DOCSLIB.ORG

Food of Game Ducks in the United States and Canada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Food of Game Ducks in the United States and Canada TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 634 MARCH 1939 FOOD OF GAME DUCKS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA By A. C. MARTIN and F. M. UHLER Associate Bloloftlsta Section of Food Habits DiTision of Wildlife Research Bureau of Biological Surrey UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D.C. For lale by the Superintendent of Documents, Wuhington, 1). C - Price 40 c PLATE 1 Tech. Bull. 6J4. U. S. Dcpt. of Agriculture B7330M PINTAIL DUCKS (DAFILA ACUTA TZITZIHOA) AT EDGE OF MARSH FEEDING IN BEDS OF AQUATIC VEGETATION. Mate on guard; female tipping for submerged food. TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 634 MARCH 1939 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. FOOD OF GAME DUCKS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA' Bj A. C. MARTIN and F. M. UHLEB, associate biologists, Section of Food Habits, Division of Wildlife Research, Bureau of Biological Survey CONTENTS Page Page Introduction _ .._ 2 PART. 2.-—Principal duck foods, etc.—Con. PART 1.—Regional data on duck foods 3 Plant foods—Continued. The regional-locality basis of food evalua- Ranunculaceae: Buttercups 83 tion 3 Hamamclidaceac: Sweetgum _. 86 Sources and selection of data 7 Vitaccae: Wild grapes 88 Summary of data for the United States Onagraceae; Waterprimroses 88 and Canada _ 8 llaloragidaceae; Watermilfoils, mer- FART 2.—Princi[)al duck foods: Their identifi- maidweed«, marestail 89 cation, value, and range 19 Umbelliferae: Pennyworts 92 Plant foods 19 Styracaceae: Snowbells 94 Algae 19 Convolvulaceae: Dodders -.. 94 Characeae: Muskgrasses 20 Boraginaceae: Heliotropes 94 Marsileaeeae: Pepperworts 22 Scrophulariaceae : Waterhyssops 95 Pinaceae: Baldcypress 22 Tontibulariaceae: Bladderworts 95 Sparganiaceae: Burreeds 23 Rubiaceae: Buttonbush_.. _. 96 Najadaceae: Pondweeds, wigeongrass, Compositae: Beggarticks, watermari- naiads, eelgrass 24 gold, goldflelds _. 96 Juncaginaceae: Arrow-grass 38 Animal foods... 97 Alismaceae: Arrowheads, delta duck- Mollusca: Snails, bivalves 97 potato - - - 39 Insecta: Insects 98 Butomaeeae: Flowering-rush 41 Crustacea: Crustaceans 99 Hydrocharitaceae: Wildcelery, frog- Pisces: Fishes 100 bit, waterweeds _ 42 PART 3.—Propagation of waterfowl food plants Gramineae: Wildrice, wild millets, and development of feeding grounds 103 cereals 44 Choosing propagativa material _ 103 Cyperaceae: Chufa, bulrushes, spike- Aquatic types 104 rushes, sedges 53 Marsh types _. 104 Araceae: Arrow-arum 67 Dry-soil types 104 Lemnaceae: Duckweeds 67 Harvesting and temporary field care 105 Commelinaceae: Dayflower 70 Storage and germination 107 Pontederiaooae: Pickerel weeds, water- Shipment .,. HO stargrass 70 Planting... Ill Marantaceae: Thalia 71 When to plant.. -. 112 Myricaceae: Waxmyrtlcs, bayberry... 71 How to plant .. 112 Betulaceae: Alders 71 Yields and food values _ 114 Fagaceae: Oaks 72 Factors that retard growth and suggested Urticaceae: Walter-elm 72 remedies .__ .- 116 Polygonaceae: Smartweeds, docks 73 Physical factors 116 Chenopodiaceae: Glassworts 79 Chemical factors - 124 Amaranthaceae: Waterhemps, pig- Biological factors - 129 weeds 80 Economic factors 140 Ceratophyllaceae: Coontail 82 Summary _,_ 142 Nymphaeaceae: Waterlilies, water- Literature rited 143 shield, spatterdocks _ - : _ S2 Index -- 149 1 .Submitted for publication May 17, 1938. 79025°—39 1 INTRODUCTION An a-wakened public interest in the restoration of -u-atfirfoTivl calls for dependable information on which to base programs for the im- provement of breeding and feeding grounds ^pl. 1) of the birds by the production of food and cover. To minimize waste of funds and loss of effort through the introduction of unsuitable propagativo material it is essential that the important plant and animal foods be known and that consideration be given to their normal distribu- tion and to environmental and other limiting factors. Over a period of many years the Bureau of Biological Survey has investigated the food habits of game ducks and has studied the propagation of the plants on which they feed. The results, dealing on the one hand with special groups of plants suitable for propaga- tion and on the other with the food habits of particular groups of waterfowl, have been published in several reports {39, J^l, Iß,^ 4'^, 44, 45, i<9, (J3, 87) ^ most of which are no longer available for distribution. In this bulletin the writers have attempted to consolidate the avail- able information on waterfowl foods, including much recently gath- ered in field investigations.