliest pieces the course of his career he also had in 1926, which showcased the certain features exhibited in Brus- surrealist style which he had been sels, as well as around the world. working on; The Lost Jockey was In 1936, one exhibit was held in another piece that he introduced New York City, and following this, in 1925, which also showcased two retrospective exhibits were this art form. Over the course of also held. One was in 1965, at his career, he produced a number rocks, or creating a painting within the , and of variants on this piece, and a painting, and he also used many a second was held in 1992, at the changed the format to recreate inanimate objects, within a human Metropolitan Museum of Art. what the viewer was experiencing. figure, creating the distinct styles If the dream is a translation of which other artists did not. waking life, waking life is also In 1927, Rene Magritte had his a translation of the dream. ” first one man show, which took During the course of his career, - Rene Magritte place at the Galerie la Centaurie, Rene Magritte would also use Not only were a number of artists which was in Brussels. During this famous paintings, which were intrigued by, and influenced by period of his life, he was producing created by other artists, to put his the work Rene Magritte created, nearly one piece of art work each own surrealist twist on it. One of but popular culture, and the art day, which made for an extensive the works he did, was recreate The world in general, were extremely showing, and a variety of unique Balcony (a piece after the master- influenced by his creative, and styles for visitors of the exhibit to pice of the same name, by Manet unique ability to take something so see. And, in 1927, he also made ), and in this piece he replaced the ordinary, yet make viewers of his the move to Paris later on in the figures that were in the image, pieces see something completely year, in order to join the surrea- with coffins. This, was one way for different. His ability to present

8 9 Masterpieces of Rene Magritte Masterpieces of Rene Magritte

Magritte painted The Son of Man ly. Well, so you have the apparent Elective Affinities was an oil the relation of free will and the as a self-portrait. The painting face, the apple, hiding the visible canvas painting created by René concept of chemical affinity. This consists of a man in an overcoat but hidden, the face of the person. Magritte in 1933. This impressive theory was introduced by Johann and a bowler hat standing in front It's something that happens cons- artwork was based on Johann von Goethe, a German polyma- of a short wall, beyond which tantly. Everything we see hides Goethe's human chemical theory. th. Elective Affinities by René is the sea and a cloudy sky. The another thing, we always want to The concept behind this theory Magritte captured the essence man's face is largely obscured by see what is hidden by what we see. is that external forces have a great of this theory, which explained a hovering green apple. Howe- There is an interest in that which is impact on the will. the rationale behind free will. ver, the man's eyes can be seen hidden and which the visible does Although we may feel free, there peeking over the edge of the not show us. This interest can take The painting depicts the fact are always instances or forces that apple. Another subtle feature is the form of a quite intense feeling, that a person's ideas are hatched we cannot control. Hence, human that the man's left arm appears a sort of conflict, one might say, into a concrete world that is beings may feel as though they are to bend backwards at the elbow. between the visible that is hidden enclosed by external forces. In caged because of their inability to About the painting, Magritte and the visible that is present." terms of thermodynamics, this take full control of the circum- said:"At least it hides the face part- 1933 surrealistic painting depicts stances that occur in their life.

The picture shows a pipe. Below it, All who see this painting are Magritte painted, "Ceci n'est pas interested in the veils covering une pipe" French for "This is not the faces of the main figures. a pipe." The painting is not a pipe, For this reason Magritte was but rather an image of a pipe, ingenious. The fact that all people he Treachery of Images belongs to kiss and the two in his painting a series of word-image paintings seem to be unable to physically by Magritte from the late 1920s. meet in such an intimate way He combined images and text in a strikes people. Art is supposed style suggested both by children to be inspirational, controversial, ’'s books, and by Magritte ’s ear- provocative and everything in ly career in advertising. The artist laid out his rationale for word- between. Rene Magritte's The image paintings in an illustrated Lovers is one such painting that text called Words and Images.” intrigues and provokes thought.

