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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 2 3 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Physiography of Bangladesh Bangladesh forms the largest delta in the world and is situated between 88o10' and 92o41' East longitudes and between 20o34' and 26o38' North latitudes. The great delta is flat throughout and stretches from near the foot-hills of the Himalayan Mountains in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The vast plain is washed by mighty rivers-the Meghna, the Padma, the Jamuna and the Karnafuli and their numerous tributaries. Tropical monsoon rains drench the land and the rivers. Onrush of rain waters in summer overflows their banks flooding low and outlying areas every year. The monotony of flatness has been relieved inland by two elevated tracts-the Modhupur and the Barind tracts, and on the north-east and south-east by rows of hilly forests. The great plain lies almost at sea level along the southern coast and rises gradually towards north. The maximum elevation above the mean sea level is 4034 feet at Keocradang Hill in Rangamati Hill district. The topography , however, variable and can be divided into the following five classes. 1. High Land The area is relatively high and cannot hold waters during monsoon. Some waters are retained by raising "bandhs" around fields. The area spreads over Modhupur Garh in Tangail and Mymensingh district, Bhaoal's Garh in Gazipur and Dhaka district, Barind tract in Rajshahi Division, Lalmai area in Comilla and "Tilla" areas in Sylhet, Moulvi Bazar and Habiganj district. 2. Medium Highland The land which is normally flooded up to about 90 cm. depth during the rainy season for more than two weeks continuously. The area spreads over Barisal division, major parts of Khulna division, northern part of Rajshahi division and parts of Gazipur, Narsindi, Noakhali, Feni, Lakshmipur, Comilla and Habiganj district. 3. Medium Lowland and Low land Medium Lowland is normally flooded between 90cm. and 180cm. depth and low land is normally flood between 180cm. and 275 cm. depth during the monsoon season. The area spreads over major parts of Comilla, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Gopalgonj district and parts of Lahskmipur, Noakhali, Serajganj, Natore and Naogaon district, northern parts of Khulna and Bagherhat district, minor of Jessore, Kishorganj and Habiganj district. 4. Very Low Land The land consists of haors, bills, canals and other low lying areas which looks like large lakes during rainy season. Depth of water may rise as high as 30 feet. In winter, waters dry up except in the Centre. Most of the haors and bills lie in Sylhet division and in Kisoreganj and Netrokona district. 5. Hilly Land The land spreads over Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari Hill Districts, parts of Chittagong, northern parts of Mymensingh, north and southern parts of Sylhet division, eastern border of Comilla and north eastern strip of Feni district. 4 PHYSIOGRAPHY AND AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES (AEZ) The land use pattern of the country is influenced by agro ecology, soil physiographic and climatic factors. According to the variations of all these factors and agricultural potential, the total land area has been classified into thirty agro ecological zones which are grouped into twenty major physiographic units as shown below. Agro-Ecological Zone Texture = T Area Land Type (AEZ) pH = pH excluding Sl. Physiographic Organic river No Unit matter Home beds AEZ Status = Medium Medium Very stead Name (acre) High Low No. 0.m High Low Low + Water 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 58 Old Old Type (%) 34 1 - - 7 Sandy Himalayan Himalayan T : Loamy - - - - 1. 1. 990400 loam Piedmont Piedmont pH: 4.5-5.5 - - - - 4.5-5.5 Plain Plain 0.m: Low - - - - Low 72 Type (%) 2 - - - 26 Active Sandy Teesta Flood T : - - - - - 2. 2. Teesta 205100 loam Plain pH: - - - - - Flood Plain 6.0-6.6 0.m: - - - - - Low Type (%) 35 51 4 1 - 9 Teesta T : Loamy Loamy - - - - 3. Meander 2339595 pH: 5.4-6.5 6.0-6.5 - - - - Flood Plain 0.m: Low Low - - - - Karatoya- Type (%) 23 44 14 4 1 14 Teesta Flood Bangali T : Silt-loam Clayey - - - - 3. 4. 