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2009-Trudy-Instituta-Zoologii-T-51.Pdf Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан ТРУДЫ ИНСТИТУТА ЗООЛОГИИ Т. 51 ЖИВОТНЫЙ МИР МАНГИСТАУСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И ЕГО МОНИТОРИНГ Алматы 2009 УДК 59 ББК 28.6 Ж 67 Мелдебеков А.М., Байжанов М.Х., Казенас В.Л., Бекенов А.Б., Кадырбеков Р.Х., Гисцов А.П., Есенбекова П.А., Тлеппаева А.М., Митяев И.Д., Чильдебаев М.К., Жданко А.Б. Животный мир Мангистауской области и его мониторинг. Труды Института зоологии МОН РК. Т. 51. – Алматы, 2009. Коллективная монография посвящена выяснению видового состава, экологических свойств и современного состояния фауны млекопитающих, птиц и насекомых с целью создания научной основы для многолетнего мониторинга животного мира Мангистауской области. Meldebekov A.M., Bajzhanov M.H., Kazenas V.L., Bekenov A.B., Kadyrbekov R.H., Gistsov A.P., Esenbekova P.A., Tleppaeva A.M., Mitjaev I.D., Childebaev M.K.,Zhdanko A.B. Fauna of Mangystau area and its monitoring. Transactions of the Institute of zoology МES RK. Vol. 51. - Almaty, 2009. The collective monography is devoted to finding-out of specific structure, ecological properties and a modern condition of mammal, birds and insects fauna with the purpose of creation of a scientific basis for long-term monitoring of Mangystau area fauna. Главный редактор академик НАН РК, профессор А.М.Мелдебеков Рецензенты: академик НАН РК, проф. Е.В. Гвоздев доктор биол. наук, проф. В.А. Кащеев ББК 28.6 К 19700000 00(05)-09 ISBN 9965-32-990-7 © Институт зоологии МОН РК, 2009 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Стр. 1 Введение 5 2 Млекопитающие 6 2.1 Видовой состав млекопитающих Мангистауской области 6 2.2 Распространение и численность млекопитающих Мангистауской области 8 2.2.1 Насекомоядные 8 2.2.2 Рукокрылые 9 2.2.3 Зайцеобразные 10 2.2.4 Грызуны 10 2.2.5 Хищные 13 2.2.6 Парнокопытные 15 2.2.7 Непарнокопытные 18 2.3 Мониторинговые виды млекопитающих 19 2.3.1 Устюртский горный баран 20 2.3.2 Джейран 24 2.3.3 Сайгак 26 2.3.4 Кулан 29 2.4 Каспийский тюлень и его распределение в северной части Каспийского моря 32 2.3.1 Каспийский тюлень и его происхождение 32 2.3.2 Распространение тюленя 32 2.3.3 Современное размещение и численность 35 2.3.4 Реакция тюленей на плавсредства 42 2.3.5. Заключение 45 3 Мониторинг состояния птиц в Мангистауской области 46 3.1. Общая характеристика орнитофауны 46 3.2. Характеристика птиц, отмеченных на мониторинговых учетах 52 3.3 Экологическая чувствительность мест обитания животных 65 3.4. Заключение 66 4 Мониторинг фауны насекомых 68 4.1 Актуальность и практическое значение мониторинга биоразнообразия по насекомым в Мангистауской области 68 4.2 Общий мониторинг энтомофауны в Мангистауской области 68 4.2.1 Видовой состав и численность насекомых на мониторинговых участках 68 4.2.2 Ключевые мониторинговые виды насекомых 99 4.3 Оценка современного состояния фауны важнейших мониторинговых групп насекомых 101 4.3.1 Прямокрылые 101 4.3.2 Равнокрылые 122 4.3.3 Полужесткокрылые 132 4.3.4 Жесткокрылые 141 4.3.5 Перепончатокрылые 166 4.3.6 Дневные бабочки 183 4.4. Рекомендации по проведению мониторинга энтомофауны 191 5. Заключение 193 Список использованных источников по млекопитающим и птицам 196 Список использованных источников по насекомым 197 202 Приложение А 202 Приложение Б 210 Приложение В 212 Приложение Г 252 1 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Мониторинг животных – важнейший компонент в системе мер по решению практических зоологических проблем, в частности, проблемы сохранения и устойчивого использования биологического разнообразия животных, которая в последнее время стала одним из главных мировых приоритетов. В связи с быстрым хозяйственным освоением территории Мангистауской области возникла необходимость выяснения современного состояния фауны (видовой состав, распространение, численность, распределение и др.). Животный мир Мангистауской области изучен еще крайне недостаточно, большая часть видов и родов беспозвоночных до сих пор не известна. Между тем фрагментарные данные о животном мире этого региона, имеющиеся в литературе, свидетельствуют о его самобытности, уникальности и достаточно большом разнообразии. Отсутствие достаточно полной информационной базы о состоянии и динамике животного мира препятствует рациональному использованию ресурсов полезных и хозяйственно ценных видов животных, разработке биологического метода и других методов борьбы с вредителями, сохранению всего биоразнообразия и охране редких, исчезающих, эндемичных и реликтовых видов. Следует отметить, что особенности животных ресурсов заключаются в том, что, обладая способностью возобновления, они, тем не менее, могут быть подорваны, если не учитывать особенностей их существования как компонентов природных экосистем. Поэтому для разработки научных основ сохранения, воспроизводства и использования животных ресурсов необходимо постоянное слежение за их состоянием (мониторинг). Материалы для настоящей монографии были собраны в процессе работы по хоздоговорной теме «Мониторинг диких животных в Мангистауской области (млекопитающих, птиц, насекомых)» в 2006-2008 гг. Сначала основное внимание было уделено на сбор сведений о животном мире Мангистауской области из литературы, зоологических коллекций, эколого-фаунистических картотек Института зоологии и других доступных информационных источников. В 2007-м и 2008-м годах в мае-июне были проведены полевые исследования, учитывающие то обстоятельство, что большинство животных, особенно насекомых и других беспозвоночных, активны только в весенний и раннелетний периоды года, в то время как в другие периоды находятся в состоянии диапаузы или спячки. Однако по ряду видов животных полевые исследования проводились и в другое время года, в частности, зимой по тюленю, а весной и осенью – по мигрирующим птицам. Были выбраны мониторинговые группы и виды животных, которые наиболее пригодны для долгосрочного слежения за состоянием всего животного мира в качестве индикаторных объектов, разработаны и апробированы методики мониторинга. Проведены полевые учеты видового состава и численности по ряду групп на мониторинговых участках или на мониторинговых маршрутах. Кроме того, исполнителями были осуществлены обобщение и анализ информации о животном мире Мангистауской области, собранной из различных источников (публикации, отчеты, рабочие картотеки исполнителей и других исследователей, работавших раньше на территории области). Уточнены и дополнены списки видов всех мониторинговых групп. Важнейшие результаты проделанной работы представлены ниже. 2 МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИЕ 2.1 Видовой состав млекопитающих Мангистауской области В настоящее время на территории Мангистауской области обитают около 70 видов млекопитающих, из них: насекомоядных – 5 видов, рукокрылых – 13, зайцеобразных – 2, грызунов – 28, хищных – 16, копытных – 5, ластоногих – 1 вид. Среди этих животных имеются охотничье-промысловые (кабан, сайгак, хорек светлый, ласка, горностай, барсук, волк, лисица, корсак, желтый суслик, зайцы толай и русак и др.), а также редкие и исчезающие (белозубка-малютка, белобрюхий стрелоух, бледный карликовый тушканчик, барханный кот, манул, каракал, гепард, медоед, джейран, устюртский горный баран и кулан) виды. Видовой состав и распределение млекопитающих в разных географических районах Мангистауской области даны в таблице 2.1. Таблица 2.1 – Видовой состав и распределение млекопитающих в разных географических районах Мангистауской области п/о Северное № Вид животного Устюрт Манг Бузачи Предуст ышла юртье к 1 2 3 4 5 6 НАСЕКОМОЯДНЫЕ 1. Ушастый еж + + + + 2. Длинноиглый еж + + + + 3. Малая белозубка + + + + 4. Белозубка малютка - - - + 5. Пегий путорак + + + + РУКОКРЫЛЫЕ 6. Усатая ночница + + + + 7. Ушан серый + + + - 8. Кожановидный нетопырь - +? - + 9. Поздний кожан + + + + 10. Двухцветный кожан + + + + 11. Остроухая ночница + +? - + 12. Нетопырь-карлик + - - - 13. Рыжая вечерница + - - - 14. Гиганская вечерница + - - - 15. Пустынный кожан + + + - 16. Кожанок Бобринского - - - + 17. Белобрюхий стрелоух + - - - 18. Большой подковонос + + - - ЗАЙЦЕОБРАЗНЫЕ 19. Заяц-песчаник + + + + 20. Заяц-русак + - - + ГРЫЗУНЫ 21. Желтый суслик + + + + 22. Малый суслик + + + + Продоложение таблицы 2.1 23. Большой тушканчик + + + + 24. Тушканчик Северцова + + + + 25. Тушканчик-прыгун + + + + 26. Малый тушканчик + + + + 27. Тарбаганчик + + + + 28. Приаральский толстохвостый + + - + тушканчик 29. Мохноногий тушканчик + + + + 30. Емуранчик + + + + 31. Степная мышовка +? - - + 32. Большая песчанка + + + + 33. Бледный карликовый - - - + Тушканчик 34. Краснохвостая песчанка + + + + 35. Гребенщиковая песчанка + + + + 36. Полуденная песчанка + + + + 37. Серый хомячок + + + + 38. Хомяк Эверсмана + +? - + 39. Обыкновенная полевка - - - + 40. Степная пеструшка - - - + 41. Обыкновенная полевка + - - + 42. Слепушонка обыкновенная + + + + 43. Водянная полевка или водяная - - + + крыса 44. Домовая мышь + + + + 45. Серая крыса + + - - 46. Черная крыса - + - - 47. Пластинчатая крыса + - - + 48. Дикобраз + + - - ХИЩНЫЕ 49. Хорек светлый + + + + 50. Ласка пустынная + + + + 51. Горностай - - - + 52. Барсук + + + + 53. Волк + + + + 54. Перевязка + + + + 55. Енотовидная собака - + + - 56. Шакал - - + + 57. Лисица + + + + 58. Корсак + + + + 59. Пятнисый кот + + + + 60. Барханный кот + + + + 61. Манул + + + + 62. Каракал + + - - 63. Гепард + ? - - - 64. Медоед + + - - Продолжение таблицы 2.1 ПАРНОКОПЫТНЫЕ 65. Кабан + + + 66. Сайгак + + + + 67. Джейран + + + + 68. Устюртский горный баран + + + - НЕПАРНОКОПЫТНЫЕ 69. Кулан - - + 2.2 Распространение и численность млекопитающих Мангистауской области 2.2.1 Насекомоядные Ушастый еж – Erinaceus (Hemiechinus) auritus. Широко распространен по всей территории Мангистауской области. Охотно селится еж по сухим долинам
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