Not to be Reproduced (La repro- see only the back of his head. The Large Family ('La Grande Fa- rolling sea below evoke turbulent duction interdite) is a painting The book on the mantel is a mille') was created by Rene Mag- feelings, perhaps symbolizing created by Rene Magritte in 1937. well-worn copy of Edgar Allan ritte in 1963,. At first glance, one the trials and tribulations that Poe's The Narrative of Arthur immediately questions the appro- families often endure together. This painting was commissioned Gordon Pym of Nantucket (written priateness of the title for there Window-like, this bird reveals wi- by poet and Magritte patron here in French as Les aventures is no image of a family, human or thin its silhouette a calm blue sky Edward James and is considered d'Arthur Gordon Pym). Poe was otherwise. However, that should with white fluffy clouds that bring a portrait of James although one of Magritte's favorite authors not come as a surprise as Magritte about feelings of warmth, much James' face is not depicted. and he made other references was well-known to derive great like those experienced on a beauti- This painting was one of three to the author and his work. pleasure in confusing his viewers. ful summer day. The bird may well produced by Magritte for the represent the unity and love within ballroom of James' London home. The background of The Large a family unit. In depicting harmony Family displays a dreary sky, and discord, Magritte skillfully The work depicts a man standing either on the verge of a storm portrayed the concept of family in front of a mirror, but whereas or, could the pink light on the in The Large Family by evoking the book on the mantelpiece is horizon signify the end of one? The relevant and intense emotions reflected correctly, the man can ominous clouds together with the through symbolic surrealism.

10 11 Andy Warhol Blotted Line It was during his college years Warhol was an US painter, film-ma- that Warhol discovered the ker and author, and a leading blotted-line technique. The figure in the Pop Art movement. technique required Warhol to tape two pieces of blank paper Andrew Warhola was born in Pitts- together and then draw in ink on burgh, Pennsylvania. His parents one page. Before the ink dried, had emigrated to the USA he would press the two pieces of from Ruthenia, a region now paper together. The result was a in the Slovak Republic. picture with irregular lines that he would color in with watercolor. Between 1945 and 1949 Warhol studied at the Carnegie Institute Right after college, Warhol moved of Technology. In 1949, he moved to New York. He quickly earned a to New York and changed his reputation in the 1950s for using name to Warhol. He worked as the blotted-line technique in a commercial artist for maga- numerous commercial adverti- zines and also designed adver- sements. Some of Warhol's most tising and window displays. famous ads were for shoes for I. Miller, but he also drew Christmas In the early 1960s, he began to cards for Tiffany & Company, experiment with reproductions created book and album covers, as based on advertisements, newspa- well as illustrated Amy Vander- per headlines and other mass-pro- bilt's Complete Book of Etiquette. duced images from American popular culture such as Campbell's Pop Art soup tins and Coca Cola bottles. In 1962, he began his series portraits Around 1960, Warhol had decided attention he wanted. In Decem- Gallery in Los Angeles. He of Marilyn Monroe. Other subjects to make a name for himself in pop ber 1961, Warhol gave $50 to a displayed his canvases of given similar treatment included art. Warhol turned away from the friend of his who had told him she Campbell'ssoup, one canvas for Jackie Kennedy and Elvis Presley. blotted-line technique and chose had a good idea. Her idea was for each of the 32 types of Campbell's The same year he took part in the to use paint and canvas but at him to paint what he liked most soup He sold all the paintings New Realists exhibition in New first he had some trouble deciding in the world, perhaps something as a set for a $1000. York, which was the first what to paint. Warhol began with like money and a can of soup. important survey of Pop Art. Coke bottles and comic strips Warhol's first exhibition in an art but his work wasn't getting the gallery came in 1962 at the Ferus In 1963, Warhol began to make ex- perimental films. His studio, known as the Factory, became a meeting point for young artists, actors, musicians and hangers-on. One of these, Valerie Solanas, shot and seriously wounded him in 1968.

Warhol was now established as an internationally famous artist and throughout the 1970s and 1980s exhibited his work around the world. On 22 February 1987, Warhol died unexpectedly in a New York hospital follo- wing a gall bladder operation.