635555 Plain Flood pH: 5.4-5.7 5.4-5.7 - - - - Plain 0.m: Low Low - - - - 4. Lower Atrai 5. Lower Atrai 210285 Type (%) 2 8 21 65 - 4 Basin Basin T : - - Clayey Clayey - - pH: - - 4.8-6.0 4.8-6.0 - - 0.m: - - Medium Medium - - 5. Lower 6. Lower 31875 Type (%) - 10 60 - - 30 Punarbhaba Punarbhab T : - - Clayey - - - Flood Plain a Flood pH: - - 4.5 - - - Plain 0.m: - - Medium - - - 6. Brahmaputra 7. Active 788265 Type (%) 5 37 20 8 - 30 Flood Plain Brahmaputr T : - Sandy/S Silty - - - a-Jamuna pH: - ilty 7.5-7.9 - - - Flood Plain 0.m: - 7.5-7.9 Low - - - Very low 8. Young 1463850 Type (%) 18 42 19 9 - 12 Brahmaputr T : Loamy Loamy Loamy - - - a- pH: 5.5-6.8 5.5-6.8 5.5-6.8 - - - Jamuna 0.m: Low Low Low - - - Flood Plain 9. Old 1786570 Type (%) 28 35 20 7 - 10 Brahmaputr T : Silt-loam Loamy Clayey - - - a Flood pH: 5.1-5.6 5.1-5.6 5.1-5.6 - - - Plain 0.m: Low Medium Medium - - - 7. Ganges River 10. Active 823850 Type (%) 12 33 18 4 - 33 Flood Plain Ganges T : - Loamy Clayey - - - Flood Plain pH: - 6.9-7.9 6.9-7.9 - - - 0.m: - Low Medium - - - 5 Agro-Ecological Texture = T Area Land Type Zone (AEZ) pH = pH Sl. excludi Physiographic Organic N ng river Unit matter Home o beds AEZ Status = Medium Medium Very stead Name (acre) High Low No. 0.m High Low Low + Water 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 11. High 3263025 Type (%) 43 32 12 2 - 11 Ganges T : Silt-loam Loamy Clayey - - - River Flood pH: 6.1-7.9 6.1-7.9 6.1-7.9 - - - Plain 0.m: Low Low Medium - - - 12. Low 1968935 Type (%) 13 29 31 14 2 11 Ganges T : Silt-loam Silt-clay Clayey - - - River Flood pH: 6.2-7.7 6.2-7.7 6.2-7.4 - - - Plain 0.m: Medium Medium Medium - - - 8. Ganges Tidal 13. Ganges 4217100 Type (%) 2 78 2 - - 18 Flood Plain Tidal Flood T : - Loamy - - - - Plain pH: - 6.5-7.0 - - - - 0.m: - Medium - - - - 9. Gopalganj- 14. Gopalganj- 555245 Type (%) 3 13 41 28 11 4 Khulna Beel Khulna Bils T : - Clayey Clayey Clayey - - pH: - 5.4 5.4 5.4 - - 0.m: - Medium Medium Medium - - 10 Arial Beel 15. Arial Beel 35585 Type (%) - 13 - 73 - 14 . T : - Clayey - Clayey - - pH: - 5.4 - 5.4 - - 0.m: - Medium - Medium - - 11 Meghna River 16. Middle 384250 Type (%) - 8 29 25 11 27 . Flood Plain Meghna T : - - Loamy Loamy - - River pH: - - 4.9-5.5 4.4-5.5 - - Flood Plain 0.m: - - Low Low - - 17. Lower 224620 Type (%) 14 28 31 - - 27 Meghna T : Silt-loam Silt-loam Silt-loam - - - River pH: 5.0-6.0 5.0-6.0 5.5-6.0 - - - Flood Plain 0.m: Medium Medium Medium - - - 12 Meghna 18. Young 2290420 Type (%) - 45 7 - - 48 . Estuarine Meghna T : - Silt-loam - - - - Flood Estuarine pH: - 6.1-6.8 - - - - Plain Flood Plain 0.m: - Medium - - - - 19. Old 1912595 Type (%) 2 24 33 21 3 17 Meghna T : - Silt-loam Loamy Clayey - - Estuarine pH: - 5.0-6.1 5.5-6.5 5.5-6.5 - - Flood Plain 0.m: - Medium Medium Medium - - 13 Surma- 20. Eastern 1142120 Type (%) 5 25 20 36 - 14 . Kusiyara Surma- T : - Silt-loam Clayey Clayey - - Flood Kusiyara pH: - 4.7-6.9 4.7-5.5 4.7-5.5 - - Plain Flood Plain 0.m: Medium Medium Medium - - 21. Sylhet 1130015 Type (%) - 4 19 43 23 11 Basin T : - - Silt-loam Clayey Clayey - pH: - - 4.7-4.9 4.7-4.9 4.7-4.9 - 0.m: - - High High High - 14 Northern and 22. Northern 997810 Type (%) 33 31 16 9 1 10 . Eastern and Eastern T : Sandy- Loamy Silt-loam - - - Piedmont Piedmont pH: loam 4.5-5.8 4.5-5.8 - - - Plains Plains 0.m: 4.5-5.8 Medium Medium - - - Medium 15 Chittagong 23. Chittagong 919230 Type (%) 17 43 13 - - 27 . Coastal Coastal T : Silt-loam Silt-loam - - - - Plain Plain pH: 5.6 5.6 - - - - 0.m: Low Low - - - - Texture = T Agro-Ecological Area pH = pH Land Type Sl. Zone (AEZ) excludi Physiographic Organic N ng river Unit matter Home o AEZ beds Medium Medium Very Name Status = High Low stead No. (acre) High Low Low 0.m + 6 Water 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 16 St. Martins 24. St. Martins 1975 Type (%) 33 63 2 - - 2 . Coral Island Coral Island T : Sandy Sandy- - - - - pH: 7.0-7.5 loam - - - - 0.m: Low 7.0-7.5 - - - - Low 17 Barind Tract 25. Level 1247635 Type (%) 30 55 4 2 - 9 . Barind T : Loamy Loamy - - - - Tract pH: 5.0-5.7 5.0-5.7 - - - - 0.m: Low Low - - - - 26. High Barind 395370 Type (%) 93 1 - - - 6 Tract T : Loamy - - - - - pH: 4.8-5.9 - - - - - 0.m: Low - - - - - 27. North- 266625 Type (%) 36 56 1 - - 7 Eastern T : Loamy Loamy - - - - Barind pH: 4.8-5.9 4.8-5.9 - - - - Tract 0.m: Low Low - - - - 18 Madhupur 28. Madhupur 1048715 Type (%) 56 18 7 9 - 10 . Tract Tract T : Loamy Loamy - - - - pH: 4.8-5.5 4.8-5.5 - - - - 0.m: Low Low - - - - 19 Northern and 29. Northern 4490150 Type (%) 92 2 1 - - 5 . Eastern and Eastern T : Loamy - - - - - Hills Hills pH: 4.5-4.9 - - - - - 0.m: Low - - - - - 20 Akhaura 30.
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