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By T. D. Tweedie, S.Bruskin, W.S. Chapman and R.W. Heyward

S TAT E FORESTS RESEARCH DIVISION FT.....ORA. SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NEW SOUTH WALES

by

T.D.1WEEDIE. S. BRUSKIN. W.S. CHAPMAN AND R.W. HEYWARD

RESEARCH DIVISION STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES SYDNEY 1995 Forest Resources Series No. 33 November, 1995

The Authors:

T.D. Tweedie, Forest Assistant, Northern Research Centre, State Forests of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour. S. Bruskin, Research Centre Manager, Northern Research Centre, State Forests of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour. W.S. Chapman, Forest Assistant, Northern Research Centre, State Forests of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour. R.W. Heyward, Research Assistant, Northern Research Centre, State Forests of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour.

Published by:

Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales, 27 Oratava Avenue, West Pennant Hills, 2125 P.G. Box 100, Beecroft. 2119 Australia.

Copyright. © 1995 by State Forests ofNew South Wales

DDC 581.9099443 ISSN 1033-1220 ISBN 0731067223 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT iii INTRODUCTION 1

MEI'HODS 2 1. SURVEY DESIGN 2 2. FLORISTIC AND VEGErATION STRUCTURAL DATA 3 3. HABITAT DATA 4 4. UMITATIONS 4 5. DATA FROM OTHER SOURCES 4 6. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE 4 7. DATA ANALYSIS 7 RESULTS 9 1. FWRISTICS 9 2. FOREST OVERSTOREY COMMUNITIES 9 3. NON-EUCALYPT (UUNDERSTOREY") FLORISTIC COMMUNITIES 9 4. VEGETATION TYPES 13 A. RAINFOREST 13 B. WET SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS 18 C. BLACKBUTTFORESTS 23 D. DRY SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS 25 E. NEW ENGLAND HARDWOOD FORESTS 31 F. SWAMPY SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS 32 G. SEDGELAND AND SAND DUNES 34 H. SOFTWOOD PLANTATIONS 34 5. UNDERSTOREY DESCRIPTIONS 35 DmCUS~ON 48 1. SIGNIFICANT PLANT SPECIES 48 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 53 3. CONSERVATION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES 55 4. RESERVATION OF COMMUNITIES 56 (a) Existing State Forest Reserves 57 (b) Additional Reserve recommendations 62 5. IMPACTS OF DISTURBANCE 65 6. WEEDS 66 7. HARDWOOD PLANTATIONS 66 8. SOFTWOOD PLANTATIONS 67

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 68 REFERENCES 69 TABLES Table 1. Comparison and conseIVation status offorest vegetation communities 10 FIGURES Figure 1. Map offlora sUIVey plots 6 Figure 2. Dendrogram 8 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Occurrence ofvascular plant species by broad vegetation type 72 and logging category . Appendix 2. Plot locations 83 Appendix 3. Rare or threatened plants found in the current sUIVey 88 Appendix 4. Rare or threatened plants. Miscellaneous sUIVeys within 90 Coffs Harbour/Urunga Management Areas ADDENDUM 92

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES ii MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 ABSTRA eT

The purpose ofthe sUlvey was to describe the vegetation ofthe Coffs Harbour and Urunga Management Areas in the context of commercial forest management. To accomplish this 171 flora plots were established to provide an indicative survey of the vascular plant species occurring in the Management Areas. Additional data were gathered from outside sources and from previous surveys to provide a re~onably comprehensive listing of plants.

A total of695 vascular plant taxa were recorded during the survey. These are grouped into 45 overstorey communities and 35 understorey communities using anumerical hierarchical agglomerative classification process. All ofthese communities are described and are related to existing Forest Types as used by State Forests. A broad correlation exists between overstorey and understorey communities although several understorey communities occurred across a range o(overstorey communities and vice versa.

Significant plant species encountered are described and the conservation of plant communities is discussed. Existing reserves are described also and recommendations are made for additional protection and reservation.

The impacts ofdisturbance have been analysed and the results indicate that floristic patterns are primarily determined by fire history and climate rather than logging. The analysis is made difficult due to extensive logging in the area. Comparisons between stands of different logging ages may be more reliable than comparisons between logged and unlogged plots.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW iii INTRODUCTION

This report describes the results ofasurvey ofvascular plant species in the State Forests ofthe Urunga and Coffs Harbour Management Areas on the north coast ofNew South Wales. The study area is bounded by latitudes 290 47' S to 300 52' S and longitudes 1520 28' E to 1530 15' E and is confined to State Forests covered by the Management Plans prepared for Macksville (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1978), Bellinger (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1982a), Urunga (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1984a) and Coffs Harbour (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1984b). The physical characteristics and forest management histories of the area are described in the referenced Management Plans.

The purpose of this survey was to describe the vegetation in the context of management ofthe area for commercial forestry purposes.

The objectives were:

1) to describe the terrestrial vascular flora ofthe area, particularly the vegetation types and distribution, habitat and abundance ofplant species;

2) to relate vegetation types to Forest Type map units used for forest management purposes;

3) to identify vascular plant species ofparticular botanical or conservation significance;

4) to identify vegetation types or communities ofbotanical or conservation significance and suggest representative areas for reservation where considered necessary;

5) to compare the flora ofareas with various forest management histories and consider likely impacts ofproposed forestry operations on flora.

The field work was carried out by Terry Tweedie and Roger Heyward ofState Forests Northern Research Centre from September 1992 to June 1993. Douglas Binns of State Forests Research Division and Bill Chapman ofthe Northern Research Centre performed the data analysis.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 1 METHODS

1. SURVEYDESIGN

Survey methods followed the "Flora and Fauna Assessment Survey" guidelines developed for use in New South Wales State Forests (York et al.!, unpubl. data). Floristic data were derived from a series ofnon­ permanent plots established within the study area. Plots were initially marlced on 1:25 000 topographic maps using a stratified sampling design. The basic plot sampling strategy was as follows:

1. Stratification was based on mapped Forest Types (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989a) derived from field checked aerial photography. The area of each Forest Type in the Management Area (M.A.) was obtained from State Forests' Geographic Information System (GIS). The Forest Type areas were then used as a basis for determining the number ofplots to be established.

ForestTypes were used because a) they are broadly related to overstorey population, b) they act as a surrogate which integrates a range ofphysical environmental attributes providing greater efficiency of sampling, c) they are part of a standard management system, which facilitates translation of survey results to management options and d) they are presently mapped.

All plots were located on maps randomly within strata before field surveys commenced. AlthoughanumberofmappedForestTypes had beenamalgamated into broad plantcommunities, as for example the amalgamation of"moistblackbutt" into "moisthardwood", every effort was made to objectively locate plots within individual Forest Types. Some Forest Types were not surveyed although the most common Types were covered. Types that covered limited areas but were of special interest such as sand ridges (Type 233) were surveyed.

2. Plots were allocated to Forest Types with recognition thatthe more extensive ForestTypes were likely to be floristically more heterogeneous and would require more plots to sample the range ofvariation. Emphasis was placed onForestTypes occurring in recently logged and olderlogged areas. The majority offorests within the Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management Area have been logged and minimal undisturbed forest remains.

3. An attempt was made to allocate plots to each stratum on the basis of total area using the following system: >20,000 ha One plot per 2000 ha 1,000 -20,000 ha minimum three plots then one plot per 1000 ha 500 -lOOOha three plots < 500 ha two plots Each Flora Reserve received one plot. One plot was also allocated to each ofthe Forest Types that were limited in area but of special interest.

Rainforests were allocated a minimum of one plot and up to five plots for each Forest Type depending upon the extent ofthe Forest Type but rega.rdless ofmanagement history. Rainforest was comprehensively surveyed by Floyd (1990), but the data is not plot based. In this survey sampling intensity in rainforests was low and aimed at coverage ofthe range ofmajor Forest

1 York, A.,Binns,D. andShields,J.M. (1991). Floraand fauna assessment inNewSouthWalesStateforest. Surveyguidelines. Procedures for sampling flora and fauna for Environmental Impact Statements. State Forests of New South Wales.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Types present in order to provide data for analysis compatible with the data collected in non­ rainforest types.

4. Flora surveys were also conducted in all established fauna survey plots using the same standardised J.llethods. The fauna plots were stratified according to broad categories as described elsewhere in theE.I.S. These'categories were: MoistBlackbutt, Dry Blackbutt,Moist Hardwood, Dry Hardwood, Rainforest, Horseshoe Regrowth Forests, Hardwood Plantations and Softwood Plantations.

5. Flora plots were located rand.omly usually within 500 m from the nearest vehicular access. This strategy resulted in little orno sampling in areas ofvery steep terrain. The possibility ofbias against inaccessible areas was reduced because inaccessible areas contain Forest Types which occurred elsewhere in the survey area.

Plots were positioned as closely as possible within an area of homogeneous vegetation. The standard plot size was 50 m x 20 m(OJ ha) , although some habitats required a variation in size to ensure homogeneity within one plot, eg.longer or narrower plots were used for riparian vegetation.

A total of 171 plots, including those on fauna survey transects, were surveyed. Approximate locations are shown in Figure 1. . .

2. FLORISTIC AND VEGEFATlON STRUCTURAL DATA

This was primarily an indicative survey with sampling intensity kept to the minimum considered necessary to provide an adequate description of vegetation. Vascular plant species which could be distinguished within a plot were recorded and identified as far as possible to species level. Plot searches were not exhaustive and inconspicuous species could have been overlooked. Formostplots itis expected that about 90% of the total above-ground vascular flora existing at the time of the survey was recorded. Vertical heights ofvegetation strata were subjectively defined and recorded for each plot.

Height strata limits of0 to 1 m, 1 to 6 m, 6 to 20 m, 20 to 35 m and > 35 m were used as a guide for the coding of structural data although actual heights 'were recorded.

Cover codes, based on projected canopy cover, were estimated for each species within each vertical stratum. Where a species occurred in more than one stratum, an overall cover code for the plot as a whole was also recorded. Codes are as follows:

Cover code Projected canopy cover 1 < 5%, few individuals 2 < 5%, any number of individuals 3 6-25% 4 26-50% 5 51-75% 6 >75%

Any significant species noted while traversing between plots were also recorded.

The map unit in which each plot was located was recorded and a subjective assessment was made of the Forest Type (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989a) to which the vegetation would be most appropriately allocated.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 3 3. HABITAT DATA

At each plot, slope (in degrees), altitude, aspect, topographic position, drainage, percentage cover and particle size ofsurface rock and cover ofoutcropping bedrock were recorded. An assessment was made ofprevious disturbance by logging, fire and grazing on the basis ofany available visual evidence. An estimate of intensity and time since disturbance was recorded. Any other unusual feature was also recorded.

4. UMITATIONS

Field worlc was carried out from late spring through early winter. Some ephemeral species may have been overlooked, and spring flowering geophytes, including some Orchidaceae and Liliaceae, may have been generally overlooked due to the very dry spring. Although these may be a significant component ofthe total flora they normally form a minor component of forest vegetation in New South Wales and their omissionis notexpected to affectthecommunity analysis. Some species, especiallymonocotyledons, may have been. overlooked due to the absence of active growth or due to vegetative similarity to common species. ThesUlvey has probably undersampled the graminoid flora. No attempt was made to sample soil­ stored seed. No attempt was made to record every species present and the survey was notexhaustive. Further species would be recorded with additional effort. The survey was biased toward sampling areas oflargely natural vegetation including intensively logged areas. Except for native hardwood and conifer plantations, artificially modified vegetation such as clearings for buildings, roadsides and pasture lands was excluded from sampling.

5. DATA FROM OTHER SOURCES

In addition to the plots described above, data was available from previous surveys carried out in Mistake 2 3 State Forest(Binns , unpubI. data), and Way Way StateForest (Binns , unpubI. data). Data on distribution of rare plants was available from previous searches and from records at State Forests Coffs Harbour Herbarium. Although Alex FIoyd had comprehensively surveyed the rainforest in the area, these data were not plot-based and could not be used as part ofthe analysis. However, they provided a valuable source of information on rainforest Data and descriptions are given in FIoyd (1990). Other sources for rare plants are shown in Appendix 4.'

6. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE

Taxonomy and nomenclature follow the National Herbarium ofNew South Wales as published in Harden (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993).

Some taxa could not always be determined to species level due to inadequate material. The main genera involved were Baeckea, Baumea, Cassytha, Caustis, Chorizandra, Commelina, Drosera, Eragrostis, Hydrocoytle,Juncus, Persoonia, Pterostylis, Senecio and Tibouchinia. Grasses (Poaceae) ingeneral may not have been reliably determined in some cases. The unusual occurrence ofTibouchinia may have been the result of dumping or bird droppings (the closest settlement is Valla Beach, four kilometres away). Epiphytic orchids may have been overlooked or occasionally mis-identified due to their inaccessibility in tree crowns. Difficulties were also experienced with the following species orgroups due to lackofsuitable material:

2 Binns, D. (1988). floraSurvey, Mistake State Forest, EnvironmentalImpactStatement, UnmgaManagementArea. Internal Report, Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales, Sydney.

