Tindak Pidana Internasional) Dan Peranan International Criminal Court (Icc

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Tindak Pidana Internasional) Dan Peranan International Criminal Court (Icc Kejahatan-Kejahatan Internasional (Tindak Pidana Internasional) Dan Peranan International Criminal Court (ICC) Dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana International KEJAHATAN-KEJAHATAN INTERNASIONAL (TINDAK PIDANA INTERNASIONAL) DAN PERANAN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA INTERNATIONAL Oleh : Indah Sari, SH, M.Si (Email : [email protected]) Dosen Tetap Fakultas Hukum Universitas Suryadarma dan Aktif di Lembaga Konsultasi Bantuan Hukum (LKBH) Fakultas Hukum Universitas Suryadarma serta anggota Asosiasi Dosen Seluruh Indonesia (ADI) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract : International criminal law is “the law which determines what national criminal law will apply to offences actually committed if they contain an international element”. Beside that, the definition of international criminal law in the meaning of the territorial scope of municipal criminal law, the meaning of internationally prescribed municipal criminal law, in the meaning of municipal criminal law common to civilized nations, in the meaning of international co-operation in the administration of municipal criminal justice An international crimes is such an act universally recognized as a criminal which is considered a grave matter of international concern and for some valid reason cannot be left within the exclusive jurisdiction of the state, that would have control over it under normal circumstances. In the context of international criminal law, the International Criminal Court is a permanent court formed by the United Nations based on Statute of Rome 1998. The Court designated as an instrument to prosecute people who commit any international crimes. 38 Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara – Fakultas Hukum – Universitas Suryadarma| Volume 06 No. 1, September 2015 Kejahatan-Kejahatan Internasional (Tindak Pidana Internasional) Dan Peranan International Criminal Court (ICC) Dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana International I. PENDAHULUAN mengancam dan merugikan serta merusak tatanan kehidupan masyarakat Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan internasional. Beberapa tindak pidana Tindak Pidana Internasional dan atau kejahatan tersebut di atas, antara kebutuhannya pengaturannya diawali lain adalah agresi (agression), kejahatan oleh sejarah panjang mengenai perang perang (war crimes), pembasmian etnis yang telah terjadi sejak era tertentu (genocide), pembajakan di laut perkembangan masyarakat (piracy), penculikan (kidnapping), dan internasional tradisional sampai dengan narkotika (narkotic crimes) sudah era perkembangan masyarakat modern.1 termasuk tindak pidana yang merugikan Perang Dunia II telah melahirkan masyarakat internasional.2 berbagai tindak pidana baru yang Antonio Cassese memberikan merupakan pelanggaran atas perjanjian- pengertian Hukum Pidana Internasional perjanjian yang telah ditandatangani sebagai berikut:3 diantara negara anggota Liga Bangsa- Bangsa. Pelanggaran-pelanggaran “International Criminal Law is a body of tersebut dalam bentuk kekejaman yang International Law designed both to proscribe tiada taranya serta pelanggaran atas international crimes and to impose upon hukum perang yang tiada bandingnya states the obligation to prosecute and punish oleh pihak Jerman dan sekutunya, at least some of those crime. It also regulates kejadian-kejadian tersebut telah internasional proceeding for prosecuting and memperkuat kehendak untuk trying persons accused of such crimes.” mengajukan kembali gagasan pembentukan suatu Mahkamah Pidana Dikatakan, bahwa hukum pidana Internasional. Pada tahun 1947 masalah internasional adalah sekumpulan aturan pembentukan Mahkamah Pidana hukum internasional yang melarang Internasional diserahkan kepada kejahatan-kejahatan internasional dan International Law Commission (ILC) membebankan kewajiban kepada yang terdiri dari kelompok ahli hukum negara-negara untuk menuntut dan terkemuka dari seluruh negara, yang menghukum sekurang-kurangnya dibentuk oleh Perserikatan Bangsa- beberapa bagian dari kejahatan- Bangsa dan bertugas kejahatan itu. Di dalamnya juga menyusun suatu kodifikasi hukum mengatur prosedur untuk menuntut dan internasional. mengadili orang-orang yang dituduh melakukan kejahatan itu. Bertitik tolak dari pengalaman- pengalaman peperangan, maka Dari mengutip pendapat Antonio masyarakat internasional melalui Cassese ini akhirnya penulis tertarik Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa telah untuk membuat tulisan dengan judul sepakat dan menempatkan kejahatan- “Kejahatan-Kejahatan Internasional kejahtan yang dilakukan semasa (Tindak Pidana Internasional) Dan peperangan sebagai kejahatan yang Peranan International Criminal Court 1 Romli Atmasasmita, Pengantar Hukum Pidana 3 I Made Pasek Diantha, Hukum Pidana Internasional Internasional, Refika Aditama, Bandung, 2006, hal.2. Dalam Dinamika Pengadilan Pidana Internasional, 2 Ibid, hal, 4-5 Prenadamedia Group, Jakarta, 2014, hal.1 39 Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara – Fakultas Hukum – Universitas Suryadarma| Volume 06 No. 1, September 2015 Kejahatan-Kejahatan Internasional (Tindak Pidana Internasional) Dan Peranan International Criminal Court (ICC) Dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana International (ICC) Dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana saja yang menjadi subyek hukum Internasional.” Sehingga akhirnya internasional. penulis mencoba mengangkat permasalahan sebagai berikut: pertama, Kedua, penulis mencoba untuk apa-apa saja bentuk dari kejahatan- mendalami lebih dalam lagi tentang kejahatan internasional (tindak pidana Hukum Pidana Internasional. Hukum internasional)? Kedua, sejauhmana Pidana Internasional inilah yang peranan International Criminal Court nantinya sebagai teori dasar untuk (ICC) dalam penegakan hukum pidana membahas lebih lanjut kejahatan- Internasional? kejahatan internasional (tindak pidana internasional). Pada pembahasan Adapun tujuan penulisan tulisan ini kedua ini penulis mencoba melihat adalah: bagaimana sejarah dan perkembangan 1. Untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis Hukum Pidana internasional, lebih dalam apa-apa saja tindak kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pidana yang bisa dikategorikan pemaparan beberapa pendapat para ahli sebagai tindak pidana internasional, mengenai pandangan mereka mengenai bagaimana ciri-cirinya, unsur- Hukum Pidana Internasional. Tentu unsurnya serta bentuk-bentuknya. kita juga harus tahu terlebih dahulu apa saja yang menjadi objek dari studi 2. Untuk mendalami kajian lebih dalam Hukum Pidana Internasional ini. Asas- bagaimana penanganan tindak asas Hukum Pidana Internasional juga pidana internasional yang dilakukan menjadi kajian penulis dalam oleh Mahkamah Pidana Internasiona membahas Hukum Pidana (International Criminal Court/ICC). Internasional. Dan seberapa jauh peranan ICC dalam penegakan hukum pidana Ketiga, penulis membahas tentang internasional terutama dalam kejahatan-kejahatan internasional menyelesaikan perkara-perkara yang (tindak pidana internasional), dalam berkaitan dengan tindak pidana hal ini penulis melihat prasyarat sebuah internasional yang notabene tentu tindak pidana masuk kategori tindak saja menyangkut hubungan antar pidana internasional, ciri-ciri tindak negara. pidana internasional dan jenis-jenis tindak pidana internasional tersebut. Kemudian untuk menganalisis permsalahan dalam tulisan ini penulis Keempat, barulah pada point yang mencoba pertama, mengkaji hukum terkahir penulis mencoba menganalisis internasional terlebih dahulu. Dalam sejauh mana peranan International hal ini penulis mencoba melihat Criminal Court/ICC dalam penegakan pendapat beberapa ahli dalam hukum pidana internasional, penulis mendefinisikam hukum internasional, mencoba menguraikan tentang apa dan kemudian mengkaji unsur-unsur keberadaan ICC, yuridiksinya meliputi hukum internasional, sumber- apa saja, kemudian penulis sumbernya baru kemudian apa - apa menjelaskan prinsip-prinsip dari ICC. Barulah terakhir memaparkan negara- 40 Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dirgantara – Fakultas Hukum – Universitas Suryadarma| Volume 06 No. 1, September 2015 Kejahatan-Kejahatan Internasional (Tindak Pidana Internasional) Dan Peranan International Criminal Court (ICC) Dalam Penegakan Hukum Pidana International negara apa saja yang sudah tergabung (hubungan internasional) yang dalam Statuta Roma. bukan bersifat perdata. Dari pengertian yang diberikan Berdasarkan uraian diatas, sangat Mochtar Kusumaatmadja tersebut relevan sekali bagi penulis untuk tampak bahwa hu- bungan mengkaji lebih dalam lagi tentang internasional tidaklah terbatas kejahatan-kejahatan internasional hubungan yang dilakukan oleh (tindak pidana internasional). Karena antar negara saja, tetapi dapat karya-karya tulis yang menyangkut dilakukan oleh negara dengan hubungan antar negara terutama yang subjek non negara satu sama lain.4 menyangkut tentang kejahatan- kejahatan antar negara perlu Sedangkan menurut Jawahir disebarluaskan dan disosialisaikan Thantowi dan Pranoto Iskandar kepada pemerhati hukum, penegak mengartikan hukum internasional hukum, mahasiswa fakultas hukum dan seperangkat aturan yang ditujukan tentu masyarakat pada umumnya. dan dibuat oleh negara-negara yang berdaulat secara eksklusif. Dengan mengutip pendapat II. PERMASALAHAN Lasssa Oppenheim, Jawahir dan 1. Apa-apa saja bentuk dari Pranoto selanjutnya mengatakan kejahatan-kejahatan internasional bahwa hukum internasional (tindak pidana internasional)? bukanlah suatu peraturan yang 2. Sejauhmana peranan International diberlakukan sebagaimana halnya Criminal Court (ICC) dalam suatu hukum yang dimilki suatu 5 penegkan hukum pidana negara. Internasional? Starke sendiri memberikan
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