Senem Ercatim Surrealism 4 Pop Art 5 Op Art 5 Jenny Holzer 6-7 René Magritte 8-11 Andy Warhol 12-15 Roy Lichtenstein 16-19 Dali 20-23 Banksy 24-27 Own Artworks 28-31 Skulpture Park 32-33 Surrealism Pop Art Founded by Andre Breton in the many critics regard Surrealism empathy from the viewer. Highly The term first appeared in Britain British artists such as Richard London. Peter Blake, for example, early 1920s and emphatically as a substantial divergence from individualized, the movement during the 1950s and referred to Hamilton and the Independent designed album covers for Elvis explained in his Manifestoes of traditional art movements. relied heavily on the element of the interest of a number of artists Group aimed at broadening taste Presley and the Beatles and placed Surrealism, Surrealism is often By stripping ordinary objects of the unexpected, borrowed from in the images of mass media, into more popular, less academic film stars such as Brigitte Bardot considered both a cultural and their normal function, Surrealist various Dadaist techniques and advertising, comics and consumer art. Hamilton helped organize the in his pictures in the same way revolutionary art movement. The artists aimed to expose psycholo- eventually came to represent the products. The 1950s were a period 'Man, Machine, and Motion' exhibi- that Warhol was immortalizing form dedicated itself to depicting gical truth and as a result created alienation many experienced in of optimism in Britain following tion in 1955, and 'This is Tomor- Marilyn Monroe in the USA. Pop the subconscious and as such abstract images in order to evoke the wake of a war stricken world. the end of war-time rationing, and row' with its landmark image Just art came in a number of waves, a consumer boom took place. Influ- What is it that makes today's home but all its adherents - Joe Trilson, enced by the art seen in Eduardo so different, so appealing? (1956). Richard Smith, Peter Phillips, Paolozzi's 1953 exhibition Parallel Pop Art therefore coincided with David Hockney and R.B. Kitaj - between Art and Life at the Insti- the youth and pop music pheno- shared some interest in the urban, tute for Contemporary Arts, and menon of the 1950s and '60s, and consumer, modern experience. by American artists such as Jasper became very much a part of the Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, image of fashionable, 'swinging' Op Art Op painting used a framework of purely geometric forms as the basis for its effects and also drew on colour theory and the physiolo- gy and psychology of perception. Leading figures were Bridget Riley, Jesus Rafael Soto, and Victor Vasarely. Vasarely was one of the originators of op art. Soto’s work often involves mobile elements and points up the close connec- tion between kinetic and op art. 4 5 Jenny Holzer Inflammatory Essays The Inflammatory Essays present An American Neo-Conceptu- a range of provocative state- alist artist, Jenny Holzer (born ments which were inspired by 1950) utilized the homogeneous the texts of political theorists, rhetoric of modern information religious fanatics and impassioned systems in order to address the 'folk' literature. Since childhood, politics of discourse. In 1989 she Holzer has been interested in became the first female artist 'rapturous writing' and wanted to chosen to represent the United write 'ecstatic, fantastic things'. States at Italy's Venice Biennale. Each essay has exactly 100 words in twenty lines, and Holzer uses Jenny Holzer was born July 29, this rigid format to explore a range 1950, in Gallipolis, Ohio, into of extreme ideas. She questions a family of two generations of the viewer's response by setting Ford auto dealers. She completed fanatical statements against the her undergraduate degree at certainties of common opini- Ohio University in Athens after on. Originally the Essays were attending Duke University and the fly-posted across New York City. University of Chicago. While en- rolled in the Rhode Island School Projections of Design, Holzer experimented with an abstract painting style in- Since 1996 Jenny Holzer has used ted texts in the interior of the what I can with words in light and fluenced by the color field painters architecture and landscape as the MAK in Vienna. Here she used motion in a chosen place, and Mark Rothko and Morris Louis. In screens for her text works to be two projectors facing each other when I envelop the time needed, 1976 she moved to Manhattan, projected onto. Linking her earlier to create an immersive space in the space around, the noise, smells, participating in the Whitney Muse- street-based practice to her con- which words overlapped in a space the people looking at one another um's independent study program. tinuous engagement with media flooded with white light and everything before them, and advertising