3 Binns, D. (1991). flora Survey, Way Way State Forest, Environmental Impact Statement, Unmga Management Area. Internal Report, Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales, Sydney. FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 4 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Figure 1. COFFS HARBOUR· URUNGA E VIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

FLORA PLOT LOCATIONS

LEGEND

EIS Area Boundary --- Management Area Boundary - Highway, Major Road ~ Railway Drainage

c::J State Forest c:::J Nltional Park. Nature Relerve c:::::J Vlclnt Crown lAnd c:::::J Lellehold Land ~ Built-Up Area

FLORA LOCATIONS

• Flora Plot Location & Identifier

--..A'I~~""'" t N I

SCALE 1 : 450000

o 2 4 •• 10 20km

NSW ...... Fo'ds'TS-- STATE FORESTS of NSW GIS Branch • Copyright September. 1986. Stete For..t. of NSW. 1. Eucalyptus siderophloia /placita/fusiformis/ancophila. Some records may have been incorrectly assigned. The grey ironbark group has recently been split into a number ofdifferent species. It is almost impossible to identify this group ofspecies without fruit and buds, and it was not always possible to find fruit and buds from every tree. Every effort was made to collect and identify material when it was available.

2. Lastreopsis decomposita/acuminata/microsora. Some records may have been incorrectly assigned.

3. Poa sieberianallabillardieri. Some attempt was made to separate these two species although it is difficult to do so. The former seems to be more common.

4. Eucalyptus intermedia may include records of E. gummifera.

5. Eucalyptus propinqua/biturbinata. Some records may have been incorrectly assigned.

7. DATA ANALYSIS

Floristic data were classified into vegetation communities by Douglas Binns ofthe State Forests Research Division using a numerical hierarchical agglomerative classification process, using the Bray-Curtis association measure on percentage cover and a flexible UPGMA sorting strategy with beta = 0.0 (FUSE module ofthe PATN package (Belbin 1988) (Binns 1993). Although the procedure provides a repeatable and explicit method ofdefining communities, there are a number ofcritical decisions required which are essentially subjective and which may substantially affect the final community composition. The most important ofthese are the choice ofbeta and the choice ofan appropriate level in the dendrogram to define communities. A beta value ofzero was chosen to minimise distortion and most realistically reflect actual associations.

A dendrogram of vegetation classification was used to provide an objective' method of vegetation classification. (Figure 2).

Any community analysis must be regarded as only a guide to the tendency ofcertain groups ofspecies to co-occur. Itis a convenient means ofexamining vegetation patterns rather than a definitive statement of vegetation composition. Both horizontal patterns.and vertical structure require consideration. Inforests some degree ofvertical layering is usually discernible, and patterns vary among strata. Overstorey and various understorey strata respond differently to environmental factors and an analysis of all strata combined may obscure spatial patterns, but it is difficult to set height limits which will allow separate examination of strata across a range of vegetation types. Because eucalypts as a group form a distinct ecological entity in New South Wales forests, the approach adopted here was to perform separate analyses with and without eucalypts. An analysis of all strata combined appears to be more successful for non­ eucalypt communities (rainforest and shrub and herb communities). Four analyses were performed: 1) total cover of all species; 2) cover of all species excluding eucalypts; 3) basal area of all stems>10 cm dbhob (where basal area is defined as the cross sectional area ofthe stem at diameter breast height outside bark) and 4) basal area ofeucalypt stems>10 cm dbhob. As only cover-abundance codes were recorded for understorey floristic data, these were converted to percentages for analysis, as the mid point ofthe cover class for cover >5% and using 1% and 3% for codes 1 and 2 respectively. Final analyses adopted for discussion were analyses 2 and 3.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 7 0.0769 0.2614 0.4458 0.6303 0.8147 0.9992 Groups I I II I I 1 2 3 I 4 I- S 1 I 6 1_1- 7 I 8 1_- 9 I I 10 I I 11 1- I 12 I I 13 I_I 14 1- 15 I I 16 I I 17 1_1_1 18 I 1 19 II 20 1- 21 I 22 1- 23 1- 24 I I 25 I 1- 26 II 27 1__1 28 11 29 II 30 I 31 I 32 1- 33 I 34 I I 35 I I 36 I I I 37 I 1- I 38 I II 39 1 II 40 1_1_1 41 I 11 42 1_11 43 11 44 11 45 11 I I I I 1 0.0769 0.2614 0.4458 0.6303 0.8147 0.9992 Dissimilarity Measures

Figure 2. Dendrogram.

Dendrogram from floristic classification ofbasal area of all tree species < 10 cm DBHOB Notes concerning the dendrogram:

Group 1 - The headland brush box community has been separated from Group 1 because it closely resembles Floyd's suballiance of rainforest communities. This plot has been listed as Group 40 in the vegetation descriptions that follow and in Table 1.

Group 2 - Plot NUOAK139 was originally classified as a unique group because of the low basal area of brush box. However, it has been included with Group 2 because it contains a number ofyoung brush box < 10 cm, DBHOB which makes it consistent with Group 2.

Group 11-PlotNUWED065hasbeen included in Group 12 which has a similarbasal area. It was separated inthe dendrogram analysis because ofthe diversity ofspecies. The individual species had a low basal area and there was little difference between Group 11 and 12.

Group 26 - This is a single plot. It has been included in Group 2 as a brush box community.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 8 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 RESULTS

1. FWRISTICS

A total of695 vascular plant taxa were recorded during the present field survey. Appendix l1ists these species by family showing theirfrequency ofoccurrence by broad vegetation type and by logging category to indicate ecological distribution.

2. FOREST OVERSTOREY COMMUNITIES

Basal areas in m2 oftrees greater than lO cm dbhob by species were used to classify overstorey floristic data as described above. Forty-five overstorey communities may be recognised at the 0.7 level of dissimilarity in forty-three groups. Two communities were absorbed into larger groups due to their similarities. There was no significant reason for them to be maintained separately as shown through analysis. One community did not have a basal area recording because the vegetation was less than 10 cm dbhob. It is described separately.

The forest overstorey communities and associated understorey communities are described below in Section4. Relationships with previously defined forest communities (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989a, Floyd 1990, Hager and Benson 1994) are also described, and summarised in Table 1.

3. NON-EUCALYPT (UUNDERSTOREY") FLORISTIC COMMUNITIES

At a broad level Ca dissimilarity level of 0.75), thirty-five community groups were derived from classification of floristic survey data excluding eucalypts. This classification was compared with the classification ofthe total floristic data set including eucalypts, and with the overstorey classification. In the former case the groups were mostly co-incident. A broad correlation exists between overstorey and understorey communities especially at the group level. although several understorey communities occurred across a range ofoverstorey communities and vice versa. These patterns are described below. Major characteristics ofthe thirty-five understorey community groups are briefly described in Section 5.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 9 -o Table 1. Comparison and conservation status offorest vegetation communities.

~5 Based on overstorey composition (in the order in which they appear in this report). Overstorey (URov) floristic community is derived from the numerical ~~ classification ofsurvey data as described in text. F.C. ForestType is the nearestequivalentType as described in Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales (1989a) ~en and relates to Types occurring in each URov floristic community groups. Foreucalypt forests, H and B Association is the nearest equivalent association as defined ~~ by Hager and Benson (1994). Reservation status is listed as: overall status; extent reserved in C zone (Urunga). Codes are as follows: 1=not or very poorly > .-< conserved; 2 = inadequately conserved, over all its range; 3 = inadequately conserved, in major part ofits range; 4 = adequately conserved; NO: not determined G;~ due to lack ofdata; LTl, LT 5, LT lO,LT25 =less than 1,5,10,25% reserved respectively; GT25 =>25% reserved. For rainforest, the nearest equivalent Royd .~2 (1990) suballiance is given. Status codes are f(OmRoyd (1990): E = excellent, G= good, A= adequate, I = inadequate. Communities that are unusual in the current ~§? El> survey and do not match Royd or Hager and Benson have been left blank with a general description provided in text. :I:~

~~ G;~ Q:I: .....> 0::0 .?:tIl ti°~~

en )2 'rj@

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~~ en en eno

~~ ~~ .~ ~en (3 ~ Table 1. (cont.) :;d> f}l@ '"':l'Tj :;dO f}l~ orA ~~ ~~ ~~ f}l~

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~:;d Cl> ~~

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...... t.) - Table 1. (cont.) ::5 ~~ Q en ~~ £;1< ::j~ r~ ~~ •Qz> ~> @~

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en ~ "I1trl m",~2l ..,m m"'Cil 0"I1o

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~:c: ~> .~ ~en 4. VEGETATION TYPES

The following communities are briefly described as overstorey/understorey combinations in eight broad vegetation types. Thesetypes are convenientstructural/ecological units but are notnecessarily floristically homogeneous. Where a particular overstorey community is associated with a wide range ofunderstorey communities it is described under the group for which the most frequent combinations exist. For tree­ dominated vegetation comparisons are made with Hager and Benson's (1994) associations and Forest Types (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1989a) for eucalyptus forestS and FIoyd's (1990) suballifulceS for rainforests. Logged and unlogged plots were analysed as a combined data set. In the following descriptions and elsewhere in this report, overstorey communities in the Management Area are prefixed with URov and understorey communities with URus.

Appendix 2lists each plot and its location. The coding for plot numbers follows the pattern "NUXXXOOO" where N= Northern Region, U= Urunga Management Area, XXX = prefix for State Forest and 000 =·plot number (numbered consecutively).

A. RAINFOREST

Group 31: URov31: Backhousia anisata. One plot: NUIRI017. Understorey communities: URus4 Altitude: 110 m Physical environment: Lower slope. Aspect: 143°. Geology: Shales. Fire history: Nil. Logging history: Nil. Overstorey: This is a tall, closed forest growing to a maximum height of40 m with a moderately dense canopy and more open subcanopy and ground layer. It is asubtropical rainforest type dominated byBackhousiaanisatawhich is aRare and Threatened plant(Briggs and Leigh 1988). B. anisilta grows to a large tree. One specimen measured 216 cm DBHOB. Other associated species recorded were Acradenia euodiiformis, Doryphora sassafras, Geissois benthamiana, Sloanea woollsii, Endiandra muelleri, Sloanea australis and Archontophoenix cunninghamiana. Under the broad typing ofrainforest, this plot falls within Forest Type 2 (yellow carabeen). However, this site is primarily Backhousia anisata and not yellow carabeen and should be recognised as a separate community within this broad classification.

Group 32: URov32: Ficus watkinsianalSloanea woollsii. One plot: NUORE105. Understorey communities: URus4 Altitude: 140 m Physical environment: Lower slope. Aspect: 285°. Geology: Shales.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW 13 Fire history: Nil. Logging history: Some selective rainforestlogging did occurin this area 60 years ago and there is evidence ofhigh board cuts on E. microcorys stumps. Overstorey: This is a tall, closed subtropical rainforest with a maximum canopy height of40 m. There is moderate cover in the upper canopy and a dense cover in the subcanopy. The ground cover is open. The dominant species are Ficus watkinsiana and Sloanea woollsii which grow as 00­ dominantspeciesin the uppercanopyand are associated with anumberofotherspecies including Geissois benthamiana, Sloanea australis, Planchonella australis, Argyrodendron trijoUolatum, Cryptocarya obovata, Ceratopetalum apetalum, Orites excelsa and Alphitonia excelsa. Archontophoenix cunninghamiana is a very common substratum species. This community would be best described in Forest Type 5 (booyong/coachwood). Type 5 includes Lophostemon confertus, and Ficus watkinsiana. E. grandis and L. confertus did not occur on this plot but they were present nearby. This site is generally associated with sub alliance No. 33, Ceratopetaluml Schizomeria - Argyrodendron/Sloanea (Floyd 1990).

Group-33: URov33: Planchonella austraUs/Sloanea australis. One plot: NUWED104. Understorey communities: URus4 Altitude: 50 m Physical environment: Lower slope. Aspect: 65°. Geology: Alluvial. Fire history: None. Logging history: No evidence oflogging although there would have been some selective logging 60 years ago. Overstorey: This is atall, closed subtropical rainforest with amaximum canopy height of40 m. The upper canopy is open with afew remnanttallertrees above amoderately dense mid to lower subcanopy. The ground coverismoderately dense. The dominant overstorey species arePlanchonella australis and Sloanea australis. Associated species include Caldcluvia paniculosa, Araucaria cunninghamii,Elaeocarpusgrandis,Toonaciliata,Argyrodendronactinophyllum,Cryptocarya obovata, Sloanea woollsii, Argyrodendron trijoliolatum andArchontophoenix cunninghamiana. This group belongs to the subtropical rainforest league because ofthe complexity ofspecies and vines. It is a mix ofForest Types 2 and 3 (yellow carabeen and corkwood/sassafras/crabapple/ silver sycamore). It is mentioned as a sub alliance to Ceratopetalum apetalum by Floyd (1990), and is said to occur where there is a merging of warm temperate and subtropical species on alluvial sediments near the coast.

Group 34: URov34: Dendrochnide excelsa/Geissois benthamiana/Sloanea woollsii. One plot: NUMIS018. Understorey communities: URus1 Altitude: 170 m Physical environment: Watercourse. Aspect: 65°.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 14 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Geolo-gy: Alluvial. Fire history: None. Logging history: Moderate logging intensity in the past in the ~urrounding area although no evidence of logging in the plot Overstorey: Moderately tall, closed forest to 28 m. There is moderate to dense cover in all strata. At six to 20 m the cover is quite dense. The common species are Dendrochnide excelsa, Geissois bentham~ana andSloaneawoollsii. Otherspecies occurring as associates were Baloghia inophylla, Bosistoa jloydii, Sarcopterix stipitata, Ehretia acuminata, Polyosma cunninghamii, Ficus coronata, Doryphora sassafras and Argyrodendron actinophyllum. This group compares with ForestType23 (myrtle), adepauperate rainforest. Bosistoajloydiiis classed as Rare orThreatened (Briggs and Leigh 1988) and is asignificant species in the plot reaching 14 min height with 25% to 50% cover ofthe plot.

