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Dodelin Benoit Inventaire des coléoptères du site Natura 2000 FR9301506 du Valgaudémar Parc National des Écrins (Dép. 05) Compte rendu de décembre 2017 Benoît Dodelin Dodelin 2017 – Coléoptères du Valgaudémar 1/32 Commanditaire : Parc National des Écrins Domaine de Charance 05000 Gap tél. : 04 92 40 20 10 Affaire suivie par Donovan MAILLARD (Chargé de mission Invertébrés) email : [email protected] tél. : 04 92 40 20 67 Expertise entomologique : Benoît Dodelin N°siret : 432 820 736 000 44 Code NAF : 7219Z N° de TVA intracommunautaire : FR44 432 820 736 11 rue Montesquieu 69007 Lyon [email protected] Salarié en temps partiel pour l'étude : Rémy Saurat Le présent compte-rendu est accompagné des données brutes de l'inventaire. Dodelin 2017 – Coléoptères du Valgaudémar 2/32 Lexique Communauté / peuplement. Ces termes regroupent l’ensemble des espèces et des individus observés dans un même lieu. Il diffère de la « population » qui traite des individus d’une seule et même espèce. Groupe fonctionnel / trophique. Ensemble d’espèces qui utilisent la même ressource et la transforment de la même manière : groupe fonctionnel des xylophages sur feuillus morts récemment, etc. Lignicole (de lignum bois et colo habiter). Espèce qui habite dans le bois. Elle n’est pas forcément lignivore (vorare manger). Mycophage (de myco champignon). Qui se nourrit de champignon, ici, tout particulièrement des carpophores (chapeaux) de champignons lignicoles. Saproxylique (de sapros pourri et xylo bois). « Espèces impliquées dans ou dépendantes du processus de décomposition fongique du bois, ou des produits de cette décomposition, et qui sont associées à des arbres tant vivants que morts. Par convention deux autres regroupements d’organismes sont inclus dans cette définition : i) les espèces associées aux écoulements de sève et à leurs produits de décomposition, et ii) les organismes autres que les champignons qui se nourrissent directement du bois. » (Alexander 2008). Saproxylophage. Qui se nourrit de bois en décomposition. Ce trait de vie peut être obligatoire lorsque la larve ne peut survivre autrement ou facultatif lorsque des milieux ou ressources autres que le bois pourri peuvent être utilisées. C’est le cas par exemple de certaines cétoines vivant indifféremment dans les bois pourris ou les composts. Terricole. Terme regroupant ici les coléoptères qui vivent en surface du sol et dans les couches superficielles de la litière. Tous ont en commun de régulièrement se déplacer au sol et ainsi de pouvoir être piégés par des pièges fosses ou pièges Barber. Ils se démarquent des endogés ou des édaphiques, animaux qui vivent en permanence dans le sol. Xylophage. Qui se nourrit de bois mort récemment et non-infesté par les champignons. Dodelin 2017 – Coléoptères du Valgaudémar 3/32 Table des matières Contexte et objectifs de l’étude....................................................................................................................................5 Plan d’étude et méthodologie......................................................................................................................................5 Techniques de prospections.....................................................................................................................................5 Calendrier d'intervention.........................................................................................................................................7 Gestion des échantillons et identification des spécimens.......................................................................................7 Documentation des biologies des espèces...............................................................................................................8 Méthodologie d’évaluation de la valeur patrimoniale............................................................................................8 Méthodes statistiques...............................................................................................................................................9 Résultats.....................................................................................................................................................................10 Données générales.................................................................................................................................................10 Complétude des inventaires : courbes de raréfaction............................................................................................10 Phénologie des coléoptères....................................................................................................................................11 Les coléoptères du Valgaudémar dans un contexte