12 13 Masterpieces of Andy Warhol Masterpieces of Andy Warhol

Gold Marilyn (1962) the silkscreen printing process he Self-portrait (1986) These images seem to speak employed produces a flat image of the fragile, enigmatic nature Warhol had been obsessed with without much depth or perspec- Warhol completed these images of fame and society's obses- Hollywood ever since he was tive. Warhol hired assistants just a year before his death sion with the superficial. a young boy. When the movie to help him produce multiple in 1987. Known as his 'fright star Marilyn Monroe died in versions of his work as if they wig' series, they show a gaunt August 1962, he immediately were employed on the assembly and pale Warhol, his face fixed embarked on a series of prints line of a factory. This was all part like a death mask, with a blank of the actress. Warhol's tributes of his radically new approach expression, rendered in an to Marilyn are now seen in part to making art, challenging the extraordinary shock of colour. as a comment on the superficial conventional idea that art had to nature of modern celebrity. be original, recording traces of the By the Eighties, Warhol had turned artist's hand. As a result, his studio himself into an icon whose image This is underlined by the manner became known as The Factory. was instantly recognisable. in which they were made, since

Campbell's Soup Cans (1962) First shown in 1962, the 32 canva- The Velvet Underground (1966) ses, each one corresponding to a Despite his success as a commerci- different variety of soup, attracted During the mid-1960s, Warhol al illustrator, Warhol still hankered great controversy. Many people announced that he was going after becoming a recognised fine thought that they were nothing to stop painting to concentra- artist. In the early 1960s, he began more than a joke, and only five of te instead on film, music and to make a series of paintings that the paintings actually sold. But performance art. This resulted are now considered quintessential Warhol's tins of soup, depicted in a multimedia show called The examples of high American Pop in a graphic, almost mechanical Exploding Plastic Inevitable which Art. His series of 32 Campbell's manner more readily associated featured the rock band The Velvet Soup Can pictures, now in the with commercial art, immediately Underground. Warhol became the challenged the nature of art. band's manager and designed this collection of New York's Museum signature image, the artwork for of Modern Art, belongs to this Today the paintings are seen as the cover of their first album, The period, and marked his breakth- both a celebration and a cri- Velvet Underground and Nico. rough into the world of fine art. tique of Western capitalism.

Brillo Box (1964) Orange Car Crash The footage of the assassina- Fourteen Times (1963) tion of President Kennedy, for Warhol's Brillo Box sculptures instance, was shown repeatedly were the culmination of what he Many of Warhol's paintings, with in the Sixties, just as we are had started with his Cambell's their candy colours and flat surfa- now used to the over-exposed Soup Can pictures. In 1964, ces, can seem light, superficial and film of the Twin Towers collap- Warhol faithfully created plywood frivolous. But his series of Death sing on September 11, 2001. replicas of cardboard Brillo boxes. and Disaster paintings reveal a very different side to the artist's He then displayed these 'sculp- output. Everyday tragedies such as tures' in a New York gallery. The car and plane crashes and suicides Brillo Boxes rocked the art world, were reproduced multiple times forcing people to re-evaluate what across a canvas, echoing the way in art could be and what it meant. which the stories had been origi- They were also a form of instal- nally reported by a sensational me- lation art - now an established dia - over and over again with little medium for contemporary artists. or no sympathy for their subjects.