Group 35: URov35: Dendrochnide excelsa/Argyrodendron actinophyllum. Two plots: NUOAK016, NUOAK137. Understorey communities: URus1 Altitude: Range: 735 m to 860 m. Median = 797.5 m. Physical environment: Upper slope at Killiekrankie Flora Reserve and on a simpIe slope at League Scrub Flora Reserve. Aspect: 16° to 250°. Mean = 133°. Geology: Shale at plot NUOAKOl6 and deep basalt and metamorphosed shale outcrops at plot NUOAK137. Fire history: Nil. Logging-history: No evidence. Overstorey: Tall closed subtropical rainforest> 35 mtall. There is amoderate canopy and subcanopy with open ground cover. The dominant trees at both these sites are Dendrochnide excelsa and Argyrodendron actinophyllum. Associate species in plot NUOAK016 are Baloghia inophylla, Doryphora sassafras, Orites excelsa, Polyosma cunninghamii, Guilfoylia monostylus and Alangium villosum ssp. polyosmoides. In NUOAK137 there are fewer associated species. However, they include Acradenia euodiijormis, Geissois benthamiana and a larger number of Sloaneawoollsii. S. woollsii is co-dominant with the two key species in plot NUOAK137. This group falls withinForestType 3(corkwoodlsassafras/crabapple) on type maps for the Management Area, but should probably be classified as Forest Type 1 (booyong). The group also compares with a suballiance ofArgyrodendron actinophyllum on a mid-altitude Kraznozem as described by Floyd (1990).

Group 36: URov36: Ceratopetalum apetalum. Four plots: NUMI~022, NUNUL019, NUORW152, NUORW115. Understorey communities: URus5 Altitude: Range: 590 m to 850 m. Median = 730 m. Physical environment: Range oftopographic positions from lower slope to upper slope. Aspect: 135° to 335°. Mean = 201°.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 15 Geology: Metasediments and clays with some shale. Plot NUNUL019 is on Basalt. Fire history: Nil. Logging history: Plots NUNUL019 and NUMIS022 have not been logged. Plots NUORW115 and NUORW152 were heavily logged 20 to 40 years ago. Overstorey: Moderate to tall closed forests> 35m. This is a typical warm temperate rainforest. There is moderate cover in the upper canopy but the subcanopy is moderately dense to dense. The ground cover varies from moderately dense to open. The indicator species for this group is Ceratopetalum apetalum which is common in all sites. Associated species included Doryphora sassafras which is also common at all sites. Other associates scattered among the sites include Sloanea woollsil, Quintinia verdonii, Schizomeria ovata, Callicoma serratifolia, Araucaria cunninghamii, Orites excelsa and Litsea reticulata. This group would be typed as Forest Type 12 (coachwood/sassafras) which is a suballiance in the warm temperate rainforest league.

Group 37: URov37: Nothofagus mooreilCeratopetalum apetalum. Two plots: NUNEV023, NUNEV024. Understorey communities: URus5 Altitude: Range: 850 m to 910 m. Median = 880 m. Physical environment: These two sites are at high altitude on the edge of the Dorrigo escarpment overlooking the Bellinger Valley and are located on a crest and an upper slope. Aspect: 85° to 135°. Mean =.110°. Geology: Uplifted sediments in the Moombil Beds. Fire history: None. Logging history: Nil. Overstorey: Moderately tall, closed, cool temperate rainforest < 35 m in height. Due to the poor, less fertile, yellow soils, Nothofagus moorei does not reach the size and height that commonly occurs inmore sheltered and fertile Kraznozem areas. The upper to middle canopy is moderately dense to dense but the ground cover is open to sparse. N. moorei grows in association with a number ofother species and probably shares an equal basal area in similar sites elsewhere. It is closely associated with Ceratopetalum apetalum, Schizomeria ovata, Callicoma serratifolia and Caldcluviapaniculosa. Someofthe less commonspecies includeAcradenia euodiiformis, Orites excelsa, Doryphora sassafras, Litsea reticulata and Acacia melanoxylon. This group is Forest Type 17 (negrohead beech/coachwood). It is a suballiance of the Cool Temperate Rainforest (Floyd 1990).

Group 38: URov38: Callicoma serratifolialCryptocarya glaucescens. One plot: NUTUC021. Understorey communities: URus9 Altitude: 60 m. Physical environment: Upper slope. Aspect: 175°. Geology: Siliceous sandstone.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 16 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Fire history: Light fires intennittently. There were probably more severe fires >30 years ago when this area was cleared. Logging history: Appears to have been cleared and regenerated, possibly in arainforest thinning operation. Overstorey: This is a closed forest up to 25 m tall with a very open upper canopy. There is dense cover at 6 to 20 m cons~sting ofCaIlicoma serratifolia and Cryptocarya glaucescens and sparse cover in the subcanopy and on the ground. The dominant species are CaIlicoma serratifolia and Cryptocarya glaucescens. Associated species include Acacia melanoxylon, Alphitonia excelsa, Elaeocarpus reticulatus and Guioa semiglauca. The existence of opportunistic species that regenerate well after disturbarice provide evidence of past disturbances. Because of the low canopy height ofthis type it compares best with Forest Type 23 (myrtle) rather than Forest Type 26 (viney scrub) although that is its presentclassification on ForestType maps. It may have been viney scrub after clearing and has now changed in structure to a secondary successional rainforest.

Group 39: URov39: Backhousia sciadophora/Dendrochnide excelsa. One plot: NUKAN051. Understorey communities: URus2 Altitude: 300 m. ·Physical environment: Mid slope.

0 Aspect: 80 • Geology: Lithic sandstone on Towallum basalt. Fire history: None Logging history: Very light logging in the past for hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii). Overstorey: This group is depauperate, dry rainforest on lithic sandstone with a basalt component. This plot is part of alarge, dry rainforest community at Kangaroo River State Forest in Bums Scrub. This suballiance ofBackhousia sciadophora - Dendrochnide excelsa - Drypetes is represented in Tulipwood Flora Reserve and Dorrigo National Park. It is not well represented in reserves at the southern range ofits distribution and has been recommended for reservation (Floyd 1990). The upper canopy is moderately dense to dense fonning a closed forest < 25 m in height. The ground layer is very sparse. Associated species occurring in the canopy and in the substratum are Araucaria cunninghamii, Austromyrtus bidwillii, Denhamia celastroides, Mallotus phillipensis, Grevillea robusta, Argyrodendron trifoliolatum and Melia azederach var. australasica. This is Forest Type 21 (hoop pine).

Group 40: URov 40: Lophostemon confertus. One plot: NUPIN 106 Understorey communities: URus 1,4,14,15. Altitude: 48m Physical environment: Located on a small headland overlooking the sea in Bundagen Flora Reserve in a windswept position. Aspect: 1300 Geology: Shales

STATB FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 17 Fire history: Light to moderate fires every ten to twenty years. Logging history: Logged to the top of the escarpment. No evidence oflogging within the plot area. Overstorey: This community is dominated by Headland Brushbox L. confertus in the overstorey. The understorey consists ofspecies such as Synoum glandulosum, L. confertus, Banksia integrifolia and Guioa semiglauca. The subcanopy is moderately dense and the uppercanopy is more open.

B. WET SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS

Group 1: URovl: Lophostemon confertus Three plots: NUBAG056, NUING034, NUORW052 Understorey communities: URusl,4, 14, 15) Altitude: Range 20 to 630 m. Median = 212.5 m. Physical environment: Found over a range of topographic positions including simple, lower, mid and upper slopes. Aspect: Range 30° to 345°. Mean ,!-spect = 191°. Geology: These sites are ofsedimentary origin with some metamorphosed shales and sandstones. Plot NUBAG056 is located on lithic sandstone on Towallum basalt. Fire history: Sites with a high proportion ofrainforest had no evidence offire. There is evidence thatlight intensity fires occurred 15 to 25 years ago at NUING034. Logging history: There is no evidence oflogging in this group with the exception of plot NUORW052 which was lightly logged fifty years ago. Selected rainforest species may have been removed at that time. Overstorey: Atall forest communitydominated by L. confertus inassociation with E. acmenoides, E. grandis and E. intermedia. Thereis acornplex, welladvanced rainforestsub-stratum inplots NUBAG056 and NUING034. PlotNUORW052 is in a subtropical rainforest at Wonga Wanga FloraReserve and contains one large brush box.

Group 2: URov2: Lophostemon confertus 11 plots: NUBAG064, NUOAK026, NUORE155, NUOAK031, NUBRO118, NUGLA145, NUIRI025, NUTHUI66, NUOAK138, NUORW058, NUOAK139. Understorey communities: URus2, 6, 9, 10, 13, 15. Altitude: Range 90 to 720 m. Median = 485 m. Physical environment: Upper slope to lower slope. Aspect: 10° to 350°. Mean aspect = 193°. Geology: Shale with metasediments on plots NUIRI025, NUTHUI66, NUOAK139. Fire history: There is little to no evidence of fire in most plots. Two plots in the Horseshoe area (NUOAK026 and NUGLA145) were burned in moderate fires approximately twenty years ago. NUOAK139 was burned in a severe fire approximately 10 years ago. Logging history: Light to heavy logging has been conducted in 80% of these plots. Plots in Brooklana State Forest and Oakes State Forest, with the exception of NUOAK139, have no evidence of logging and appearto be undisturbed. Plot NUOAK139 was logged extensively for brush box.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 18 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 ~~~~~ --~ -~--~-~~~------,

Overstorey: Tall forest plant community ofL. confertus. The associated dominant species are Syncarpia glomulifera, E. microcorys and E. saligna. This group is representative ofadrier phase ofForest Type 53 (brush box) because the canopy has been opened. The forest structure has been changed and the understorey has been invaded by lantana (Lantana camara) and mesic vines. This type has a moderately dense subcanopy with an open overstorey.

Group 10: URoviO: Eucalyptus pilularis/E. grandis. Two plots: NUPIN014, NUTUCl14. Understorey communities: URus15,30 Altitude: Range 20 to 30 m. Median = 25 m. Physical environment: Plot NUTUC114 is located on an upper slope. Plot NUPIN014 is located on an alluvial site. ~spect: 85° to 230°. Geology: These sites are located on sedimentary materials in the Upper Permian Nambucca Slate Belt at Tuckers Nob State Forest and on a Carboniferous/Lower Permian layer at Pine Creek State Forest. Fire history: Moderate fires inthe past probably due to clearing for plantation establishment No evidence ofrecent fires. Logging history: No evidence of logging since the plantation was established. At the time of establishment, 20 to 30 years ago, the sites would have been clear felled. Overstorey: This group falls within native hardwood plantations. It appears that E. pilularis and E. grandis were planted together. Itisnow difficult to determine which trees have regenerated naturally and which were planted. E. pilularis and E. grandis are codominant. In Pine Creek State Forest associated species include Allocasuarina torulosa, Callistemon salignus, E. robusta and Acacia melanoxylon. At Tuckers Nob State Forest the associated species are Cryptocarya glaucescens and Acacia melanoxylon. The maximum height is 31 m at Pine Creek State Forest and 25 m at Tuckers Nob State Forest There is moderate cover in all layers.

Group 12: URov12: Allocasuarina. torulosa/Syncarpia glomulifera. Two plots: NULOW059, NUNEW033. Understorey communities: URus7 Altitude: Range 30 to 100 m. Median = 65 m. Physical environment: Mid to lower slope. Aspect: 105° to 135°. Mean 120°. Geology: Sedimentary based with some weathered sandstone at NULOW059. Fire history: Infrequent light fires. Logging history: There is no evidence oflogging at Newry State Forest in plot NUNEW033, but the plot at Lower Bucca State Forest was intensively logged. Overstorey: This forest group is an unusual one as it is normally part of an association with the more common blackbutt and dry hardwood types. Allocasuarina torulosa and Syncarpia glomulifera are the co-dominantspecies and Lophostemon confertus, E. grandis, E. siderophloia, E. resinifera and E. gummifera are the associated species. There is also an intermediate layerofsome common

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 19 rainforest species. The ground layer is fairly sparse. A few larger A. torulosa were 40 to 50 cm DBHOB and up to 27 m tall. These few large trees may have biased the interpretation ofspecies dominance toward A. torulosa.

o Group 14: URov14: Syncarpia glomulifera. Two plots: NUBAG153, NUGLA028. Understorey communities: URus7 Altitude: Range 60 m to 140 m. Median = 100 m. Physical environment: Mid slope to upper slope. Aspect: 80° to 310°. Mean = 195°. Geology: Shale with some metasediments. Fire history: Intermittent moderate fires probably only burning in very dry seasons. Logging history: Moderate logging for mixed species and mixed products has occurred over several cycles. Overstorey: The forest canopy is 32 m high and the mean canopy cover is moderately dense up to 35 m althoughthe ground coveris open. Syncarpia glomulifera is the dominant species in the overstorey in association withE. acmenoides, Lophostemon confertus,E. grandis, E. saligna,E. intermedia and E. siderophloia. Substratum species includeAllocasuarina torulosa, Cryptocarya microneura, Guioa semiglauca and Endiandra muelleri. There is evidence from stumps that the two plots are similar to Forest Type 60, (white/red mahogany/grey ironbarkjgrey gum). A number of Eucalyptus species have been removed leaving a higher basal area ofSyncarpia glomulifera.