^ The material is presented in three ma- jor divisions, with a view to rendering three distinct services in tlie field of waterfowl research and management : The first part presents a statistical index to the preferred duck foods in the various regions of the United States and Canada, based on analyses of nearly 8,000 stomachs or gullets of 18 species of game ducks. The second part is designed to facilitate recognition of some 200 of the principal food items by means of a series of outline descriptions, illustrations, and distribution maps. The third part contains practical sugges- tions on the propagation of waterfowl foods and the development of feeding grounds and discusses principles related to the embryonic Science of producing duck foods. - Italic numbers in parontliescf? rciev to Literature Cited, p. 143. 3 Grateful aclinowleàîiment Is made of the help of numerous cooperators, particularly W. C. Muenscher, of Ornell University, for data on seed germination ; R. T. Clausen, of Cornell University, for information on the taxonomy and ranse of the ffenus ]\'njnN ; M. n. Fernald, of Harvard University, for assistance from numerous published studios on plant distribution ; and J. B. Svvallen, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, for advice on grasses ; and the following coworkers in the Section of Food Hahits, Bureau of Biological Survey : Neil Hotchkiss, for many botanical deter- minations and for obtaining much illustrative material : A. L. Nelson, for illustrative specimens : W. S. Bourn, for contributions on matters of physiology and proi>agation ; and Alma Rutledge, for aid in the elaboration of statistical data. Various regional and local floras, plant catalogs and list.s. monographs on certain groups, and three herbaria have been consulted in determining nomenclature and range. PART 1—REGIONAL DATA ON DUCK FOODS THE REGIONAL-LOCALITY BASIS OF FOOD EVALUATION In attempting to make either a continental or a Nation-wide evalu- ation oJE duck-±ood resources it is essential to begin witli regional subdivisions, in order to allow a correct appraisal of food plants that are of restricted distribution. Some of the most valuable of these have wide ranges, but many others are limited to circumscribed habitats. Thus wildrice and wildcelery and many other plants use- ful as duck foods, but less generally recognized as such, including sawgrass, jointed spikerush, alkali bulrush, waterhemp, and baldcy- press, have little or no importance to waterfowl outside definite regions. To give proper recognition to food elements of limited distribu- tion, that is, to avoid either underrating or overrating them, the pres- ent treatment has delimited eight major regions of food resources for game ducks, of which six are more or less natural units in the United States and two are arbitrarily made for Canada. These are mapped in figure 1. The regions are designated as follows: 1, At- FiGüRE 1.—Duck-food regions and the collecting localities listed In table 1. In the United States the six regions are within distinctive natural boundaries based upon essential homogeneity of their duck-food plants; in Canada the limits of the two regions are arbitrarUy made because of the meager data at hand ; in all cases large regions have been chosen to avoid objectionable complexity. 4 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 634, T'. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE lantic coast; 2 eastern; 3, lower Mississippi; 4, Gulf coast; 5, western ; 6, Pacific coast ; 7, eastern Canadian ; 8, western Canadian. In addition to these eight major food provinces, it has seemed de- sirable to employ many (247) secondary units, or "localities," in the effort to prevent statistical distortions arising from disproportionate emphasis on local collections of duck stomachs. In the Biological Survey's extensive files of stomach-analysis cards it happens that some duck-concentration localities are represented by one or only a few records, whereas others, favored by special cooperation or by some local investigation, such as an inquiry into oyster damage by scaups, may have their stomach-material totals running into the hundreds. To lump together indiscriminately such inequable ac- cumulations would not yield a reliable index of regional food habits : the total would be excessively flavored by data from a few sources and might be much more representative of those few sources than of the region as a whole. Hence, the expedient has been employed of treating each locality as an entity, to be summarized individually and then to be combined with other summaries or with averages of numerous other localities within the region. Furthermore, rather than reduce all localities to single-weight level, it has been deemed advisable to grade or rank them in five categories, thereby giving graduated preference to places that are more adequately represented by stomach records and tending to level off extremes of inequality. The basis of evaluation is to rate localities having 20 or more stomach analyses at 100 percent; those with 10 to 19, at 80 percent; 5 to 9, at 60 percent ; 3 or 4, at 40 percent ; and those represented
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Copper-Washed Soil Toxicity and the Aquatic Arthropod Daphnia Magna: Effects of Copper Sulfate Treatments Amanda Bylsma and Te