14 15 tently show his work in New York. Allan Kaprow, and he also met Masterpieces of Roy Lichtenstein Roy Lichtenstein His earliest proto-Pop work was Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Lucas painted in 1956 - a picture of a Samaras and George Segal. He Brushstroke (1965) He was born in New York City in dollar bill - but it had no immediate which were to become signatu- October 1923. His parents were successor. From 1957 until 1960 res in his work - Ben-Day dots, In 1965-6 Lichtenstein made middle-class and he described his work could, broadly speaking, lettering and speech balloons. a series of paintings depicting himself as having had a quiet and be classified as Abstract Expres- "Lichtenstein took in his co- enlarged brushstrokes. Here uneventful childhood. Though sionist; he had previously passed mic-strip paintings unannounced Lichtenstein used it to make a art was not taught as part of the through Geometric Abstracti- to the new Leo Castelli Gallery, direct comment on the elevated curriculum at his high school, in on and a version of Cubism. and was almost immediately content and loaded brushwork of his junior year he started to draw accepted for exhibition there, in Abstract Expressionism. The brus- and paint as a hobby. His first In 1960 Lichtenstein was appoin- preference to Andy Warhol, who hstroke, as the token of the artist's subjects were jazz musicians (the ted Assistant Professor at Douglas had started doing similar work. His personal expression, is deperso- product of a youthful enthusiasm College at Rutgers University of first one-man show with Castelli nalised. The motif is screenprinted for their music), and his work New Jersey, which put him within in 1962 launched him on a career onto paper in a manner usually was affected by Picasso's Blue striking distance of New York. He which was thereafter uniformly associated with the effect that and Rose Period paintings, which met and had long discussions with successful. In 1963 he moved from it seems banal and everyday. he knew from reproductions. New Jersey to New York, having taken leave of absence from his Sandwich and Soda (1964) In 1939, he enrolled for summer job at Rutgers; in 1964 he resigned art classes at the Art Students' from teaching altogether. In 1966 This print is from a portfolio League under Reginald Marsh. His he showed at the Venice Bien- entitled 'X + X(Ten Works by Ten subject-matter was then strongly nale, and in 1969 he was given a Painters)' which was produced in influenced by Marsh's own work. retrospective at the Guggenheim an edition of 500 prints in 1964. On his graduation from high Museum, which later toured Printed on plastic, this is one of school, Lichtenstein decided to America. He was elected to the Lichtenstein's first Pop prints, and leave New York and study art. He American Academy of Arts and the first to be made on a surface went to the School of Fine Arts Sciences in 1970, and then moved other than paper. Lichtenstein's at Ohio State University, but his to Southampton, Long Island, thus printmaking is distinguished by the artistic education was interrupted following a pattern set by many artist's use of technical innova- by the war. He was drafted in 1943 successful American artists. tions and experimental materials. and served in Britain and cont- inental Europe. During his time His development as a mature pain- in the services he was able to do ter was marked by his propensity some work as an artist, particularly for working in successive series or drawing from nature. Demobilized thematic groups. The later groups in 1946, he returned immediately tended to be interpretations Painting in Gold Frame from famous schematic image of an to Ohio State University and attended a number of early 'Hap- and to some extent parodies of 'Paintings' (1983-4) abstract brushstroke. The final gained his Bachelor of Fine Art in penings', but did not participate earlier Modernist styles - Cubism, print thus embodies different June. He then joined the graduate in them actively. These cont- Futurism and Surrealism. In the Here Lichtenstein has used the ways of representing reality, given programme, as an instructor. In acts revived his interest in Pop early 1980s Lichtenstein created simplified style of the comic book an ironic twist by the fact that 1949 he gained his Master of Fine imagery, and a more immediate sculptural maquettes constructed to represent a section of a framed what is represented is an abstract Art and held his first one-man exhi- stimulus was provided by a chal- from flat shapes as three-dimensi- Abstract Expressionist painting. painting. A further irony is that bition at the Ten Thirty Gallery in lenge from one of his sons, who onal graphic imitations of German This is a characteristic example of Abstract Expressionist paintings Cleveland. At this time he started pointed to a Mickey Mouse comic Expressionist woodcuts. These, the way his art combines dynamic never have elaborate gold frames. to introduce broad references to book and said; 'I bet you can't like his series of painted or sculp- imagery with a cool, detached Americana in his work: in 1951 he paint as good as that.' In 1961 ted brushstrokes of the 1980s, manner of representation. It is a had a show in New York consis- Lichtenstein produced about six painstakingly created an ironic complex work, derived from a col- ting largely of assemblages made paintings showing characters suggestion of spontaneity. In the lage which combined hand-painted of found objects. He moved to from comic-strip frames, with late 1980s and early 1990s he re- and printed papers, a printed Cleveland and worked on and off only minor changes of colour and turned to the use of Ben-Day dots enlargement of unprimed canvas, as an engineering draughtsman form from the original source in a new and refined application directly painted brushstrokes and for various companies while material. It was at this time that of his earlier style. Roy Lichten- a cut-out variation of the artist's continuing to paint and intermit- he first made use of devices stein died in September 1997."

16 17 Masterpieces of Roy Lichtenstein Masterpieces of Roy Lichtenstein

Bull I (1973)

In these prints, Lichtenstein stu- dies the progress of an image from figurative representation to abs- traction. The initially recognisable form of the bull in the first panel is, by the sixth, transformed into a geometric abstraction. Gradually, the animal is reduced to its struc- ture - backbone, horns, tail and foreleg - until the only remaining trace is a curved line suggesting horns in the upper-right corner.