Group 15: URov15: Eucalyptus resinifera. One plot: NUORE156. Understorey communities: URus7 Altitude: 120 m. Physical environment: Upper slope. Aspect: 150°. Geology: Shale. Fire history: Moderate fires infrequently. Logging history: Moderate intensity by selective logging. Overstorey: The forest canopy has amaximum height of32 m. Before logging this may have been taller. There is moderate cover ofvegetation in all levels. From 6 to 20 m the cover is dense. This is due to the large amount offorest regrowth after logging. E. resinifera dominates this group and provides abundant regrowth. Syncarpia glomulifera, E. microcorys, E. saligna and Angophora costata are associated species. Syncarpia glomulifera has a high basal area and is nearly co­ dominant with E. resinifera. The plot is located in Forest Type 47 (tallowwoodlblue gum), but the composition has been modified by logging and more closely resembles Forest Type 68 (red mahogany).

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 20 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Group 16: URov16: Eucalyptus grandis. 12Plots: NUTAR012,NUTUC013,NUNEW015,NUNEW027,NUGLA032,NUNEW053,NULOW054, NUCON055, NUKAN063, NUTUCl16, NUTUCl17, NUPIN160. Understorey communities: URus7,9, 13, 14, 15 Altitude: Range: 5 m to 335 m.. Mean =80 m. Physical environment: This type occurs over a range oftopographic positions but generally on moister lower slopes. Aspect: 10° to 310°. Mean = 176°. Geology: Metasediments of the Nambucca Block, Moombil, Coramba and Brooklana Beds. Fire history: Light fire intensity in some areas, such as Kangaroo River, Lower Bucca, Tuckers Nob, Newry and Pine Creek State Forest. Moderate fires in Conglomerate and Tuckers Nob State Forest(NUTUCl16). No evidence of fire in NUTUC012, NUTUC013, NUNEW027, NUGLA032, NUNEW053. Logging history: Light to intensive logging. A majority of sites were clear felled to establish hardwood plantations. Overstorey: This group is a mixture ofnatural E. grandis communities typical ofForest Type 48 and E. grandis hardwood plantations. The difference between this group and Group 10 is the predominance of E.grandis in plantations without E. pilularis. Associated species include Syncarpia glomulijera, E. microcorys, Lophostemon confertus and E. intermedia with a simple rainforest subcanopy that includes lantana in the lower layers at some sites. The forest canopy above 35 metres is open while the mid to lower canopy is moderate. .

Group 17: URov17: Eucalyptus acmenoides. Two plots: NUKAN142, NUKAN154. Understorey communities: URus7,13 Altitude: Range: 260 m to 530 m. Median = 395 m. Physical environment: Upper slope. Aspect: 140° to 302°. Mean = 221°. Geology: Shales on NUKAN154 and sandstone on NUKAN142. Fire history: Light to moderate intermittent fires. Logging history: Moderate logging in plot NUKAN142. Plot NUKAN154 appears to have been intensively logged and then received timber stand improvement treatments. Overstorey: The overstorey reaches 40 m to 45 mwith amean height of42.5 m. The canopy, subcanopy and ground cover is moderately dense. The dominant species is E. acmenoides. The associated species is E. siderophloia. Allocasuarina torulosa is acommon subcanopy species in both sites. This is ForestType 60, (white/red mabogany/ironbark/grey gum). It is a wet sclerophyll forest which "commonly falls in a zone between blackbutt and flooded gum types in forests on the North Coast"(Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1989a).

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 21 Group 18: URovl8: AbrophyLIum ornans/Lophostemon confertus. One plot: NUROS020. Understorey communities: URus7, 13 Altitude: 430 m. .Physical environment: Upper slope. Aspect: 90°. Geology: Shale scree. Fire history: Lightly burned very irregularly. Logging history: Lightly logged. Overstorey: This plot has a very low basal area. The subcanopy has a maximum height of 20 m with a dense cover of shrubs,small trees and vines. These include AbrophyLIum ornans, Cissus hypoglauca, C. antarctica and Lepidozamia peroffskyana. The overstorey and ground have moderate cover. Mesic vines and a secondary succession of rainforest species such as AbrophyLIum ornans are beginningto invadethe group afterdisturbance bylogging and roading. This is typical Forest Type 26 (viney scrub). There are some eucalyptus species near the edge ofthis plotindicating that the site could have supported a wet sclerophyll forest priorto logging. The sparse overstorey species were E. microcorys, E. acmenoides and Lophostemon confertus. It is likely that this plot was originally Forest Type 47 (tallowwood/blue gum).

Group 25: URov25: Eucalyptus umbra/E. saligna/Callitris macleayana. One plot: - NUWIL062. Understorey communities: URus12 Altitude: 505 m. Physical environment: Lower slope. Aspect: 275°. Geology: Darkbrown sandy soils with lithic sandstone attributes on the geological boundary between the Coramba Beds and the Brooklana Fonnation. Fire history: Very infrequent fires. The last fire is estimated to have occurred 30 to 35 years ago. Logginghistory: Thereisvery littleevidenceoflogginginthis type. Therehasbeenlogging inthe adjacent area. Overstorey: This is an unusual plot as it contains dry forest species and rainforest species and is located in the midst ofa wet sclerophyll forest. It is also undisturbed, perhaps because the quality of timber is poorer than in the forests surrounding it The forest surrounding the plot is a wet sclerophyll and moistblackbutttype. However, this site is on sandy soil and some ofthe species growing here are more commonly found with dry hardwoods and open forests. The canopy is moderately dense to dense through all levels. The ground cover is very open. The maximum canopy height is 27 m. Prominent overstorey species are E. umbra, E. saligna and Callitris macleayana (see Understorey Group 12). Substrata species include ALIocasuarina littoralis (nonnally a dry, open forest species), Cryptocarya glaucescens, Acacia melanoxylon and Trochocarpa laurina. Further surveys are needed to assess the extent ofthis plant community. The site is at present classified under Forest Type 46b (low site quality Sydney blue gum). Analysis of the understorey also shows this plot to be unique. This community does not have a Hager and Benson conservation status, but it should be recognised in future reservations.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 22 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Group 26: URov26: Banksia integrifo!ialEucalyptus intermedia. One plot: NUPIN006. Unde,rstorey communities: URusl9 Altitude: 5 m. Physical environment: Simple slope behind sand dunes. Aspect: 350°. Geology: Coastal dune system. Fire history: Light fires with the occasional moderate fire. Burned very infrequently. Logging history: No evidence oflogging. Overstorey: This is an open stand ofBanksia integrifolia and E. intermedia with smallertrees and shrubs. The community is conserved in Bundagen Flora Reserve and is the only Banksia integrifolia plant community in the Urunga Management Area Ithas moderately dense to dense canopy up to a maximum height of 14 m. Some littoral rainforest species occur including Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Syzygium australe, Guioa semiglauca, Synoum glandulosum and Acmena smithii. The ground cover consists of lmperata cylindrica var. major, Lantana camara and Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata (bitou bush). This group is described as Forest Type 107 (banksia).

C. BLACKBUTT FORESTS

Group 7: URov7: Eucalyptus pilularis/E. pyrocarpa/E.jibrosa. One plot - NUNEW097. Understorey communities: URus16 Altitude: 80 m. Physical environment: Upper slope. Aspect: 55°. Geology: Metasediments. Quartz to siliceous sandstone. Fire history: Frequent moderate fires every two years. Logging history: Heavily logged over several cutting cycles. Overstorey: A dry open blackbutt forest with a maximum height of20 m. The intensity oflogging has opened the forest canopy. The upper canopy is composed of E. pilularis and E. pyrocarpa. Associated species include E. maculata, E.fibrosa, E. carnea and Angophorajloribunda. There is moderate cover in the subcanopy and a moderately dense ground cover. The difference between this type and other similar types is the association between the two species ofblackbutt and E.fibrosa.

Group 9: URov 9: Eucalyptus pilularis. 49 plots: NUBEL030, NUTHU035, NUTHU036. NUTHU037, NUING038, NUBUC039, NUOAK040, NUSC0041,NUMIS045,NUNAM050,NUBAR074,NUORW086,NUWED087,NUCON088, NUORE089,NULOW090,NUWIL091,NUBAG092,NUBR0093,NUORW094,NUBAR099,

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 23 NUBOAlOO, NUORE101, NUORW102, NUWED103, NUORWl19, NUORW120, NUORW121,NUCON124,NUWED126,NUSC0127,NUBEL128,NUOAK129,NUWAY132, NUOAK133, NUBUC134, NUIRI135, NUIRI136, NUKAN140, NUKAN143, NUVIE146, NULIT148, NUNEW149, NUWIL151, NUORE157, NUPIN161, NUMIS167, NUTHU169, NUMIS170. Understorey communities: URus7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,20,23,28 Altitude: Range: 10 to 780 m. Median - 360 m. Physical environment: This group occupies a wide range oftopographic positions varying from crests to minor gullies. The mean topographic position is upper slope. Aspect: 5° to 350°. Mean = 178°. Geology: Sedimentary. Generally shale forming yellow and red podzolicsoils with somemetasediments, weathered sandstone and conglomerate. There are some uplifted formations in Irishman State Forest, Conglomerate State Forestand Newfoundland State Forest which contain sandstone and conglomerate. Most othersites have shale formations. In BellingerRiverState Forest there are basaltsediments overlaying shale beds. This site i,s close to the basaltescarpment ofthe Dorrigo Plateau. Fire history: There are a full range of fire intensities in this type. Areas of dry blackbutt with an open understoreyofgrasses and herbs have been more frequently burned than areas with a more mesic understorey which have had only light fires. Two plots in moist blackbutt forests at Bellinger River State Forest and Orara West State Forest have no apparent fire history. Logging history: Blackbutt is a favoured timber for commercial use. All sites, with the exception of NUORWl19, had been logged from one to 30 years ago. Overstorey:. This plant community is widespread across the study area and is the largest group in the Urunga Management Area. It occurs over a range of topographic positions and is nOlmally associated withsedimentary derived soils. This group includes ForestType36(moistblackbutt) and Type 37 (dry blackbutt). Three plots, NUBEL030 (Type 47- tallowwoodlblue gum), NUBAR074 (Type92 - forest red gum) and NUKAN143 (Type74a- spotted gum/ironbark/grey gum), are included with this group because they contained a high basal area ofE. pilularis. The moister phase ofthis group contains E. pilularis as the dominant species and is associated with E. microcorys, Syncarpia glomulifera, E. acmenoides, E. saligna and Lophostemon confertus and an advanced subtropical rainforest understorey. The dry phase (Forest Type 37) has a drier, openunderstoreycontainingsomeshrubs, ferns and grasseswithAngophora costata, E. gummifera, E. propinqua and E. campanulata as associated species. Approximately70% ofthe sites inmoist and drylocationshaveAllocasuarina torulosa as a subcanopy species. Thereis opentomoderate cover in the upper canopy with a moderate to moderately dense subcanopy.

Group 11: URov11: Eucalyptus microcorys/E. pilularis/Allocasuarina torulosa. Five plots: NUWED065, NUBOA123, NUORW122, NUNAM158, NUTUC113. Understorey communities: URus7, 9 Altitude: Range 30 to 290 m. Median = 112 m. Physical environment: Upper slope to minor gully. Aspect: 90° to 330°. Mean = 216°. Geology: Shale with yellow podzolic soils. Fire history: Light to moderate fires occurring infrequently. Logging history: Some light logging has occurred in plot NUTUCl13 and selective logging was

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 24 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 conducted in NUNAM158 and NUORW122. Plots NUWED065 and NUBOA123 were more heavily'logged. The Forest Type ~tructure has changed from Type 53 (brush box) to Type 48 (flooded gum) in NUWED065 because ofthe intensity oflogging. Overstorey: The canopy in these plots is open above 35 m because of past logging. However, the subcanopy is moderately dense up to 35 m. ' E. microcorys and E. pilularis are the dominant species at all sites and have an association with ahigh density ofAllotasuarina torulosa. Other subordinate species areSyncarpia glomulijera, E. saligna, Lophostemon confertus,E .grandis, E. resinijera and E. intermedia. This group is made up ofForest Types 36 (moist blackbutt), 37 (dry blackbutt), and 48 (flooded gum). The moister sites have some rninforest species of 6 to 20 m in height. The understorey of the drier sites is composed of wattles, shrubs, ferns and grasses. Although the group spans dry and moist types, the high basal area of the dominant species is similar throughout.

Group 22: URov22: Eucalyptus pyrocarpa. Three plots: NUCON125, NUNEW096, NUNEW095. Understorey communities: URus20, 21 Altitude: Range 25 m to 280 m. Median = 100 m. Physical environment: This group is commonly located on mid slopes but can be found on simple, lower or upper slopes as well. Aspect: 55° to 330°. Mean = 166°. Geology: Sandstone with sandy clay loams. Fire history: Light to moderate fires. Plot NUCON125 is irregularly burned. However, Newfoundland State Forest (NUNEW095-096) has a long history of burning to promote spring growth for grazing. These plots have a history of moderately intense fires every two to four years. Logging history: Varies from no logging to moderate logging. A light selective logging was carried out in NUCON125. Overstorey: This is adry, tall, open forest with moderate density through all canopy layers. The maximum height is 38 m and the mean height is 32 m. E. pyrocarpa is the dominant species in this group. Associated species,cOmmon to all sites are E. gummijera and Syncarpia glomulijera. The plot inConglomerate State Foresthas anumberofassociate species inc1udingE. pilularis,Angophora costata. Allocasuarina torulosa and A. littoralis which occur on more fertile, deep, sandy loam soils. Leptospermumpolygalijolium is acommon shrub ofthe understorey. This group generally agrees with Forest Type 38 (large fruited blackbutt) although it varied between Forest Types 37 (dry blackbutt) and Type 41 (blackbutt/bloodwood/apple). The indicatorspecies isE. pyrocarpa which is found at all locations.