    Copper-Washed Soil Toxicity and the Aquatic Arthropod Daphnia magna: Effects of Copper Sulfate Treatments Amanda Bylsma and Teri O’Meara INTRODUCTION Copper is a heavy metal which can be toxic to aquatic organisms at high concentrations. For this reason, copper sulfate has been used to treat algal blooms and invertebrate populations in residential ponds. However, there are detrimental environmental implications. Our research was motivated by the idea that copper could leach into the groundwater or be carried into a nearby lake or stream during a rainstorm. This transport could cause contamination in natural waters and create toxic soils in these natural systems. Investigation of the effects of this contamination on the soil and benthic organisms as well as pelagic organisms would then become important. Our study involved determining the amount of copper adsorbed by the soil by viewing the effects of the toxic soil on the survival rates of Daphnia magna. The area of study is the Lake Macatawa watershed. The three different water systems investigated were a lake (Kollen Park), a pond (Outdoor Discovery Center), and a creek (Pine Creek). Kollen Park was a former city landfill and Lake Macatawa is directly accessible through the park. Outdoor Discovery Center is a wildlife preserve which had one pond treated approximately 15-20 years ago, but we made sure to avoid this pond for our samples. Finally, Pine Creek samples were taken near the fork of the river just off the nature trail. These places were tested for copper and found to have negligible concentrations. Therefore, these sites were ideal for copper toxicity testing.
    [Show full text]
  • Ri Wkh% Lrorjlfdo (Iihfwv Ri 6Hohfwhg &Rqvwlwxhqwv
    Guidelines for Interpretation of the Biological Effects of Selected Constituents in Biota, Water, and Sediment November 1998 NIATIONAL RRIGATION WQATER UALITY P ROGRAM INFORMATION REPORT No. 3 United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Fish and Wildlife Service Geological Survey Bureau of Indian Affairs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ntroduction The guidelines, criteria, and other information in The Limitations of This Volume this volume were originally compiled for use by personnel conducting studies for the It is important to note five limitations on the Department of the Interior's National Irrigation material presented here: Water Quality Program (NIWQP). The purpose of these studies is to identify and address (1) Out of the hundreds of substances known irrigation-induced water quality and to affect wetlands and water bodies, this contamination problems associated with any of volume focuses on only nine constituents or the Department's water projects in the Western properties commonly identified during States. When NIWQP scientists submit NIWQP studies in the Western United samples of water, soil, sediment, eggs, or animal States—salinity, DDT, and the trace tissue for chemical analysis, they face a elements arsenic, boron, copper, mercury, challenge in determining the sig-nificance of the molybdenum, selenium, and zinc.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting the Natural Endangered Heritage in Romania, Croatia, Poland and Slovenia
    Available online at http://journals.usamvcluj.ro/index.php/promediu ProEnvironment ProEnvironment 11 (2018) 143-157 Review The Rights of Alive – Protecting the Natural Endangered Heritage in Romania, Croatia, Poland and Slovenia CIOANCĂ Lia-Maria1*, Luminița UJICĂ2, Marijana MIKULANDRA3, Ryszard SOŁTYSIK4, Maja ČERNE5 1Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, University Extension Bistrița, Andrei Mureşanu st., no. 3-5, Romania 2High Scool with Sportive Program Bistrița, Calea Moldovei no. 18. Romania 3OŠ Tina Ujevi Osnovna škola Tina Ujevića Koturaška cesta 75 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 4Zespół Szkół Nr1 w Humniskach, 36 – 206, Huminska 264, Poland 5OŠ Rogaška Slatina, Kidričeva ulica 24, 3250 Rogaška Slatina Slovenia Received 23 July 2018; received and revised form 18 September 2018; accepted 25 September 2018 Available online 30 September 2018 Abstract This article deals with the impact of destructive actions of human population on natural world. As a consequence of relying on non-renewable energy sources and reckless encroachment on natural habitats a lot of plant and animal species have become extinct and more and more species are getting endangered. Thus celebrating biodiversity and solidarity for all life forms, from the tiniest one to the most complex eco-systems, has been in the centre of our attention and operational activities. Keywords: durable development, ecology, endangered species. 1. Introduction Within the massive destruction of forests and forest climate, we witness significant changes, Just as the man has passed from the stage of sometimes radical of the environment. For the animal hunter and collector up to animal raiser and farmer, and plants which have survived through a long period the natural vegetation has increasingly been subject of adaptation, a new difficult era starts again.