Whaam! (1963) sent powerfully charged scenes in face of the person. It's something an impersonal manner, leaving the that happens constantly. Ever- 'Whaam!' is based on an image viewer to decipher meanings for ything we see hides another thing, from 'All American Men of War' themselves. Although he was ca- we always want to see what is published by DC comics in 1962. reful to retain the character of his hidden by what we see. There is Throughout the 1960s, Lich- source, Lichtenstein also explored an interest in that which is hidden tenstein frequently drew on the formal qualities of commercial and which the visible does not commercial art sources such as imagery and techniques. In these show us. This interest can take comic images or advertisements, works as in 'Whaam!', he adapted the form of a quite intense feeling, attracted by the way highly emoti- and developed the original com- a sort of conflict, one might say, Bull II 1973 onal subject matter could be depic- position to produce an intensely between the visible that is hidden ted using detached techniques. stylised painting.ly. Well, so you and the visible that is present." Transferring this to a painting have the apparent face, the apple, context, Lichtenstein could pre- hiding the visible but hidden, the

Haystacks #1 (1969)

In 1968–9 Lichtenstein made a series of paintings paraphrasing Claude Monet's ‘Haystacks’ and ‘Rouen Cathedral’ paintings (1891 and 94). He made prints on this theme at Gemini in 1969: the series of seven ‘Haystacks’ runs from morning (yellow) to midnight (black, with embos- sing) in a mechanical version of Monet's changing light effects. Bull III (1973)

18 19 Meditative Rose (1958) that of physics, has transcended as an alternative to having to Salvador Dali the one of psychology. My father politically conquer the world. He The painting itself is reminiscent today is Dr. Heisenberg. It is felt that his own vision could be of a natural Om symbol hanging uncertain how this piece fits into imposed on and color the world against the sky above a deso- either the paranoiac method or to his liking so that it became late landscape. This work was the nuclear mysticism practices. unnecessary to change it objec- completed the same year that Dali tively." from published his "Nuclear Mysticism" The following quote sums this obituary, January 24, 1989 issue. manifesto titled "Anti-Matter". particular style of Dali's, "The Commenting on this newfound surrealists saw in Dali the promise belief in science, DNA, and nuclear of a breakthrough of the surrealist physics the artist had this to say, dilemma. Many of the surrealists "In the Surrealist period I wanted had broken away from the mo- to create the iconography of the vement, feeling that direct political interior world and the world of action had to come before any the marvelous, of my father Freud. mental revolutions. Dali put forth Today the exterior world and his "Paranoic-Critical method"

Born in Figueres, Spain in 1904, Catalan family that divided its movement in 1939. He and Gala Salvador Dali is known for his time between Figueres and the fled Europe in 1940 and spent the technical skill as a painter and the coastal village of Cadaqués. war years in the United States shocking quality of his imaginati- Dali attended a prominent art where he revised his strategy to- on. His pioneering spirit was also academy in Madrid. From his ward art, rejecting modernism and accompanied by a reverence of earliest years as an artist he exhi- connecting with other traditions of tradition and a will for continuity. bited his work widely, lectured, art. In 1947 Dali and Gala returned Dali consistently depicted the and wrote. In 1929 he joined the to Spain and thereafter divided landscape of his homeland, one Surrealist movement becoming their time between Europe and that became synonymous with its most visible and controversial the United States. In 1974, Dali the landscape of the imagination member. That year, Dali met Gala organized a museum of his own and of dreams. He forged in his Eluard when she visited him with collection of art, the Teatro-Museo long career a remarkable body of her husband, poet Paul Eluard. Dali in Figueres. After the death work, and his life demonstrates Subsequently, Gala became of Gala in 1982, Dali’s health the richness of living creatively in Dali’s wife, his muse, primary declined. His final years were every aspect of one’s existence. model, and life-long obsession. spent in seclusion at his museum. Salvador Dali was the only survi- Salvador Dali died on January 23, ving male child of a prosperous Dali broke with the Surrealist 1989 in the place of his birth.

20 21 Galatea of the Spheres (1952) seduced Gala away from Eluard. of physics, has transcended the Dali considered Gala his world and one of psychology. My father today The Galatea of the Spheres is a his saviour and signed many of his is Dr. Heisenberg. This painting marvelous portrait of Dali's wife works with her name. This amazing today sits on an easel in the Teatro known as Gala. Gala was born portrait is one of the many works Museo Dali, Figueras, Spain, in Elena Ivanovna Diakonova (7 Sep- in which Dali paints his feelings for the Palace of the Wind Gallery. tember 1894 – 10 June 1982) in Gala in a style that foreshadows Russia, to a family of intellectuals. Dali's 1958 Nuclear Mysticism As a young woman she graduated manifesto "Anti-Matter". Com- as a school-teacher in 1915 from menting on this newfound belief a University in Moscow. Dali first in science, DNA, and nuclear met Gala in 1929 while working physics the artist had this to say, on the film Un Chien Andalou with "In the Surrealist period I wanted Luis Bunuel, Gala was the wife of to create the iconography of the another Surrealist Paul Eluard. interior world and the world of Causing a rift in his family and ten- the marvelous, of my father Freud. sions with other Surrealists Dali Today the exterior world and that

Face of War (1940) which have not yet occurred. On and unbury! Disinter and inter in war he spoke often, "I was entering order to unbury again! Such was Dali's painting the Face of War re- a period of rigor and asceticism the charnel desire of the Civil presents his feelings of war - end- which was going to dominate War in that impatient Spain. One lessly repeating death and decay. my style, my thoughts, and my would see how she was capable The miserable face of the corpse - tormented life. Spain on fire of suffering, of making others the visage of war - sees only death, would light up this drama of the suffer, of burying and unburying, speaks only death, and reflected renaissance of aesthetics. Spain of killing and resurrecting. It was in his eyes are the corpses whose would serve as a holocaust to necessary to scratch the earth to eyes and mouths are also filled that post-war Europe tortured by exhume tradition and to profane with death. Dali claimed that the ideological dramas, by moral and everything in order to be dazzled handprint depicted in the lower artistic anxieties - at one fell swo- anew by all the treasures that the right corner to be his own. op, from the middle of the Spanish land was hiding in its entrails." cadaver springs up. Half devoured War was a special topic for Dali by vermin and ideological worms, who claimed he could have premo- the Iberian penis in erection, huge nitions of war and in fact feel the like a cathedral filled with the pain and destructions of bombings white dynamite of hatred. Bury

22 23 of Monet's famous series of water In October 2013, Banksy took Banksy lilies paintings, adapted by Banksy to the streets of New York City. to include drifting trash and debris. There he pledged to create a Banksy, a street artist whose new piece of art for each day of identity remains unknown, is Banksy's worldwide fame has his residency. As he explained to believed to have been born in transformed his artwork from acts the Village Voice, "The plan is to Bristol, England, around 1974. of vandalism to sought-after high live here, react to things, see the He rose to prominence for his art pieces. Journalist Max Foster sights—and paint on them. Some provocative stenciled pieces in has referred to the rising prices of of it will be pretty elaborate, and the late 1990s. Banksy is the graffiti as street art as "the Banksy some will just be a scrawl on a subject of a 2010 documentary, effect." Interest in Banksy escala- toilet wall." During that month, Exit Through the Gift Shop, which ted with the release of the 2010 he also sold some of his works on examines the relationship between documentary Exit Through the Gift the street for $60 a piece, well commercial and street art. Shop. The film, which premiered below the market value for his art. at the Sundance Film Festival, was Banksy began his career as a nominated for an Academy Award. graffiti artist in the early 1990s, in Bristol's graffiti gang DryBreadZ Crew. Although his early work was largely freehand, Banksy used stencils on occasion. In the late '90s, he began using sten- cils predominantly. His work became more widely recognized around Bristol and in London, as his signature style developed.

Bansky's artwork is characterized by striking images, often combined with slogans. His work often enga- ges political themes, satirically cri- tiquing war, capitalism, hypocrisy and greed. Common subjects inclu- de rats, apes, policemen, members of the royal family, and children. In addition to his two-dimensional work, Banksy is known for his installation artwork. One of the most celebrated of these pieces, which featured a live elephant painted with a Victorian wallpa- per pattern, sparked controversy among animal rights activists.