D. DRY SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS

Group 3: URov3 Eucalyptus carnealAllocasuarina torulosalEucalyptus propinqua. 16Plots: NUBAG081,NUNEWl64,NUCON079,NUING043,NUKAN083,NUING131,NUCON085, NULOW084,NUMIS044,NUBUC168,NUNEW070,NUMISI44,NUWED080,NUING042, NUING111, NUINGl12. Understorey communities: URus8. 15, 16, 18 Altitude: Range: 70 to 390 m. Median = 255 m.

STATE FORESTS "OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 25 Physical environment: Upper slope. Aspect: 10° to 360°. Mean = 187°. Geology: Metasedirnents, weathered shales. Siliceous shale in plot NUBAG081. Fire history: This is a dry open forest group with a grassy understorey which is subject to moderate fires every two to five years. Much ofthis type is leased for grazing, and fire and grazing disturbance is evident at most sites. Logging history: Light to severe logging has been carried out over 60% ofthe sites. Dry, steep, exposed sites have not been logged because oflow site quality and accessibility. Overstorey: A dry, open forest common in the Urunga Management Area. This group is generally found on poor soils. The upper canopy has a maximum height of 35 m. E. carnea is the dominant species and occurs in every plot Associated species include E. propinqua, E. maculata, E. siderophloia and E. microcorys. Allocasuarina torulosa occurs commonly as a subcanopy species. Species that occurred infrequentlyinclude E. gummijera, E. tereticornis, E. acmenoides, E. rummeryi, E. pilularis and Syncarpia glomulijera. The upper canopy provides sparse cover as only a few trees rise above the subcanopy. The subcanopy has moderate cover. This group was dominated by E. carnea but had a wide range ofassociated species. Therefore, there are a number ofForestTypes that are included within this Group including 87 (steel box), 74, 74a, 74b (spotted gum/ironbark/grey gum), 62, 62a, 62b (grey gum/grey ironbark/white mahogany).

Group 4: URov4: Eucalyptus carnea. One plot: NUWAYOIl. Understorey communities: URus16 Altitude: 220 m. Physical environment: Upper slope at Scotts Mountain. Aspect: 330°. Geology: Sandstone with large amounts ofquartz. Some large rocks greater than one metre in diameter are common. Surface rock cover is greater than 50% and the soils are shallow and sandy. Fire history: There have been fires ofmoderate to severe intensity in the past. The grassy understorey on these steep slopes creates fire fuel that will bum quickly. Logging history: No evidence oflogging. Overstorey: A very dry open forest type located on poor soils. It reaches a maximum height of18 m and the trees are stunted and defonned. E. carnea is common and is associated with E. gummijera, E. tereticornis and Syncarpia glomulijera and a subcanopy of Allocasuarina torulosa and, occasionally, E. siderophloia and Acacia concurrens. The understorey contains afew shrubs but is predominately composed of grass and rock.

Group 5: URov5: Eucalyptus propinqualE. acmenoides/Syncarpia glomulijera. Four plots: NUKAN060, NUKAN082, NUKANI41, NUNEWI47. Understorey communities: URus7,17 Altitude: Range 180 to 540 m. Median =347.5 m. Physical environment: Located on mid and upper slopes. Aspect: 125° to 195°. Mean =152°.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 26 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Geology: Shales with some metasediments. Fire history: Regular moderate fires in the understorey. Plot NUKAN060 has not been burned for approximately 25 years allowing a denser cover in the lower strata. Logging history: The logging intensity varies from lightly logged recently in NUKAN14l to heavily logged for posts and sleepers approximately 30 years ago in plot NUKAN060. Overstorey: This group is generally a dry open forest. However plot NUKAN060 is in a tall forest with some rainforest understorey. The site has. been disturbed by fire causing the development ofa drier understorey over a period of time. Forest Types 60, 74, 37 are represented here. The dominant trees in this group are E. propinqua, E. acmenoides and Syncarpia glomulifera. Plot NUNEW147 is, however, predominantly E. pilularis and E. propinqua while plot NUKAN082 is predominantly E. maculata. The associated species in this group are not well defined and vary with site location. They are E .microcorys, L. confertus, Angophora costata, E. 'carnea, E. maculata, E. siderophloia, Efibrosa and E. gummi/era. Allocasuarina torulosa occurs as a subcanopy species in most plots.

Group 6: URov6: Eucalyptus rummeryi. One plot: NUNEW061. Understorey communities: URus15 Altitude: 250 m. Physical environment: Upper slope. Aspect: 135°. Geology: Sandstone. Fire history: Moderate fires in this location. Logging history: Moderately intense· logging removed large trees approximately 10 years ago. Overstorey: This is a semi-moist site in an open forest with a canopy to 30 m. E. rummeryi is dominant and is associated with E. propinqua, E. acmenoides and Allocasuarina torulosa, which occurs in the subcanopy. There is abundant regeneration ofE. rummeryi and E. propinqua. This site has been heavily infested by lantana (Lantana camara). Some early succession rainforest species, suchasArchirhodomyrtus beckleri, Trochocarpa laurina, Cryptocaryamicroneura and C. rigida, are regenerating. Three40 cm tallToona ciliata were found inthis plot. This plotis arepresentative sample of Forest Type 60 (narrowleaved white mahogany/red mahogany/grey ironbark/grey gum) with an association of E. rummeryi.

Group 8: URov8: Eucalyptus maculatalAngophora costata. One plot - NUNEWl59. Understorey communities: URus17 Altitude: 180 m. Physical environment: Upper slope. Aspect: 120°. Geology: Sandstone. Fire history: Moderate fires on a regular cycle.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 27 Logging history: Moderate logging intensity. Overstorey: This plot had aforest canopy height of26 m. This is not normally adominant association and it is possible that the forest structure has been changed by logging. The expected dominant species would be E. maculata, E. rummeryii and E. propinqua as indicated by stumps. These are also the common dominant trees within 100 mofthe plot. Associated species occurringhere areE.microcorys, E. pilularis, E. propinqua, E. rummeryi and E.fibrosa. The middle and lower subcanopy is very open, and there is moderately dense ground cover.

Group 19: URov19: Eucalyptus fibrosa!E. henryi. One plot: NUNEW165. Understorey communities: URus18 Altitude: 85 m. Physical environment: Mid slope. Aspect: 100°. Geology: Shallow sandy loam - very thin A horizon. Fire history: Moderate fires every two to three years. Logging history: The logging intensity is moderate in the general area and there have been at least two harvests. However, no stumps were recorded in the actual plot. Overstorey: A very open dry forest with a maximum height of39 m and a moderately dense cover from 6 to 20 m. The key species are E.fibrosa and E. henryii (broadleafspotted gum). Both species are co-dominant and occur in Forest Type 74 (spotted gum/ironbark/grey gum) in dry forests of poorfertility on sandy soils. Associated species includeE.pilularis,E. siderophloia and E. umbra.

Group 20 URov20: Eucalyptus gummifera!E. signata. Four plots: NUNEW073, NUBAROn, NUBAR098, NUBAR076. Understorey communities: URus20, 21 Altitude: Range 25 m to 80 m. Median = 32.5 m. Physical environment: Low sites on coastal forests. The range ofsites include flat;simple, lower and mid slopes. Aspect: 20° to 320°. Mean =120°. Geology: Weathered sediments. Deep sandy loams, heavily leached and seasonally wet Fire history: Moderate fires every two to three years. Burned for horse grazing. The ground cover is xeromorphic and the majority of plants are fire dependent. Logging history: Very lightly logged to intensively logged depending on the species and quality oftimber in the area. These forests are ofpoor quality for timber and trees are scattered. Overstorey: These plots fall within adry open forest with xeromorphic understorey. The maximum height is 25 m and the mean height is 22.7 m. The upper canopy is open with an open to moderately dense subcanopy. The ground cover is moderate to dense. The common overstorey species are E. gummifera andE. signata which are common in the coastal forests ofBarcoongereStateForest and Newfoundland State Forest E. resinifera is found in association on very poor sandy soils. InNewfoundland State Forest E. planchoniana, Syncarpia glomulifera and Angophora costata are associates while in Barcoongere StateForest E. microcorys, E. carnea,Angophorafloribunda

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 28 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 and Allocasuarina littoralis are the associates. This group is comparable with ForestType 119 (scribbly gum/bloodwood).

Group 21: URov21: Eucalyptus planchoniana. Four plots: NUCON108, NUCON109, NUNEW068, NUNEW078. Understorey communities: URus21,32 Altitude: Range 30 m to 325 m. Median =150 m. Physical environment: Generally located on lower slopes but can occur on flat, simple, lower, or mid and upper slopes. Aspect: 30° to 113°. Mean = 83°. Geo~ogy: Sandstone formations at Waihou Flora Reserve in Conglomerate State Forest and on weathered sandstone forming coarse sandy loam soils at Newfoundland State Forest Fire history: Moderate to intense fires every two to five years. It is prone to regular fire disturbance and has a xeric understorey. Logging history: Little logging has taken place because ofthe poor quality and size ofthe timber. There . has been some light selective logging in the past, probably for fence posts, at plot NUCONI09 in Waihou Flora Reserve. Overstorey: Dry open forest with a xeromorphic understorey. E. planchoniana dominates this group. Associated species include E. baileyana, which is at the southern limit ofits distribution, with E. gummijera,Angophorajloribunda and Syncarpia glomulifera. Angophora robur,A. woodsiana and E. pyrocarpa occur as associates at Waihou Flora Reserve. The group has a very open canopy. The ground coveris, however, moderately dense. The maximum canopy height is 25 m with a mean height of 19.5 m which is indicative of dry, low quality sites within this group. Although there is variation between these four plots, they are all dominated by E. planchoniana and can be compared with Forest Type 97 (needlebark stringybark).

Group 23: URov23: Angophora floribunda. One plot: NUNEW071. Understorey communities: URus20 Altitude: 100 m. Physical environment: Upper slope. Aspect: 130°. Geology: Sandstone with deep sandy soils. Fire history: This site is burned fo~ hazard reduction purposes every two years. Itis situated on an easterly aspect ofthe Coast Range with xeric plant communities. Logging history: This plot has not been logged, probably due to the poor timber quality. Overstorey: Although this group is adry open forest, itdoes have moderate to dense canopy. Itis astunted (maximum height of19 m), xeromorphic community located on asandstone ridge. The indicator species for this community is Angophorafloribunda which is common and has a cover of.50% to 70%. Associated species areE. resinifera andE. tindaliae. Subcanopy species are Leptospermum trinervium and Syncarpia glomulifera. This community is comparable to Forest Type 129 (rough barked apple).

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 29 Group 24: URov24: Eucalyptus tetrapleura. Two plots: NUNEW072, NUNEW171. Understorey communities: URus16,20 Altitude: Range 90 m to 150 m. Median = 120 m. Physical environment: While this type is normally associated with lower slopes, it was found on an upper slope (plot NUNEW072) and ·on the flat (NUNEW171). Aspect: 160° to 210°. Mean = 185°. Geology: Sandstone with some metamorphosed shale at NUNEW171 (Wells Crossing Flora Reserve). Firehistory: Moderate fires by lessees occurregularly to enhance grazing. Occasionally severe fires occur in very dry seasons. Logging history: Plot NUNEW 171 was lightly logged before becoming apart ofthe Wells Crossing Flora Reserve. The size ofthe stumps would indicate fence posts as the product removed. Moderate logging occurred at NUNEW072. Overstorey: Very dry, open forest with open uppercanopy, moderately dense subcanopy and ground layer. Maximum height ofcanopy is 25 m. E. tetrapleura is the key species in this overstorey group. Angophorajloribunda is associated with E. tetrapleura at both sites. Itoccurs as a mid-canopy species and is equivalent to E. tetrapleura in basal area because ofthe number ofstems present. Associated species in plot NUNEW072 are E. microcorys, E. carnea, E. tindaliae and Allocasuarina torulosa. E. tindaliae has a higher basal area than all other species, but it occurs onlyinNUNEW072. InNUNEWl71 associated species areE. henryi and Allocasuarina littoralis. There is also alarge componentofMelaleuca nodosa in the lowercanopy at Wells CrossingFlora Reserve. This group is difficult to type as it combines elements ofForest Type 74 (spotted gum! ironbark/grey gum) and 65 (forest red gum/grey gum/grey ironbark/rough barked apple).

Group 27: URov27: Eucalyptus tereticornis/Angophora subvelutina. One plot: NUKAN075. Understorey communities: URus16 Altitude: 120 m. Physical environment: Lower slope.