    [Show full text]
  • NDVI As a Proxy for Estimating Sedimentation and Vegetation
    remote sensing Article NDVI as a Proxy for Estimating Sedimentation and Vegetation Spread in Artificial Lakes—Monitoring of Spatial and Temporal Changes by Using Satellite Images Overarching Three Decades Loránd Szabó 1,*, Balázs Deák 2 , Tibor Bíró 3, Gareth J. Dyke 4 and Szilárd Szabó 1 1 Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformation Systems, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] 2 MTA-ÖK Lendület Seed Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2-4., 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary; [email protected] 3 Department of Regional Water Management, National University of Public Service Faculty of Water Sciences, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky 12-14., 6500 Baja, Hungary; [email protected] 4 Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-52-512900 (ext. 22326); Fax: +36-52-512945 Received: 29 March 2020; Accepted: 3 May 2020; Published: 6 May 2020 Abstract: Observing wetland areas and monitoring changes are crucial to understand hydrological and ecological processes. Sedimentation-induced vegetation spread is a typical process in the succession of lakes endangering these habitats. We aimed to survey the tendencies of vegetation spread of a Hungarian lake using satellite images, and to develop a method to identify the areas of risk. Accordingly, we performed a 33-year long vegetation spread monitoring survey. We used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to assess vegetation and open water characteristics of the basins.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
    JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY Volume 38 1984 Number 3 Joumal of the Lepidopterists' Society 38(3). 1984. 149-164 SOD WEBWORM MOTHS (PYRALIDAE: CRAMBINAE) IN SOUTH DAKOTA B. McDANIEL,l G. FAUSKEl AND R. D. GUSTIN 2 ABSTRACT. Twenty-seven species of the subfamily Crambinae known as sod web­ worm moths were collected from South Dakota. A key to species has been included as well as their distribution patterns in South Dakota. This study began after damage to rangeland in several South Dakota counties in the years 1974 and 1975. Damage was reported from Cor­ son, Dewey, Harding, Haakon, Meade, Perkins, Stanley and Ziebach counties. An effort was made to determine the species of Crambinae present in South Dakota and their distribution. Included are a key for species identification and a list of species with their flight periods and collection sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Black light traps using the General Electric Fluorescent F ls T8 B1 15 watt bulb were set up in Brookings, Jackson, Lawrence, Minnehaha, Pennington and Spink counties. In Minnehaha County collecting was carried out with a General Electric 200 watt soft-glow bulb. Daytime collecting was used in several localities. Material in the South Dakota State University Collection was also utilized. For each species a map is included showing collection localities by county. On the maps the following symbols are used: • = collected by sweepnet. Q = collected by light trap. Key to South Dakota Cram binae 1a. Rs stalked .__ ... ___ .. __ ......................... _..... _ ................................. _._............................................. 2 lb. Rs arising directly from discal cell ................................................................. _............ _............
    [Show full text]
  • Culturing Daphnia
    Culturing Daphnia Live Material Care Guide SCIENTIFIC BIO Background FAX! These small, laterally compressed “water fleas” are characterized by a body enclosed in a transparent bivalve shell. Their flat, transparent bodies make Daphnia an ideal organism for beginning biology exercises and experiments. Daphnia move rapidly in a jerky fashion. They have large second antennae that appear to be modified swimming appendages and assist the four to six pairs of swimming legs. During the spring and summer, females are very abundant. Eggs generally develop through parthenogenesis (a type of asexual reproduction), and may be seen in the brood chamber (see Figure 1). In the fall, males appear, and the “winter eggs” are fertilized in the brood chamber. These eggs are shed and survive the winter. In the spring, the fertilized winter eggs hatch into females. Female Daphnia can be recognized by the curved shape of the end of the intestine and the presence of a brood chamber. In the male, the intestine is a straight tube. Many of the internal struc- tures (including the beating heart) can be observed using a compound microscope. Second Antenna Compound Midgut Cecum Eye Brain Nauplius Eye Muscle First Antenna Mouth Maxillary Gland First Trunk Mandible Appendage Heart Filtering Setae Carapace Epipodite Brood Chamber Anus Egg Cell Figure 1. Daphnia Culturing/Media The most critical environmental factor to successfully culture Daphnia is temperature, which should remain close to 20 °C (68 °F). Higher temperatures may be fatal to Daphnia and lower temperatures slow reproduction. Daphnia flourish best in large containers, such as large, clear plastic or glass jars.
    [Show full text]
  • Hesiod Theogony.Pdf
    Hesiod (8th or 7th c. BC, composed in Greek) The Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are probably slightly earlier than Hesiod’s two surviving poems, the Works and Days and the Theogony. Yet in many ways Hesiod is the more important author for the study of Greek mythology. While Homer treats cer- tain aspects of the saga of the Trojan War, he makes no attempt at treating myth more generally. He often includes short digressions and tantalizes us with hints of a broader tra- dition, but much of this remains obscure. Hesiod, by contrast, sought in his Theogony to give a connected account of the creation of the universe. For the study of myth he is im- portant precisely because his is the oldest surviving attempt to treat systematically the mythical tradition from the first gods down to the great heroes. Also unlike the legendary Homer, Hesiod is for us an historical figure and a real per- sonality. His Works and Days contains a great deal of autobiographical information, in- cluding his birthplace (Ascra in Boiotia), where his father had come from (Cyme in Asia Minor), and the name of his brother (Perses), with whom he had a dispute that was the inspiration for composing the Works and Days. His exact date cannot be determined with precision, but there is general agreement that he lived in the 8th century or perhaps the early 7th century BC. His life, therefore, was approximately contemporaneous with the beginning of alphabetic writing in the Greek world. Although we do not know whether Hesiod himself employed this new invention in composing his poems, we can be certain that it was soon used to record and pass them on.
    [Show full text]
  • NJ Native Plants - USDA
    NJ Native Plants - USDA Scientific Name Common Name N/I Family Category National Wetland Indicator Status Thermopsis villosa Aaron's rod N Fabaceae Dicot Rubus depavitus Aberdeen dewberry N Rosaceae Dicot Artemisia absinthium absinthium I Asteraceae Dicot Aplectrum hyemale Adam and Eve N Orchidaceae Monocot FAC-, FACW Yucca filamentosa Adam's needle N Agavaceae Monocot Gentianella quinquefolia agueweed N Gentianaceae Dicot FAC, FACW- Rhamnus alnifolia alderleaf buckthorn N Rhamnaceae Dicot FACU, OBL Medicago sativa alfalfa I Fabaceae Dicot Ranunculus cymbalaria alkali buttercup N Ranunculaceae Dicot OBL Rubus allegheniensis Allegheny blackberry N Rosaceae Dicot UPL, FACW Hieracium paniculatum Allegheny hawkweed N Asteraceae Dicot Mimulus ringens Allegheny monkeyflower N Scrophulariaceae Dicot OBL Ranunculus allegheniensis Allegheny Mountain buttercup N Ranunculaceae Dicot FACU, FAC Prunus alleghaniensis Allegheny plum N Rosaceae Dicot UPL, NI Amelanchier laevis Allegheny serviceberry N Rosaceae Dicot Hylotelephium telephioides Allegheny stonecrop N Crassulaceae Dicot Adlumia fungosa allegheny vine N Fumariaceae Dicot Centaurea transalpina alpine knapweed N Asteraceae Dicot Potamogeton alpinus alpine pondweed N Potamogetonaceae Monocot OBL Viola labradorica alpine violet N Violaceae Dicot FAC Trifolium hybridum alsike clover I Fabaceae Dicot FACU-, FAC Cornus alternifolia alternateleaf dogwood N Cornaceae Dicot Strophostyles helvola amberique-bean N Fabaceae Dicot Puccinellia americana American alkaligrass N Poaceae Monocot Heuchera americana
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Transgenic Poplar Leaves with Binary Insect-Resistance Genes Used As Feed for Rabbits Yang L.Y.* , Sun Y.† ‡, Hao Y.S
    W orld World Rabbit Sci. 2013, 21: 257-261 R abbit doi:10.4995/wrs.2013.1188 Science © WRSA, UPV, 2003 Effects OF TRANSGENIC POPLAR leaves WITH binary insect-resistance GENES USED AS FEED FOR rabbits YANG L.Y.* , SUN Y.† ‡, HAO Y.S. † ‡, WANG Y.X. † ‡ *Department Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, 041004, LINFEN, P.R. China. †The Biotechnology Research Centre, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 030031, TAIYUAN, P.R. China. ‡Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement on the Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, 030031, TAIYUAN, P.R. China. Abstract: The aim of this work was to explore the potential toxicological effects on rabbits of transgenic poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) leaves with binary insect-resistance genes used as feed. Fifty-four 40-d-old weaned New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (live weight 0.98±0.1 kg) were fed for 70 consecutive days with a common pelleted diet and fresh poplar leaves containing a chitinase-BmkIT gene combination or untransformed counterparts (60 g/d). Rabbit body weight and hematological and biochemical data in blood samples were recorded. Organ histological structures were observed and the organ weights in the 2 groups were also measured. The results of the growth study revealed no significant differences (P>0.05) for final mean BW of rabbits, intake of the combined feed and poplar leaves or feed conversion ratio between the 2 groups. No obvious pathological changes were observed in the small intestine, stomach, spleen, kidney, lung, heart, bladder, pancreas, prostate and ovary. Electron microscopic observation of liver cells and renal cells showed they were both normal in the 2 groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Eleocharis Elliptica Kunth (Elliptic Spikerush): a Technical Conservation Assessment
    Eleocharis elliptica Kunth (elliptic spikerush): A Technical Conservation Assessment Prepared for the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project August 10, 2006 James E. Nellessen, Ph.D. Taschek Environmental Consulting 8901 Adams St., NE, Suite D Albuquerque, NM 87113 Peer Review Administered by Center for Plant Conservation Nellessen, J.E. (2006, August 10). Eleocharis elliptica Kunth (elliptic spikerush): a technical conservation assessment. [Online]. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/ assessments/eleochariselliptica.pdf [date of access]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Production of this assessment would not have been possible without the help of others. I wish to thank David Wunker for his help conducting Internet searches for information on Eleocharis elliptica. I wish to thank Ron Hartman for supplying photocopies of herbarium specimen labels from the University of Wyoming. Numerous other specimen labels were obtained through searches of on-line databases, so thanks go to those agencies (cited in this document) for having such convenient systems established. I would like to thank local Region 2 botanists Bonnie Heidel of the Wyoming Natural Heritage Program, and Beth Burkhart of the Black Hills National Forest for supplying information. Thanks go to Paula Nellessen for proofing the drafts of this document. Thanks go to Teresa Hurt and John Taschek of Taschek Environmental Consulting for supplying tips on style and presentation for this document. Thanks are extended to employees of the USFS Region 2, Kathy Roche and Richard Vacirca, for reviewing, supplying guidance, and making suggestions for assembling this assessment. Final thanks go to two external reviewers, one unidentified, and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Article in PDF Format
    Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2018, 419, 42 Knowledge & © K. Pabis, Published by EDP Sciences 2018 Management of Aquatic https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2018030 Ecosystems www.kmae-journal.org Journal fully supported by Onema REVIEW PAPER What is a moth doing under water? Ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic Lepidoptera Krzysztof Pabis* Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland Abstract – This paper reviews the current knowledge on the ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic moths, and discusses possible pre-adaptations of the moths to the aquatic environment. It also highlights major gaps in our understanding of this group of aquatic insects. Aquatic and semi-aquatic moths represent only a tiny fraction of the total lepidopteran diversity. Only about 0.5% of 165,000 known lepidopterans are aquatic; mostly in the preimaginal stages. Truly aquatic species can be found only among the Crambidae, Cosmopterigidae and Erebidae, while semi-aquatic forms associated with amphibious or marsh plants are known in thirteen other families. These lepidopterans have developed various strategies and adaptations that have allowed them to stay under water or in close proximity to water. Problems of respiratory adaptations, locomotor abilities, influence of predators and parasitoids, as well as feeding preferences are discussed. Nevertheless, the poor knowledge on their biology, life cycles, genomics and phylogenetic relationships preclude the generation of fully comprehensive evolutionary scenarios. Keywords: Lepidoptera / Acentropinae / caterpillars / freshwater / herbivory Résumé – Que fait une mite sous l'eau? Écologie des lépidoptères aquatiques et semi-aquatiques. Cet article passe en revue les connaissances actuelles sur l'écologie des mites aquatiques et semi-aquatiques, et discute des pré-adaptations possibles des mites au milieu aquatique.
    [Show full text]