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Ethnobotany of the Genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) in Pakistan

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Ethnobotany of the Genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) in Pakistan Ethnobotany of the Genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) in Pakistan Muhammad Qasim Hayat, Mir Ajab Khan, Muhammad Ashraf and Shazia Jabeen Research Abstract Pakistan hosts rich biodiversity, including 38 species of Most of the species are perennial with only ten being an- the genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae). Plant morphological nuals or biannual (Valles et al. 2003). Artemisia is con- descriptions were noted by means of observations and sidered as an indicator of steppe climate (Erdtman 1969) ethnobotanical details were documented through ques- and moderate precipitation (El-Moslimany 1990). Due to tionnaires and meetings, with herbalists and local inhabit- high number of species, ecological and economic impor- ants. Twelve Artemisia species are popularly used among tance, the genus Artemisia has been the object of a diver- Pakistani people as food, ornaments, fumigants and med- sity focused studies (Valles et al. 2003). icines. These are Artemisia absinthium L., Artemisia an- nua L., Artemisia brevifolia Wall. ex DC., Artemisia dra- Artemisia is a taxonomically complex genus because cunculus L., Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser, Artemisia some species have different morphological forms and herba-alba Asso., Artemisia japonica Thunb., Artemisia others closely resemblance each other. These traits maritima L. Ex Hook.f., Artemisia roxburghiana Wall. ex make it quiet difficult to correctly identify a sample with- Besser, Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz. ex Krasch., Artemi- out detailed morphological review. Artemisia species are sia scoparia Waldst. & Kit., and Artemisia vulgaris L. mostly herbs, and sometimes shrubs, usually with strong aroma. Plant bodies are often densely hairy. Leaves are pinnatifid to pinnatisect with variable dimensions. Capitu- Introduction lum inflorescence is generally in the form of a panicu- late-raceme arrangement. Herbaceous involucral bracts Artemisia L. is a large, diverse and economically important are present. Receptacles are convex or flat and naked or genus of the family Asteraceae. It has more then 500 spe- covered by hairs. Ray florets are pistillate. Corolla color is cies (the number fluctuate depending on authors: Brem- yellow or green and rarely brown. Disk florets are bisex- er & Humphries 1993, Ling 1982,1991a,b, 1994,1995a,b, ual. Cypselas are obovoid to oblong and mostly brown Mabberley 1990, McArthur 1979, Oberprieler 2001, Valles (Ghafoor 2002). & Garnatge 2005, Valles & McArthur 2001). Artemisia is a wind pollinated cosmopolitan genus, mainly distributed in temperate areas of mid to high latitudes of the north- ern hemisphere, colonizing in arid and semiarid environ- mental landscape, with only a few representatives in the Correspondence southern hemisphere. Central Asia is its center of diversi- Muhammad Qasim Hayat and Mir Ajab Khan, Department of fication, while the Mediterranean region and North West Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PAKI- STAN. America are two secondary speciation areas (McArthur [email protected] & Plummer 1978, Valles & McArthur 2001). A few species Muhammad Ashraf, NUST Center of Virology and Immunolo- are also reported in Africa and Europe (Ling 1994, Shultz gy, National University of Science and Technology, Rawalpindi, 2006, Tutin et al. 1976). Many species are economically PAKISTAN. important as medicines, food, forage, ornamentals or soil Shazia Jabeen, National Center of Excellence in Geology, Uni- stabilizers in disturb habitats. Some taxa are toxic or al- versity of Peshawar, Peshawar, PAKISTAN. lergenic and some others are invasive weeds which can Ethnobotany Research & Applications 7:147-162 (2009) adversely affect harvests (Pareto 1985, Tan et al. 1998). Published: May 20, 2009 www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol7/i1547-3465-07-147.pdf 148 Ethnobotany Research & Applications “Pakistan has great diversity of both climate and terrain ethnobotanical aspects related to the genus Artemisia in ranging from the scorching deserts of Sind, to the rela- Pakistan. tively moist temperate forest of North West Frontier Prov- ince (NWFP). This rich and varied habitat is a home to Methodology rich biodiversity” (Nasir & Rafiq 1995). Presently, 38 spe- cies of Artemisia have been identified and botanically re- Field surveys were conducted over a two year period ported in Pakistan, mainly in arid and semiarid areas of (2006-07) in areas of Pakistan where Artemisia has been Boluchistan, NWFP, Northern Punjab and Kashmir form- reported by previous authors (Ghafoor 2002, Sterwart ing an important component of Artemisia steppes (Gha- 1972). Field methods were drawn from Bridges and Lau NWFP foor 2002). In this research work, we presented various (2006), Hayat et al. (2008), Jain (1967), Martin (2004), Boluchistan Hunza N China Northern Punjab Yasin Drosho O Q Chilas Skardu Kashmir M P L K Gilgit R Dir Astor J Nattar valley Parachinar Khyber F G Kashmir V S Poonch E D H I Skardu Afghanistan T A U Kohat C B Mansehra W Jhelum Ujtar Naran Lalusar lake Ziarat X Rawalpindi Y Quetta Muree hills Pakistan Ayubia National Park Z Kalat India Quetta Iran 1 Hanna lake Khuzdar Kurram Agency Islamabad Quid-i-Azam University Azad Jummu Pearl valley Arabian Sea N Mutyal Mara Figure 1. Areas investigated (red dots) for Artemesia throughout Pakistan. (A: Islamabad, Quaid-i-Azam University campus; B: Chakwal, Talagang; C: Jhelum: Rotas fort; D: Rawalpindi, Murree hills; E: Attock, Fatahjang; F: Abbotabad, Galiaat; G: Manshera, Ujtar, Naran to Lalusar lake track; H: Bagh, Suddhen Gali; I: Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Pearl valley, Mutyal Mara; J: Deosai Plains; K: Skardu; L: Astor, Astor village; M: Chilas, Nagar ; N: Hunza valley; O: Gilgit, Nattar valley; P: Swat, Kalam; Q: Chitral, Ayun; R: Dir, Lowarai pass; S: Peshawar, Sardaryab; T: Kohat, Khadi Zai; U: Karak, Mitha khel; V: Kurram agency, Parachinar; W: Waziristan, Burki; X: Ziarat, Sandman Tangi; Y: Quetta, Hanna Lake; Z: Kalat, Bolan pass; 1: Khuzdar, Khuzdar town) www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol7/i1547-3465-07-147.pdf Hayat et al. - Ethnobotany of the Genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) in Pakistan 149 Gilgit Gilgit Skardu Skardu NWFP Srinagar Figure 2 (to left). Provinces and some major cities Peshwar Kashmir of Pakistan. Islamabad Figure 3 (below). Other locations in Pakistan with Artemisia. A. Astor; B. Attock; C. Azad Jammu; D. Baltistan; E. Chitral; F. Deosai plains; G. Hunza; H. Punjab Jhelum; I. Kalat; J. Khagan; K. Khuzdar; L. Kohat; M. Quetta Kurram; N. Ladakh; O. Malakand; P. Mansehra; Q. A. Astor Muzafrabad; R. Parachinar; S. Peshawar; T. Ponch; B. Attock U. Quetta; V. Rawalpindi; W. Skardu; and X. Swat. C. Azad Jammu D. Baltistan Balochistan E. Chitral F. Deosai plains G G. Hunza E H. Jhelum I. Kalat Sindh W J. Khagan A D K. Khuzdar L. Kohat Karachi O X J N M. Kurram F N. Ladakh O. Malakand P R S Q P. Mansehra M T Q. Muzafrabad L B V R. Parachinar C S. Peshawar H T. Ponch U. Quetta V. Rawalpindi W. Skardu X. Swat U I K www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol7/i1547-3465-07-147.pdf 150 Ethnobotany Research & Applications Table 1. List of taxa studied ethnobotanically and their herbarium vouchers. ISL: Herbarium, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. PUP: Herbarium, University of Peshawar, Peshawar. Taxon Collection data Herbarium voucher A. absinthium L. Gilgit: Nattar valley. M.Q. Hayat, 2007 PUP, PH004 (ART004) A. annua L. Skardu. M.Q. Hayat, 2008 ISL, 16253 A. brevifolia Wall. ex DC. Mansehra: Ujtar, Naran to Lalusar lake track. PUP, PH007 (ART007) M.Q. Hayat, 2007 A. dracunculus L. Gilgit: Nattar valley. M.Q. Hayat, 2007 ISL, 19222 A. dubia Wall. ex Besser Rawalpindi: Murree Hills, PLT, Ayubia National Park. PUP, PH002 (ART002) M.Q. Hayat, 2007 A. herba-alba Asso. Quetta: Hanna Lake. M.A. Khan, 2007 ISL, 28615 A. japonica Thunb. Rawalpindi: Murree Hills, PLT, Ayubia National Park. PUP, PH008 (ART008) M.Q. Hayat, 2007 A. maritima l. ex Hook.f. Kurram Agency. M.Q. Hayat, 2007 ISL, 92830 A. roxburghiana Wall. ex Besser Rawalpindi: Murree Hills, PLT, Ayubia National Park. PUP, PH001 (ART001) M.Q. Hayat, 2007 A. santolinifolia Turcz. ex Krasch. Gilgit: Naltar valley. M.Q. Hayat, 2007 PUP, 239 (1108) A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit. Islamabad: Quaid-i-Azam University campus. ISL, 32313 M.Q. Hayat, 2008 A. vulgaris L. Azad Jammu & Kashmir: Pearl valley, Mutyal Mara. PUP, PH006 (ART006) M.Q. Hayat, 2008 Shinwari and Khan (2000), Trotter (1981), and Vogl et al. Results (2004). Artemisia diversity was surveyed in 43 different lo- calities (Figure 1, Table 1). Plant specimens were collect- In this research work, we have identified twelveArtemisia ed, identified and described morphologically. The vouch- species which are utilized by local communities of differ- er specimens were deposited in Quaid-i-Azam University ent localities in different ways. Plant descriptions, distri- Islamabad (ISL) and University of Peshawar, Peshawar (PUP) herbaria for future reference (Table 1). butions, part used and folk uses are described below. 1. A. absinthium L. (Vilayati afsantin, Afsantin, Kaka- A questionnaire was used to interview the local inhabitants mush, Afsantheen, Zoon) (Figure 4) during the field surveys and ethnobotanical information was gathered on Artemisia species which were commonly used in studied localities. Vernacular names, harvesting and process- ing methods and mode of administration of A these plants to treat human ailments along with other uses were noted through the questionnaire. The questionnaire was com- pleted by interviewing informants who were knowledgeable in traditional uses of Artemi- sia, and are native to the studied areas or have spent most of their lives there. These informants were selected as those recog- nized as having knowledge by the local com- munity. The conversation was done in local languages (Urdu, Pashto, Shena, Punjabi, B Hindco and Kashmiri). Local guides were approached for communication between the local communities and informants. A to- tal of 173 key informants (66.92% men and 33.07% women) between the ages of 50-60 years were interviewed. Repeated queries Figure 4. Artemisia absinthium L. (A: Young plants, B: Flowers), were made to get the data confirmed.
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