0 Aspect: 230 • Geology: Shale. Fire history: Light fires to promote spring growth for grazing stock. Burned annually. Logging history: Lightly logged approximately 40 years ago. Probably logged for fencing material. Overstorey: E. tereticornis and Angophora subvelutina dominate this plot which is in an open woodland community. There is a moderately dense overstorey and subcanopy, an open lower layer and moderate ground cover. The shrub layer between one and six metres is very open, probably due to annual fires. Maximum height ofthis community is 30 m. The only associate species with E. tereticornis and Angophora subvelutinais E. amplijoliassp. amplijolia. Allocasuarina torulosa is an understorey species as are various shrubs and herbs.. Although this is typed as Forest Type 65 (forest red gum/grey gum/grey ironbark) it compares best with Forest Type 92 (forest red gum). ForestType 65 usually occurs upslope in adry open forest community, while ForestType 92 occurs as an open woodland community similar to this site.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 30 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Group 42: URov42: Casuarina cunninghamiana. One plot: NUKANllO. Understorey communities: URus27 Altitude: 120 m. Physicai environment: Watercourse. Aspect: 105°. Geology: Shales with exposed metamorphosed rocks of slate in the water course. Fire history: Regular, light controlled bums to promote grazing values. Logging history: Lightly logged approximately 40 years ago for fencing materials. Overstorey: This narrow plot (lOO mx 10 m) was established in ariparian strip along Sheep Station Creek. The community is <25 minheight with CasT+Q,rina cunninghamiana the dominant species. Melia azederach var. australasica, Arauc(lria cunninghamii, Syzygium australe, Notelaea longifolia, Glochidionjerdinandi, Ficus coronata and Angophora subvelutina are the subcanopy species. There is a moderately dense upper and middle canopy with an open understorey. The ground cover is moderate. This community has been mapped as Forest Type 65 (forest red gum/grey gum/grey ironbark) probably due to its limited occurrence in this area.

E. NEW ENGLAND HARDWOOD FORESTS

Group 13: URov13: Eucalyptus campanulata. Seven plots: NUMIS047, NUNUL029, NUNUL046, NUNUL049, NUOAK048, NUORW057, NUOAK130. Understorey communities: URus8, 9, 17 Altitude: Range: 620 m to 850 m. Median = 760 m. Physical environment: Crest to lower slope. This group is normally found on ridges and upper slopes but can be occasionally found on lower slopes. Aspect: 10° to 325°. Mean = 163°. Geology: Shale. Fire history: Infrequent moderate fires bum in the understorey. Plot NUNUL029 had evidence oflight control bums and plot NUORW057 lacked any evidence of fire. Logging history: Light selective logging was carried out in Nulla Five Day State Forest and Oakes State Forest approximately 20 years ago. However, there is no evidence oflogging in NUNUL046, NUMIS047 and NUOA,K130. Plot NUORW057 in Orara West State Forest was the only site that was intensively logged. Overstorey: This group has ahigh basal area, top heights greater than 35 mand amoderately dense canopy with very little ground cover. E. campanulata is common in all sites and makes up a moderate to high component of this community. Associated species include E. microcorys, Syncarpia glomulifera, E. pilularis and Allocasuarinatorulosa. These associated species were n9trecorded in all plots. Some variation occurs as the result ofdifferent aspects and soils. NUORW057 in Orara West State Forest is unusual because it is a mixture ofForest Types 47 (tallowwood/blue gum), 36 (moist blackbutt) and 163 (New England blackbutt). Some sites have an advanced warm temperate rainforest subcanopy while more exposed sites have adrier subcanopy and those on southerly aspects contain some rainforest species.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 31 F. SWAMP SCLEROPHYLL FORESTS

Group 28: URov28: Melaleuca quinquenervialEucalyptus resinijera. Two plots: NUNAM001, NORE066. Understorey communities: URus23 Altitude: Range: 5 m to 10 m. Median = 7.5 m. Physical environment: Found in minor gullies and swamps and in low, flat gully depression which are seasonally inundated with water.

0 0 0 Aspect: 20 to 131 • Mean =75.5 • Geology: Quarternary sediments, silts and clays. Fi~ history: Frequently burned with amoderate intensity. Low shrubs and ground layerburned regularly thus reducing the total amount ofvegetation. Logging history: No evidence oflogging. Overstorey: This is an open forest with a mean canopy height of 30 m which occurs on heavy, poorly drained soils that are seasonally inundated. In some locations prolific regeneration occurs after disturbance and a closed forest is created. Melaleuca quinquenervia and E. resinijera are codominant species in this group although M. quinquenervia has slightly more basal area. Associated species are E. tereticornis, Lophostemon suaveolens, E. robusta, Callistemon salignus and Angophora costata. E. tereticornis and E. robusta are known to hybridise in the coastal communities in the Urunga Management Area, but no examples were found in this survey. The ground vegetation is moderately dense and consists ofsedges, rushes, grasses and some ferns. This group compares with Forest Type 31 (paperbark).

Group 29: URov29: Melaleuca quinquenervia. One plot: NUNAM002. Understorey communities: URus29 Altitude: 10 m. Physical environment: A permanent deep water swamp with stagnant water.

0 Aspect: 350 • Geology: Quarternary silt deposits. Fire history: Infrequent light fires. Logging history: None. Overstorey: This is a semi-closed sclerophyll swamp forest up to 23 m in height. The site appears to be heavily disturbed by fire and human activity. This is a nearly pure stand ofM. quinquenervia with some large trees reaching 58 cm DBHOB. The only associated species are E. robusta, E. microcorys (on the edge ofthe swamp) and scatteredMelaleuca linariijolia. Thereis moderate cover in the upper and middle canopy and in the understorey. The ground cover is very dense and includes semi-submerged layersofrushes and ferns such as Baumea articulata andBlechnum nudum. This community is classed as Forest Type 31 (broadleaved paperbark with occasional eucalypt species).

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 32 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Group 30: URov30: Eucalyptus robusta. Five plots: NUNEW009, NUNEW069, NUNEW067, NUPIN007, NUPINOlO. Understorey communities: URus24, 25, 29, 30 Altitude: Range 5 m to 70 m. Median: 20 m. Physical environment: Low swamp areas including one tidal swamp (NUNEW009). Aspect: 5° to 320°. Mean =94°. Geology: Quarternary sediments at Pine Creek and Newry State Forest sites. Deep sandy loam deposits at Newfoundlend State Forest. Fire history: Light to severe fire depending on management activities and land uses in each forest. Fires are very frequent at NUPINO10, NUNEW067 and NUNEW069 because of regular burning to promote growth for stock grazing. Logging history: The only evidence oflogging is found at NUNEW067 in Newfoundland State Forest. It appears to have been logged for fencing material approximately 25 to 30 years ago. Overstorey: 1)1is is a moderately tall open forest. The upper canopy is very open whilst the middle and lower canopies are moderately well closed. The ground cover is dense and consists ofsedges, rushes and grasses. E. robusta is significantly dominant in this group with high stocking levels ofthis species atalllocations. Associated species include Lophostemon suaveolens, Callistemon salignus ,Melaleuca linariifolia, E. signata, Callicoma serratijolia, Melaleuca alternifolia and E. bancrojtii. This community is Forest Type 30 although the two sites at Newfoundland State Forest have an association of 30/31 (swamp mahogany and paperbark) and 30/92 (swamp mahogany and forest red gum). However, the stocking ofE. robusta is high in both sites. Plot NUPIN007 at Pine Creek State Forest is unusual because Livistona australis (cabbage palm) grows as an understorey species in the lower stratum (l to 6 m).

Group 44. URov44: - Casuarina glaucalAvicennia marina. One plot: NUNEWOO8. Understorey communities: URus35 Altitude: 5 m. Physical environment: Swamp and tidal estuary. Aspect: 35°. Geology: Quarternary swamp deposits Fire history: Nil. Logging history: Nil. Overstorey: This community is located in an estuarine swamp along Picket Hill Creek near the Kalang River approximately 6 km upstream from the coast at Urunga. It is protected under Preferred Management Priority (p.M.P.) Classification 1.2, Undeveloped Native Forest (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1993). The average vegetation height is 17m. There is dense cover in the upper canopy and ground levels, but the middle layers are more open. It is typed as Forest Type 33 (mangrove). Prominent species that occur are Casuarina glauca and Avicennia marina. Associated species include Melaleuca sieberi, Callistemon salignus, Guioa semiglauca,Myoporum acuminatum and Aegiceras corniculatum (rivermangrove). The ground cover consists of rushes such as funcuS krausii and Fimbristylus dichotoma.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 33 G. SEDGELAND AND SAND DUNES

Group 45: URov45: No overstorey. Four plots: NUIRI004, NUNAM003, NUPIN005, NUCON107. Understorey communities: URus26, 31, 33, 34 Altitude: Range: 5 m to 420 m. Median = 172.5 m. Physical environment: This varies from asimple slope to swamps on tidal flats. PlotNUIRIOO4 is located in a minor gully, NUNAMOO3 is tidal swamp, NUPINOO5 is situated in the sand dunes at Bundagen Beach and NUCON107 is in a perched swamp on a sand stone escarpment Aspect: 85° to 340°. Mean =242°. Geology: Sedimentary i) NUNAMOO3 - quarternary sediments, ii) NUIRI004 - eroded metasediments, Hi) NUPIN005 - sand dunes, iv) NUCON107 - sandstone sediments Fire history: There was no evidence offire in plots NUNAM003 orNUPIN005. However, there have been moderate wildfires which have burned the swamps in Waihou Flora Reserve. Intennittent light, control burning in NUIRt004. Logging history: Nil. Overstorey: There is no overstorey in plots NUNAM003, NUPIN005 or NUCON107. The vegetation consists ofrushes, sedges, grasses and low shrubs less than two metres in height The maximum height is 15 m at NUIRIOO4 which is located on rock and contains only asmall amount ofcover. Plot NUIRI004 has moderate vegetation cover while the cover in NUNAM003, NUPINOO5 and NUCON107 is dense but achieves a maximum height ofless than one metre. This community type is described in full in the Understorey Descriptions section ofthis report.

H. SOFTWOOD PLANTATIONS

Group 41: URov41: Araucaria cunninghamii (plantation). One plot: NUWILI50. Understorey communities: URusll Altitude: 540 m. Physical environment: Crest, on a ridge. Aspect: 40°. Geology: Shales in the Brooklana fonnation. Fire history: No recent fires. However, there were windrow fires when this plantation was established more than 40 years ago. Logging history: Moderate logging with every third row thinned approximately five to six years ago. This is the first cutting cycle. Overstorey: This site was established as an Araucaria cunninghamii plantation approximately 40 years ago. The overstorey provides moderately dense cover while the mid-canopy is open and the ground cover is dense. Some rainforest species are slowly regenerating but they are sparse and reach only 6 m. These include Schizomeria ovata, Denhamia celastroides, Elaeocarpus reticulatus. Synoum glandulosum, Orites excelsa, Guioa semiglauca and Cryptocarya glaucescens. Hoop pine plantations fall within Forest Type 218 (plantation).

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 34 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Group 43: URov43: Pinus elliottii (plantation). Two plots: NUBAR162, NUBARI63. Understorey communities: URus22 Altitude: Range 30 to 40 m. Median = 35 m. Physical environment: Simple slope. Aspect: 89° to 98°. Mean = 93.5°. Geology: Heavily decomposed sediments with fine sands and clays. Fire history: Low intensity control bums. Burned regularly for fire hazard management purposes. Logging history: The Barcoongere State Forest pine plantation area was clear felled immediately following World Warn. Somethinningoperations were conducted inNUBAR162 approximately five years ago but no logging has occurred in NUBARI63. Overstorey: Pinus elliottii, a North American pine, was established here 40 years ago. The overstorey consists ofP. elliottii and occasional Eucalyptus planchoniana. These are poor sites for tree growth as indicated by the short tree heights and low basal areas. Approximately 90% ofthe trees in the plots are less than 6 m tall and the forest canopy is less than 25 m in height There is a moderately dense overstorey and dense ground coverbutthe subcanopy is very open. Subcanopy species includeE. gummifera and Allocasuarina littoralis. The Barcoongere StateForestplantation has been invaded by Lantana camara. This is Forest Type 218 (plantation).

5. UNDERSTOREY DESCRIPTIONS

Small tree and shrub species are listed in orderofabundance. ForestTypes are drawn from Research Note No. 17 (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1989a).

Group 1: URusl: Dendrochnide excelsalArachniodes aristata. Four plots: NUBAG056, NUMIS018, NUOAKQ16, NUOAKI37. Overstorey communities: URov I, 34, 35. Description: Moderately dense to dense cover ofsmall trees, shrubs and vines. Ground coveris fairly open with scattered ferns and smaller substrata shrubs such as Daphnandra micrantha and Linospadix monostachyus. However, NUMIS018 had a moderately dense cover below one metre ofPollia crispata, Arachniodes aristata and Lastreopsis acuminata. This understorey community is associated with rainforest that is dominated byArgyrodendron actinophyllum and Dendrochnide excelsa on basalt/sedimentary soils ego Leagues Scrub Flora Reserve and Killiekrankie Flora Reserve. Small trees/shrubs: Austromyrtus bidwillii, Elattostachys nervosa, Aphananthe phillipensis, Bosistoa floydii, Dendrochnide excelsa, Pennantia cunninghamii, Guilfoylia monostylis, Baloghia inophylla,'Acradenia euodiiformis, Daphnandra micrantha and Linospadix monostachyus. Vines: Ripogonum discolor. Herbs: Aracniodes aristata, Doodia aspera, Lastreopsis acuminata, Pteris umbrosa and Pollia crispata.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 35 Group 2: URus2: Dendrochnide excelsalRauwenhoffia leichhardtii. One plot: NUKAN051 Overstorey communities: URov 39. Description: Dry rainforest community that has amoderately dense understorey with avery sparse ground layer. Theground is bare with vines the predominantcover, especially Rauwenhoffia leichhardtii. The more prominent overstorey species were Dendrochnide excelsa, Araucaria cunninghamii and Argyrodendron trifoliolatum. Small trees/shrubs: Cleistanthus cunninghamii, Austromyrtus bidwillii and Cordyline petiolaris. Vines: Rauwenhoffia leichhardtii, Derris involuta.