national.................................................................................11 Groupes trophiques et biotopes.............................................................................................................................12 Espèces patrimoniales...........................................................................................................................................14 Illustration des espèces patrimoniales...................................................................................................................17 Conclusion et recommandations...............................................................................................................................19 Bibliographie..............................................................................................................................................................20 Annexe 1 : Liste des coléoptères observés dans le Valgaudémar en 2017..............................................................21 Dodelin 2017 – Coléoptères du Valgaudémar 4/32 Contexte et objectifs de l’étude Le Parc national des Écrins a souhaité la réalisation de deux inventaires de coléoptères, incluant le groupe des coléoptères saproxyliques, dans les habitats forestiers de deux sites Natura 2000 du Parc : le site FR9301506 du Valgaudémar couvert durant l'année 2017 et le site FR9301505 du Fournel – Vallon des Bans dont l'inventaire sera réalisé en 2018. Plan d’étude et méthodologie Le site du Valgaudémar couvre une très importante surface avec des milieux boisés très variés. Il a été décidé de centrer l'inventaire sur deux formations forestières représentatives du site, anciennes et disposant d'arbres âgés et très âgés. Sur le versant nord des Andrieux, l'inventaire a pris place dans la sapinière-pessière âgée. Le bois mort est plutôt rare dans le bas du versant tandis que le haut de la forêt compte quelques grosses chandelles de conifères ainsi que quelques gros bois morts décomposés au sol. Au-dessus du village de la Motte-en-Champsaur, il a été retenu une formation de pins sylvestres non exploitée depuis plus de 50 ans, plus ou moins mélangés avec le hêtre et diverses essences. Ce boisement est plutôt ouvert avec de nombreuses petites clairières colonisées par des arbustes dont des cyprès et des genévriers. De nombreux pins secs sur pieds sont présents (piège 5), ainsi que des pins récemment morts au moment de l'installation des pièges (piège 7). Une Journée de visite des deux sites a permis de confirmer les emplacements pré-repérés sur photographie satellite et de placer sept pièges à interception à raison de : 4 pièges en versant exposé nord – Les Andrieux 3 pièges en versant exposé sud – La Motte-en-Champsaur Les piégeages ont été complétés par trois sessions de chasses à vue dans chaque site : à la pose des pièges et lors des démontages et en Juin. Relevé d'un piège vitre transparent Battage de bois morts fins Techniques de prospections Les chasses entomologiques sont basées sur une recherche à vue des coléoptères dans les micro-habitats les plus favorables de chaque formation végétale du site d'étude. Toutes les prospections ont été conduites aux heures les plus favorables de la Journée (9h – 17h). Dans le détail, les principales techniques utilisées sont : Battage de la végétation, des branches de lisières, du bois mort et des branches basses en forêt (petit bois secs, arbustes) ; Tamisage de litière et de branchettes ; Dodelin 2017 – Coléoptères du Valgaudémar 5/32 Recherche à vue dans les micro-habitats les plus intéressants : sous les pierres et les écorces, dans les cavités d'arbres, sur les fleurs, dans les champignons lignicoles, dans les gros bois cariés, etc. Les pièges vitres sont des modèles Polytrap transparents et souples. Ils fonctionnent par interceptions non- attractives des insectes volants. Chaque piège se compose de deux plaques transparentes de 40 cm x 60 cm, croisées au-dessus d’un entonnoir de 40 cm de diamètre. Un contentant réceptionne les coléoptères qui heurtent la vitre et les conserve grâce à de l’eau salée et savonneuse. Les pièges sont fixés en hauteur (2 m à 6 m) par des ficelles sur les troncs ou sous une grosse branche. Tableau 1. Positions des pièges et des chasses à vue (point moyen) Code_Piège Lambert93_X Lambert93_Y Altitude Secteur Commune Andr_1 950436,34 6417753,01 1467 Les Andrieux La Chapelle-en-Valgaudémar Bois des Blanc – Le Veyre Andr_2 950431,89 6417814,64 1446 Les Andrieux La Chapelle-en-Valgaudémar Bois des Blanc – Le Veyre Andr_3 950044,42 6418051,32 1296 Les Andrieux La Chapelle-en-Valgaudémar Bois des Blanc – Le Veyre Andr_4 949964,41 6418030,1 1312 Les Andrieux La Chapelle-en-Valgaudémar Bois des Blanc – Le Veyre Andrieux_vue 950044,42 6418051,32 1296 Les Andrieux
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