tactics, Holzers and language. I have given what I know” Language as Art projections have enabled her to reach and engage with new Holzer has projected texts both in drawn from poets, such as the Holzer's conception of language as make verbal comments. Holzer viewpoints of the "Essays," ranging audiences and have taken place interior and exterior spaces as Polish Nobel Laureate, Wislawa art, in which semantics developed would stand and listen to the from extreme leftist to rightist. in five continents, over a dozen well as urban and rural settings, Szymborska, and has used quotes into her aesthetic, began to dialogues invoked by her words. Holzer initiated the "Living Series" countries and nearly thirty cities. showingher own words and those from politicians, friends and emerge in New York. The Whitney The participatory effect and the in 1981, which she printed on Holzer first displayed her projec- borrowed from others. “I show other anonymous sources. program included an extensive underground format were vital aluminum and bronze plaques, reading list incorporating Western components of Holzer's "Truisms" the presentation format used and Eastern literature and philoso- and of her second series, the "In- by medical and government phy. Holzer felt the writings could flammatory Essays," which laconi- buildings. "Living" addressed the be simplified to phrases everyone cally articulated Holzer's concerns necessities of daily life: eating, could understand. She called these and anxieties about contempo- breathing, sleeping, and human summaries her "Truisms" (1978), rary society. Holzer printed the relationships. Her bland, short which she printed anonymously in "Essays" in alphabetical order, first instructions were accompanied black italic script on white paper on small posters and then as a ma- with paintings by the American and wheat-pasted to building fa- nuscript entitled The Black Book artist Peter Nadin, whose portraits cades, signs, and telephone booths (1979). Until the late 1980s, Hol- of men and women attached to in lower Manhattan. Arranged in zer refused to produce them in any metal posts further articulated alphabetical order and comprised non-underground formats because the emptiness of both life and of short sentences, her "Truisms" of their militant nature. Her decla- message in the information age. inspired pedestrians to scribble rative language assumed particular messages on the posters and force and violence in the multiple You Are My Own, 2006 6 7 lists. From 1927, through 1930, Magritte to showcase his style, figures in a suggestive, yet ques- to create in a similar manner. style. And, he brought an entirely René Magritte much of the work which Rene and to create a unique design, tioning manner, made his work Although he died in 1967, of new way of looking at art, with Magritte created, was described forcing viewers of his pieces, to extremely desirable, especially pancreatic cancer, much of the the paintings, as well as some of Rene Magritte was born in 1898, as cavernous, with many of his look outside of the norm, and during the 1960s. In fact, much work of Rene Magritte is still on the sculptures which he created, to a wealthy manufacturer father. paintings showcasing bizarre focus on the distinctive features of his work has been plagiarized display today, in his hometown, during the course of his career. In 1912, his mother committed scenes, with a hint of eroticism. which were not originally present. and used in books, print ads, and and around the world. Not only suicide, and at this time Rene After a fallout with fellow artist other manners, due to the distinct did he introduce a new style, he decided to study at the Academie Andre Breton, Rene Magritte Along the similar lines, and with style, and the inability of artists was a leader in the surrealist des Beaux-Art, which was located moved back to Brussels, where he a focus on the surrealist style in Brussels. Many of the early stayed for the remainder of his life. which he stayed true to, during works he did, were reminiscent of During the majority of his career, his career, Rene Magritte began the style in which Pablo Picasso his work followed a surrealist sty- to work on sculptures at a later painted, where he followed a le, and he very rarely, if ever, stray- part of his career as well. He had Cubo-Futurist style of art. One ed away from this form. Much of a playful and provocative sense of such example of this work, was a the work he created depicted simi- humor, which worked in to many of piece he created in 1919, Three lar scenes, and recurring themes. the pieces which he created, and nudes, In 1922 he married Geor- Some of his favorites were floating which became some of his most gette, and took a number of small well known pieces throughout jobs, including painting cabbage the course of his career.