Group 3: URus3: Pennantia cunninghamiilElatostema reticulatum. 1Plot: NUOAK031. Overstorey communities: URov 2. Description: This is a brush box community with rainforest understorey up to six metres tall and a moderate cover below one metre. It occurs on avery moist site with asoutherly aspect at the head ofagully. The understorey has been disturbed by wind throw of large trees. Lophostemon confertus is the only overstorey species while the taller successional rainforest species measure up to 20 m, ego Caldcluvia paniculosa, Dendrochnide excelsa. Small trees/shrubs: Pennantia cunninghamii, Abrophyllum ornans, Ficus coronata. Herbs: Elatostema reticulatum, Pollia crispata, Blechnum patersonii.

Group 4: URus4: Blechnum patersoniilCalamus muelleri/Ripogonum discolor. Four plots: NUIRIOI7, NUORE105, NUORW052, NUWEDI04. Overstorey communities: URov 1,31,32,33. Description: Moderate to dense understorey ofsmall trees and shrubs with amixture oftrees, ferns, palms and some rainforest species, eg Argyrodendron actinophyllum, Linospadix monostachyus. The ground layer below one metre has amoderate to open cover offerns and vines. This type occurs under tall, closed rainforest communities which reach up to 45 m in height and grow in fertile, reasonable well sheltered gullies. Small trees/shrubs: Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, A. actinophyllum, Polyosma cunninghamii, Geissois benthamiana,Archontophoenixcuninghamiana,Melicope octandra, Cyathea leichardtiana and Linospadix monostachyus. Vines: Calamus muelleri, Ripogonum discolor and Palmeria scandens. Herbs: Blechnum patersonii, Arachniodes aristata, Lastreopsis acuminata.

Group 5: URus5: Ceratopetalum apetalumlRipogonum discolor. Six plots: NUMIS022, NUNEV023, NUNEV024, NUNULOI9, NUORWI15, NUORWI52. Overstorey communities: URov 36, 37.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 36 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Description: Moderately dense to dense understorey with amoderate cover ofherbs on the ground layer. Some ofthe more common small rainforest species are Ceratopetalum apetalum, Orites excelsa and Callicoma serratifolia. There is an abundance of Ripogonum spp. vines forming a dense cover in the understorey. The overstorey is composed of warm temperate species including Ceratopetalum apetalum and Doryphora sassafras. However, plots NUNEV23 and 24 have a cool temperate association with Ceratopetalum apetalumlNothofagus moorei. Small trees/shrubs: Daphnandra micramha, Synoum glandulosum, Acradenia euodiiformis, Callicoma serratifolia, Orites excelsa, Doryphora sassafras,Acronychiasuberosa,Ceratopetalum apetalum, Araucaria cunninghamii, Randia benthami, Triunia youngiae, Cyathea leichardtiana and Linospadix monostachyus. Vines: Ripogonum discolor, R. elseyanum, R. album. Herbs: Arachniodes aristata, Lomandra longifolia, Blechnum patersonii, Lastreopsis decomposita, Pollia crispata.

Group 6: URus 6: Choricarpia leptopetala/Lomandra longifolia. One plot: NUBAG064. Overstorey communities: URov 2. Description: Dense to moderately dense understorey with avery open cover below one metre. This type features Choricarpia leptopetala as an abundant understorey or subcanopy species <20 m tall. The vegetation at ground level is minimal and consists mainly ofC.leptopetala and Lomandra longifolia. This type occurs in a dry phase brush box community on podzolic soils which has been disturbed by logging. Small trees/shrubs: Choricarpia leptopetala, Acmena smithii, Synoum glandulosum. Herbs: Arachniodes aristata, Lomandra longifolia.

Group 7: URus7: Blechnum cartilagineum/Cryptocarya rigida. 27 plots: NUBAGI53,NUBOAI23,NUCON124,NUGLA028,NUIRI135,NUKAN060,NUKAN142, NULOW054, NULOW059, NUNAMI58, NUNEW033, NUNEW053, NUNEW147, NUOAK133,NUORE089,NUOREIOl,NUOREI56,NUOREI57,NUORWI20,NUORW122, NUPINI61, NUSC0041, NUS CO 127, NUTHU036, NUTUC013, NUTUCl13, NUTUCI17. Overstorey communities: URov 5,9, 11, 12, 14, IS, 16, 17, 18. Description: A moderately dense to closed understorey to six metres tall. The ground layer varies from open to moderately dense. There is a simple rainforest understorey that includes species normally found in moist to semi moist hardwood and blackbutt overstorey communities. The indicator species for this understorey community is Blechnum cartilagineum which occurs in approximately 80% of these plots. The most common small trees are Syncarpia glomulifera, Cryptocarya rigida, Synoum glandulosum and Archirhodomyrtus beckleri. Small trees/shrubs: Cryptocarya microneura, C. rigida, Guioa semiglauca, Allocasuarina torulosa, Rhodamnia rubescens, Syncarpia glomulifera, Trochocarpa laurina, Elaeocarpus reticulatus. Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Eucalyptus microcorys, E. propinqua, Psychotria loniceroides, Synoum glandulosum, Livistona australis, Callicoma serratifolia, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Amorphospermum whitei, Eupomatia laurina, Ceratopetalum apetalum, Caldcluvia paniculosa, Daviesia arborea, Acacia melanoxylon, Glochidion ferdinandi, Beilschmiedia elliptica, Lepidozamia perojfskyana, Cyathea australis, Lantana camara, Xanthorrhoea johnsoni, X. macronema. STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 37 Vines: Ripogonum album, R.fawcettianum, Cissus antarctica. Herbs: Blechnum cartilagineum, Doodia aspera, Calochlaena dubia, Lastreopsismicrosorum, Pteridium esculentum, Arachniodes aristata, Themeda australis, Gahnia aspera G. sieberi, Alpinia caerulea.

Group 8: URus8: Allocasuarina torulosalCalochlaena dubia/Pteridium esculentum. 10 plots: NUBEL128, NUING038, NUINGll1, NUING112, NUIRI136, NUNUL029, NUOAK040, NUOAK048, NUOAK129, NUOAK130. Overstorey communities: URov 3,9, 13. Description: Anunderstorey that is more open than Group 7. The ground cover is less than one metre high and provides sparse to moderate cover. The understorey is composed ofdrier site species which are usually associated with ridges and upper slopes. The overstorey communities are dry sclerophyll types such as those found in New England blackbutt and dry blackbutt. Several sites are located in ecotones near moister forest types. The more common understorey species are Allocasuarina torulosa, Calochlaena dubia, Pteridium esculentum. Small trees/shrubs: Archirhodomyrtusbeckleri,Allocasuarina torulosa, Syncarpia glomulifera, E. pilularis, E. microcorys, E. siderophloia, E. carnea, Jacksonia scoparia, Randia benthami, Caldcluvia paniculosa, Endiandra sieberi, Psychotria loniceroides, Daviesia arborea, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Alpinia caerulea, Banksia spinulosa var. collina, Lomatia silaifolia. Herbs: Calochlaena dubia, Pteridium esculentum, Themeda australis, Lomandra longifolia, L.filiformis, Entolasia stricta, Poa sieberiana.

Group 9: URus9: Callicoma serratifolia/Blechnum cartilagineum. 13plots: NUBR0093,NUBR0118,NUGLA032,NUGLAI45,NUNUL046,NUNUL049,NUORW057, NUORW058, NUORW119, NUORW121, NUTHU037, NUTUC021, NUWED065. Overstorey communities: URov 2,9, 11, 13, 16,38. Description: This group has a fairly dense understorey with a more open ground layer than Group 7. It is generally amoist secondary successional understorey community. The most common species invade and dominate sites after disturbance. The primary plants in this group are Callicoma serratifolia and various Cryptocarya spp. They are associated with ground layer species such as Blechnum cartilagineum, Calochlaena dubia and some Ripogonum spp. This group differs from Group 7 by having species indicative of a moister understorey. Small trees/shrubs: Callicoma serratifolia, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Caldcluvia paniculosa, Cryptocarya rigida, Amorphospermum whitei, Wilkiea huegeliana, Cryptocarya glaucescens, Syncarpia glomulifera, Glochidionferdinandi, Anopteris macleayanus, Daviesia arborea, Trochocarpa laurina, Orites excelsa, Lophostemon confertus, Austrobuxus swainii, Alloxylon pinnatum, Synoum glandulosum, Schizomeria ovata, Ervatamia angustisepala,Archirhodomyrtusbeckleri, Cinnamomum camphora, Cryptocarya microneura, Lomatia silaifolia and Cordyline stricta. Vines: Ripogonum album, R.elseyanum, Palmeria scandens. Herbs: Calochlaena dubia, Blechnum cartilagineum, Arachniodes aristata.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 38 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Group 10: URus1O: Elaeocarpus reticulatuslAllocasuarina torulosa. Two plots: NUIRI025, NUWIL151. Overstorey communities: URov 2, 9. Description: Very dense understorey up to six metres inheight with an open to moderately dense ground cover. All ofthe plots have an abundanceofElaeocarpus reticulatus and Allocasuarina torulosa inthe mid to lower levels. Plot NUWIL151 is located in a hardwood plantation at Timmsvale where th.e understorey is developing and contains pioneer species such as Acacia binervata and Elaeocarpus reticulatus and some Callicoma se"atifolia. Small trees/shrubs: Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Schizomeria ovata, Cryptocarya rigida, Allocasuarina torulosa, Zieria smithii, Lophostemon confertus, Gahnia aspera, Lepidosperma elatius. Herbs: Sticherus lobatus, S.jlabellatus, Blechnum wattsii, B. cartilagineum.

Group 11: URusl1: Acacia binervatalLepidosperma elatius. One plot: NUWIL150. Overstorey communities: URov 41. Description: Moderate to moderately dense understorey approximately six metres in height. At the time ofplantation establishment the soils may have become compacted by heavy machinery which may have impaired the site's ability to regenerate thus affecting forest structure. Small trees/shrubs: Acacia binervata, Trochocarpa laurina, Ozothamnus diosmifolium, Lepidosperma elatius, L. laterale. Vines: Ripogonum album, Rubus hillii, Smilax australis, Billardiera scandens, Parsonsia straminea, Hibbertia scandens. Herbs: Entolasiastricta,Blechnumcartilagineum,Calochlaenadubia,Andropogonvirginicus,Dawsonia superba.

Group 12: URusl2: Callitris macleayanalElaeocarpus reticulatus. One plot: NUWIL062. Overstorey communities: URov 25. Description: Moderately dense lowerlayer with afairly open, dry ground cover. The combination ofthe overstorey and understorey community is unique (see Overstorey Group 25). This is a disjunct type within amoisthardwood area. The species that are common inthe understorey are Callitris macleayana and Elaeocarpus reticulatus with scattered Lomandra longifolia and Calochlaena dubia. Small trees/shrubs: Callitris macleayana, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Cryptocarya glaucescens. Herbs: Lomandra longifolia, Calochlaena dubia.

Group 13: URusl3: Cissus hypoglaucalC. antarcticalLantana camara. lOplots: NUBEL030,NUBUC039,NUKAN063,NUKANI54,NUMISI67,NUOAK026,NUOAKI38, NUOAKI39, NUROS020, NUTHU166.

STATE FORESTS OFNEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 39 Overstorey communities: URov 2,9, 16, 17, 18. Description: Extremely dense lowerlayer with moderate to moderately dense above. The understorey is dominated by amixture ofmesic vines, lantana, palms and opportunistic rainforestspecies. This understorey community is a companion to wet sclerophyll overstorey communities such as Forest Types 36, 48 and 53. The most common species are Cissus antarctica, C. hypoglauca, Lantana camara and Lepidozamia perojfskyana. Small trees/shrubs: Lophostemon confertus, Daphnandra micrantha, Beilschmiedia elliptica, Mallotus phillipensis, Alpinia caerulea, Eupomatia laurina, Lepidozamia perojfskyana, Psychotria loniceroides,Synoum glandulosum, Guioa semiglauca, Rhodamnia rubescens, Cyathea australis, Cuttsia viburnea, Polyscias elegans, Lantana camara. Vines: Cissus antarctica, C. hypoglauca, Rubus aff. moorei, R. hillii, Palmeria scandens. Herbs: Arachniodes aristata, Blechnum cartilagineum, Doodia aspera, Calochlaena dubia, Adiantum formosum, Cyperus tetraphyllus.

Group 14: URusI4: Synoum glandulosumlGuioa semiglauca. Three plots: NUORW086, NUPINI06, NUPIN160. Overstorey communities: URov 1,9, 16. Description: Almost a closed lower stratum under six metres with an open ground layer except for NUORW086 which has a closed, dense ground layer. This type is found undermoist overstorey groups. The common lower stratum species were Synoum glandulosum and Guioa semiglauca. In plot NUORW086, wattles have replaced the secondary rainforest species. Small trees/shrubs: Eucalyptus pilularis, Synoum glandulosum, Acacia binervata, Guioa semiglauca, Rhodomyrtuspsidioides,A.Melanoxylon,Lantana camara,Alpinia caerulea, Gahniasieberiana. Vines: Piptocalyx moorei. Herbs: Gonocarpus oreophilus, Blechnum cartilagineum, Lomandra longifolia, Cyperus tetraphyllus.

Group 15: URusI5: Lantana camara. 12Plots: NUCON055,NUING034,NUING043,NUNEWOI5,NUNEW027,NUNEW061,NUOREI55, NUTAROI2, NUTUC114, NUTUC116, NUVIE146, NUWAY132. Overstorey communities: URov 1,2,3,6,9,10,16. Description: Amoderately dense to dense vegetationcoverundersix metres. The ground layervaries from open to dense. The understorey is dry to semi-moist with a heavy infestation oflantana. The lantana in some cases is acting as a cover for pioneer or early stage rainforest species such as Duboisia myopdroides, Callicoma serratifolia and Synoum glandulosum. This group was found primarily in flooded gum plantations where there was little regeneration under six metres. Lantana camara is the dominant understorey species with some ferns and shrubs. Anumber of understorey species grow beneath the lantana. Small trees/shrubs: Lantana camara, Synoum glandulosum, Alectryon subcinereus, polyscias elegans, Astrotricha latifolia, Acacia fimbriata, Rapanea variabilis, Cryptocarya microneura, Lophostemon conjertus, Amorphospermumwhitei,Archontophoenixcunninghamiana,Endianra muelleri, Cordyline stricta, Allocasuarina torulosa, Sloanea australis, Cryptocarya obovata, Alphitonia excelsa, Callicoma serrati/olia, Duboisia myoporoides, Cyathea liechardtiana, Abrophyllum ornans, Eucalyptus microcorys, Guioasemiglauca, Eupomatia laurina, Syncarpia glomulifera.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 40 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Vines: Ripogonum discolor, R. elseyanum. Herbs: Blechnum cartilagineum, Doodia aspera, Lastreopsis decomposita, Exocarya sclerioides, Poa sieberiana, Entolasia stricta, Lomandra longifolia, Arachniodes aristata, Calochlaena dubia.

Group 16: URus29: Themeda australisllmperata cylindrica var. majorlAllocasuarina torulosa. 29plots: NUBAG081,NUBAG092, NUBAR099, NUBOAI00,NUBUC168, NUCON079, NUCONO88, NUING042,NUINGI31,NUKAN075,NUKAN083,NUKANI40,NUKANI43,NULOW084, NULOW090,NUMIS044,NUMIS045,NUMISI44,NUNAM050,NUNEW070,NUNEW072, NUNEW097, NUNEWI49, NUNEWI64, NUTHU035, NUWAYOll, NUWEDQ80, NUWED087, NUWIL091. Overstorey communities: URov 3,4,7,9,34,27. Description: A dry, open forest with a grassy understorey and a moderately dense ground layer with an open to moderate cover of small shrubs in the lower layers. This group is very common and covers dry sclerophyll Forest Types 37,39, 62, 65 and 74. The common factor within all sites is the dry, open forest over an understorey composed ofThemeda australis, Imperata cylindrica var. major and Allocasuarina torulosa. Small trees/shrubs: Allocasuarina torulosa. Daviesia arborea, Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Xanthorrhoea johnsoni, Eucalyptus carnea, E. rummeryi, Angophora costata, A. subvelutina, E. pilularis, Syncarpia glomulifera, E. gummifera, A. floribunda, lacksonia scoparia, Acaciajimbriata, E. microcorys, Lantana camara, Lophostemon confertus, E. acmenoides, Persoonia media, A. binervata, Alphitonia excelsa, Acacia concurrens, Breynia oblongifolia, Eupomatia laurina, Diospyros australis, E. maculata, Trochocarpa laurina, A. melanoxylon, Oxylobium ilicifolium, Solanum densevestitum, Alpinia caerulea, Pultenaea villosa. Vines: Derris involuta, Kennedia rubicunda, Hibbertia scandens. Herbs: Themeda australis, Poa sieberiana, Lomandrajiliformis, Entolasia stricta, Imperata cylindrica var. major, L. longifolia, L. multiflora. Pteridium esculentum, Andropogon virginicus, Cymbopogon refractus, Panicum obseptum.

Group 17: URusl7: Allocasuarina torulosallmperata cylindrica var. majorlCalochlaena dubia. lOplots: NUBUCI34,NUKAN082,NUKANI41,NULITI48,NUMIS047,NUMISI70,NUNEWI59, NUORW094, NUTHUI69, NUWED103. Overstorey communities: URov 5,8,9, 13. Description: Moderately dense ground coverwith amoderately dense coverin thelowercanopy extending to six metres. This is amoist type and is associated with small shrubs and ferns and with bladey grass. The common species are Imperata cylindrica var. majoroccuning with anumberofferns, eg Calochlaena dubia, Pteridium esculentum and Blechnum cartilagineum. The shrub and small tree component consists ofmainly Allocasuarina torulosa, Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. The fact Acacia spp. and Eucalyptus spp. occur in the understorey with Allocasuarina torulosa differentiates this group from Group 16. Small trees/shrubs: Allocasuarina torulosa, Acacia irrorata ssp. velutina, A. binervata, Bursaria spinosa, Synoum glandulosum, Eucalyptus propinqua, Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Acacia irrorata ssp. irrorata, Angophora floribunda, Duboisia myoporoides, Indigofera australis, E. carnea, E. pilularis, Breyniaoblongifolia,Eupomatia laurina, Eucalyptusmicrocorys,Notelaealongifolia, Daviesia arb~rea, Cyathea australis, E. acmenoides, E siderophloia, Solanum inaequilaterum,

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 41 AcaCia longijolia,Pittosporum undulatum, Syncarpia glomulijera,Alpinia caerulea, Trochocarpa laurina, Cryptocarya rigida, Caldcluvia paniculosa. Vines: Kennedia rubicunda. Herbs: Pteridium esculentum, Commelina cyanea, Calochlaena dubia, Sene.cio amygdaphyllus, lmperata cylindrica var. major, Blechnum cartilagineum,Poa sieberiana, Lomandra spicata, L.longijolia.

Group 18: URusl8: Entolasia stricta. Two plots: NUCON085, NUNEWI65. Overstorey communities: URov 3, 19. Description: Open to moderate lower canopy ofEucalyptus spp., Acacia spp. and Syncarpia glomulijera. The ground cover is amoderately dense mixture ofgrasses, sedges and wattles. Species include Entolasia stricta, Gahnia sieberana and Lomandra longijolia. This community occurs in open eucalyptus forest on sedimentary soils and is subject to regular burning as indicated by the understorey. Small trees/sh,rubs: Eucalyptuspropinqua, E. carnea,Allocasuarina torulosa,E. henryi,Acacia concurrens, Syncarpia glomulijera, Xanthorrhoea macronema, Gahnia sieberiana. Herbs: Lomandra longijolia, Entolasia stricta.

Group 19: URusl9: Banksia integrijoliallmperata cylindrica var. major. One plot: NUPIN006. Overstorey communities: URov 26. Description: Dense intermediatelayers consisting ofBanksiaintegrifolia, Lantanacamara and Cupaniopsis anacardioides. The groundlayeris moderately dense. lmperata cylindrica varmajorandPteridium esculentum are common. This is a semi dry Banksia community located behind sand dunes containing some littoral rainforest species. It has been invaded by Lantana camara and Chrysanthemoides monilijera ssp. rotundata (bitou bush). Small trees/shrubs: Banksia integrijolia, Lantana camara, Cupaniopsis anacardioides. Vines: SmUax australis. Herbs: lmperata cylindrica var. major, Pteridium esculentum.

Group 20: URus20: Themeda australis. Six plots: NUBAR076, NUCONI25, NUNEW071 , NUNEW073, NUNEW171 , NUWEDI26. Overstorey communities: URov 9,20,22, 23, 24. Description: The understorey has avery dense coverofgrasses with some xeric species less than one metre tall such as Banksia oblongijolia. It has moderate to open cover greater than six metres and is found on sandstone and metamorphosed sediments with a very poor nutrient base. The type is prone to regularbuming. Common species include Themeda australis, Leptospermum sp. and Banksia sp. Small trees/shrubs: Lophostemonsuaveolens,Allocasuarina littoralis, Eucalyptus signata, Leptospermum polygalijolium, Banksia oblongijolia, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Trochocarpa laurina, B.spinulosa

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 42 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 var. collina, L. trinervium, Pultenaea vUlosa, Angophora floribunda, Syncarpia glomulifera, Eucalyptus gummifera, E. planchoniana, Melaleuca nodosa, Gahnia sieberiana. Herbs: Themeda australis, Calochlaena dubia, Poa sieberiana,.lmperata cylindrtca var. major, Lepidosperma laterale.

Group 21: URus21: Acacia complanata/Eucalyptus gummifera. Five plots: NUBAR098, NUNEW077, NUNEW078, NUNEW095, NUNEW096. Overstorey communities: URov 2.0,21,22. Description: This understorey community contains a moderately dense to very dense ground cover less than one metre in height. Small trees and shrubs do occur up to six metres, but they provide thin to moderate cover. All these sites are on sandstone soils' and contain xeromorphic ground cover which is regularly burned. Some of the more common species are Acacia complanata and Eucalyptus gummifera. Small trees/shrubs: Allocasuarina littoralis, Persoonia levis, Angophorafloribunda, Hibbertia vestita, Acacia complanata, Syncarpia glomulifera, Ceratopetalum gummiferum, Lomatia si/aifolia, Eucalyptusplanchoniana,A.floribunda,Lambertiajormosa,Banksiaoblongifolia,Leptospermum polygalifolium, E. gummifera, Hakea salicifolia, Xanthorrhoea macronema. Herbs: Lepidosperma laterale, Pteridium esculentum.

Group 22: URus22: Lantana camaralPinus elliottii. Two plots: NUBAR162, NUBAR163. Overstorey communities: URov 43. Description: The overstorey is a pine plantation and the subcanopy is open to moderately dense. The ground cover is very dense with a large percentage composition ofLantana camara, Entolasia stricta, Bacharis halimifolia (groundse1 bush). Some ground cover species have regenerated successfully, but the middle layers are void of naturally occurring species. Small trees/shrubs: Lantana camara, Angophorafloribunda, Allocasuarina littoralis, Bacharis halimijolia, Pultenaea villosa. Herbs: Calochlaena dubia, Imperata cylindrica var. major, Entolasia stricta.

Group 23: URus23: Melaleuca quinquenervia/Cyperus polystachyos/Lomandra longifolia. Three plots: NUBAR074, NUNAM001, NUORE066. Overstorey communities: URov 9, 28. Description: Dense ground coverofsedges, rushes and grasses and afew shrubs up to six metres tall. This type is inundated by water in the wet seasons which favours species that grow in saturated conditions such asMelaleucaquinquenervia in the mid to uppercanopy and Cyperaceae sp. below. Glochidionjerdinandi is a middle to lower canopy species. These sites can be very moist in a wet year but are subject to frequent fires in dry years. Small trees/shrubs: Melaleuca quinquenervia,Acacia concurrens,M.linariifolia,Rhodomyrtuspsidioides, Glochidionjerdinandi. Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Callistemon salignus. M. alternifolia, Gahnia sieberiana.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 43 Herbs: Cyperus polystachyos, lmperata cylindrica var. major, C.jilipes, Lomandra longifoUa, Entolasia marginata, Themeda australis.

Group 24: URus24: Carex appressalCyperus polystachyos. One plot: NUNEW067. Overstorey communities: URov 30. Description: The site is inundated with waterduring wet seasons as indicated by the dominant species such as Eucalyptus robusta, Lophostemonsuaveolens and Carex appressa. The soil type is sedimentary clays ofquartemary deposits. There are avery few small trees and shrubs in the lowerlayers and the ground cover is moderately dense. the site had been disturbed by feral pigs, domestic stock and regular fires. Small trees/shrubs: Rapanea howittiana, Lophostemon suaveolens, Acaciajloribunda. Herbs: Blechnum cartilagineum, Carex appressa, Cyperus polystachyos.

Group 25: URus25: Lophostemon suaveolens. One plot: NUNEW069. Overstorey communities: URov 30. Description: Very dense vegetation cover below one metre and moderate cover from one to six metres. This group occurs under a Eucalyptus robusta overstorey community on sandy soils with an underlying clay base. The ground coveris predominantly the small shrubs Banksia oblongifolia and Lophostemon suaveolens as opposed to Group URus 24 which is predominantly Cyperaceae sp. The area is susceptible to regular fires. Small trees/shrubs: Melaleuca linariifoUa, Eucalyptus bancroftii, Lophostemon suaveolens, Banksia oblongifoUa. Herbs: lmperata cyUndrica var. major.

Group 26: URus26: Alectryon subcinereus/Doodia aspera. One plot: NUIRI004 Overstorey communities: URov 45. Description: Very rocky site at the head ofa gully with exposed parent rock. The ground cover is very sparse to non-existent. The maximum height is 15 m and overall the site has a moderately dense to open overstorey. The ground cover species are Doodia aspera and Alpinia caerulea amongst the rocks, while the layer between one and six metres tall contains afew small scattered rainforest species such as Alectryon subcinereus and Scolopia braunii. Small trees/shrubs: Alectryon subcinereus, Scolopia braunii, Pittosporum undulatum, Alpinia caerulea. Herbs: Doodia aspera, Pellaeafalcata var.falcata.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 44 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Group 27: 55URus27: Glochidion ferdinandilCarex gaudichaudiana. One plot: NUKANII0. Overstorey communities: URov 42. Description: Anarrow riparian community ofCasuarina cunninghamiana in an intennittent watercourse. The lower layers have open to moderately dense cover. There are some dry rainforest species along the creek including Araucaria cunninghamii and Melia azederach var. australasica. The understorey contains small rainforest trees, ferns and sedges along tI'1e creek bank .md beds. Small trees/shrubs: Ficus coronata, Glochidionferdinandi, Araucaria cunninghamii. Herbs: Carex gaudichaudiana; Calochlaena dubia.

Group 28: URus28: Allocasuarina torulosalSigesbeckia orientalislKennedia rubicunda. One plot: NUORW102. