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Cultivation and Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Plants in Germany 1956 Original Papers Cultivation and Breeding of Chinese Medicinal Plants in Germany Authors Heidi Heuberger1, Rudolf Bauer2, Fritz Friedl3, Günther Heubl4, Josef Hummelsberger5, Rainer Nögel5, Rebecca Seidenberger1, Paula Torres-Londoño 6 Affiliations The affiliations are listed at the end of the article Key words Abstract mation for users along the chain of distribution l" plant breeding and selection ! about the benefits of the locally produced herbal l" Chinese herbal medicine Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is increasingly material. l" agriculture used in Germany and Europe. Due to the need for l" taxonomy herbal drugs of consistent quality and reliable l" pharmaceutical quality l" reproduction biology supply, methods for commercial field cultivation Abbreviations ! l" seed multiplication and post-harvest processing under south German conditions have been developed for selected plant BLBP: “Bayerische Landesanstalt für species used in CHM since 1999. The project used Bodenkultur und Pflanzenbau”, an interdisciplinary approach covering all aspects the precursor to the LfL from seed sourcing to medicinal application. This CHM: Chinese herbal medicine paper describes the outcome of the agricultural DECA: Association for the Documentation seed and field experiments, breeding program, of Chinese Herbal Therapy botanical and chemical characterization of the ex- LfL: Bavarian State Research Center perimental material, comparison of experimental for Agriculture and imported herbal material with respect to PEG: polyethylene glycol their pharmaceutical quality, transfer of produc- SMS: International Society for tion methods and plant material to specialized Chinese Medicine farmers, medicinal application and, finally, infor- received May 4, 2010 Introduction under controlled and documented conditions is a revised October 6, 2010 ! step towards improving drug safety and pharma- accepted October 18, 2010 Medicinal plants play a key role in Chinese medi- ceutical quality characterized by its identity, pu- Bibliography cine [1–3]. In present-day Germany and Europe, rity, and active ingredients. DOI http://dx.doi.org/ Chinese herbal treatment is practiced by a spe- The topic of this paper is the development of sus- 10.1055/s-0030-1250528 cially-qualified group of physicians and naturo- tainable field production methods including plant This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. Published online November 12, 2010 paths. Herbal retailers import the herbs from Asia improvement by breeding and the subsequent Planta Med 2010; 76: and distribute these to specialized pharmacies transfer to farmersʼ practice as it has been real- 1956–1962 © Georg Thieme where the herbs are mixed according to prescrip- ized in an interdisciplinary research project at Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York · tions, and decoctions are prepared. The import of the Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture ISSN 0032‑0943 raw, dried plant products of Asian species which since 1999. Correspondence are mostly unknown in Europe poses problems Dr. Heidi Heuberger ranging from drug material quality to sustainabil- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture ity of supply. Thus, great efforts have to be made Materials and Methods Institute of Crop Science to analyze the quality and purity of these imports, ! and Plant Breeding especially in view of reports of dangerous adulter- Selected plant species Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Vöttinger Str. 38 ations and contaminations [1,4, 5]. Therefore, ho- The plant species for which production methods 85354 Freising mogenous herbal materials of well-documented were to be developed were selected based on the Germany origin and reliable identity are required which following criteria: the climatic needs of the Phone: + 498161713805 Fax:+498161715225 are free of adulterations and certified according plants, supply difficulties, the advantage of local [email protected] to recognized quality standards. Field cultivation production (for example controlled quality), the Heuberger H et al. Cultivation and Breeding … Planta Med 2010; 76: 1956–1962 Original Papers 1957 Table 1 Investigated plant species and state of development. Roots and rhizomes used Plant part used Chinese drug name State of development Angelica dahurica (Fisch.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Franch. Radix Baizhi commercial cultivation & Sav., Apiaceae Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Radix Danggui not suitable for German lowlands Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit., Asteraceae Herba Yinchenhao commercial cultivation, breeding in progress Astragalus mongholicus var. mongholicus (sub Radix Huangqi commercial cultivation, breeding in progress A. membranaceus [Fisch.] var. mongholicus [Bunge] P.K. Hsiao), Fabaceae Bupleurum chinense DC., B. scorzonerifolium Willd., Radix Chaihu yield too low, breeding in progress Apiaceae Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen (Roman.) Stapf, Poaceae Semen Yiyiren research started Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Ex DC, G. glabra L., Fabaceae Radix et Rhizoma Gancao research started Leonurus japonicus Houtt., Lamiaceae Herba Yimucao commercial cultivation, breeding in progress Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Apiaceae Rhizoma Chuanxiong not suitable for German lowlands, plant propagation Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, Paeoniaceae Radix Chishao suitable cultivars identified, research in progress Prunella vulgaris L., Lamiaceae Spica Xiakucao production method for short shoots available Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Lamiaceae Radix et Rhizoma Danshen commercial cultivation, breeding in progress Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk., Apiaceae Radix Fangfeng commercial cultivation, breeding in progress Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., Scrophulariaceae Radix Xuanshen no plant material available Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Lamiaceae Radix Huangqin commercial cultivation Sigesbeckia pubescens (Makino) Makino, Asteraceae Herba Xixiancao commercial cultivation Tribulus terrestris L., Zygophyllaceae Fructus Baijili not suitable due to low yield, no method for fruit separation Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widd., Asteraceae Fructus Cangʼerzi commercial cultivation large quantities needed, the high price, and finally that the plant imental and, subsequently, also locally-grown commercial herbs should be neither a shrub nor an aquatic plant. In total, 19 species were observed in the medicinal application coordinated by F. commonly used in CHM were investigated (see l" Table 1). Friedl, Association for the Documentation of Chinese herbal Ther- The challenges of introducing a whole group of new plant species apy, DECA, and by J. Hummelsberger, International Society for for CHM into agricultural practice exceeded the usual subjects for Chinese Medicine, SMS. Finally, the production methods which agricultural research. These challenges included the lack of liter- were developed and suitable seed accessions were transferred to ature on cultivation practices, difficult sourcing and frequently experienced farmers starting with commercial cultivation comis- poor quality of seeds, uncertain botanical identity, the reserva- sioned by two herbal wholesalers in 2005. tions expressed by users concerning the relevance of pharma- ceutical quality and the medicinal effectiveness when not pro- duced in Asia. Results and Discussion ! Approach and project partners Botanical identification Therefore a comprehensive approach had to be chosen and com- Most seed sources were correctly labelled. However, the botani- petent partners for interdisciplinary cooperation were found. cal characterization of all seed accessions proved to be important Taxonomic identification and botanical characterization of the because in some cases seeds were mislabelled. One Angelica da- seed accessions was carried out by G. Heubl using morphological hurica accession was revealed as A. archangelica L. and some As- and histological parameters, DNA sequencing, and genetic finger- tragalus mongholicus accessions were A. luteolus H.T. Tsai & T.T. print analysis. R. Bauer analyzed the dried plant material from Yu which is not specified in the Chinese pharmacopoeia [6,7]. the field experiments for active ingredients in accordance with On the other hand, several accessions of Leonurus heterophyllus the Chinese pharmacopoeia [6,7] and compared their chemical and L. sibiricus were identified as L. japonicus, the official species, patterns to original Chinese samples applying chromatographic others as the nonofficial L. quinquelobatus Gilib. or L. panzerioides This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. methods. U. Bomme, Institute of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, M. Pop. All accessions that were purchased as Rheum tanguticum Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, LfL, Freising, Ger- were either identified as R. palmatum and R. officinale,both many, was responsible for the entire project management. He official, or as another species that could not be utilized. Finally, carried out field experiments in close cooperation with the ex- the single accession of Scrophularia ningpoensis showed to be perimental stations of LfL to test different accessions and develop S. nodosa L. sustainable cultivation methods, seed multiplication including Molecular analyses using DNA-sequencing and DNA-fingerprint- physiological and germination enhancement, as well as adapta- ing techniques that accompanied botanical identification in most tion to local conditions. The breeding program for six species cases ensured
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