Other pieces have drawn attention for their edgy themes or the bold- The original Banksy London Featured in the Banksy film Exit visual comment on BTs transfor- ness of their execution. Banksy's Phone Booth caused quite a stir Through the Gift Shop”, this mation from an old-fashioned work on the West Bank barrier, during its brief lifespan in 2006. sculptural graffiti elicited a myriad telecommunications company between Israel and Palestine, Appearing overnight on a street of reactions. Londoners divided into a modern communications received significant media atten- in Soho, London, this bent and themselves into two camps: those services provider.” Perhaps this tion in 2005. He is also known for broken British Telecommunica- who appreciated the spirit of the official” analysis captured Banksys his use of copyrighted material and tions phone booth laid forlornly art, and those who decried it as meaning in creating the sculpture. subversion of classic images. An on its side, axe protruding from its vandalism. British Telecommuni- example of this is Banksy's version side, blood pooling underneath. cations praised this as stunning

24 25 When Banksy hit Los Angeles back Banksy Naked Man Hanging in 2006 for his first U.S. exhibiti- from Window was originally on, he brought along traditional painted on a wall in Park Street, works, large-scale pieces, and a Bristol, England in about 2006. literal elephant to fill a room. Whi- The painting depicts a naked man le it may have been amusing that hanging from a windowsill as a Banksy titled his showing “Barely suited man looks out in another Legal,” it wasn’t so funny when U.S. direction. There is a woman officials deemed his painting of an behind him in her underthings. actual, live elephant named Tai, done up in pink and gold paint to At first the symbolism strikes match the wallpaper of a room set- the viewer as an uncomfortable up, actually broke the law: Banksy situation for someone who does had the proper permits to include not want to be caught. Looking Tai in the exhibition, but painting deeper, there is something the pachyderm from trunk to toe happening in that house that was illegal (and quite time-consu- the suited man is not paying ming to complete in the first place). attention to. He suspects, but looks in the wrong place. The In March of 2005, Banksy sub- man hanging on the window- verted the traditional means of sill is vulnerable, exposed, but getting his artwork into famous the suited man does not know museums—he just posted them he is there, even though he up himself. He hit four of New only needs to turn his head. York City’s biggest art meccas— the Museum of Modern Art, the The public was invited to Metropolitan Museum of Art, the decide whether it should stay American Museum of Natural His- on the side of a building on tory, and the Museum— Park Street or be removed. mounting up new pieces at each. Most of the pieces stayed up for an An internet discussion forum entire day before officials noticed showed 97% of submitters that anything was amiss, even as supported the work. Bristol museum patrons eyeballed works city council decided to keep they knew weren’t exactly right. this piece after overwhelming support from the public. In the late summer of 2005, Banksy took to the Israeli West However recent reports on Bank barrier to paint a stagge- Banksy admitting he was a ring nine pieces on the wall that Bristol City fan (home colours separates the country from the red) which then their arch rival landlocked Palestinian territories. team, Bristol Rovers (home Banksy’s work on the Palestinian colours blue) fans decided to side is remarkable (and remarka- paintball his work in blue paint. bly complicated) for a number of As you can see the council tried reasons: it’s a politically volatile to remove some of the paint. area that is constantly patrolled, Banksy’s works there are massive, and the pieces all come with a very political bent (and a para- dise-seeking theme). While the wall is home to plenty of other protest graffiti, Banksy’s work remains the most well known.

26 27 Banksy Project Jenny Holzer Project

28 29 Roy Lichtenstein Project

30 31 Skulpture Park Nancy Rubins (Airplane Parts & Hills, 2003) Werner Reiterer (Gesture, 2003/04) Rubins compacted electrical equipment, boilers, caravan or aircraft parts that compose it collects This is also mirrored as brightly colored intervention in a sculpture park the repetierte gesture concerning from landfills, to monumental sculptures. the shaping and molding of the loss of a balloon.

Herbert Boeckl (Atlantis, 1940-1944) Hartmut Skerbisch (3D Fraktal 03/H/dd, 2003) The figure is related in position with the "Seated Nude with yellow mask" of 1935. While the act on The term refers to natural or artificial shapes or geometric patterns with a high deGree of self-similarity. the painting but relaxed leaning against the pillows, the sculpture lacks the supporting elements. An object consists of several smaller copies of itself.

32 33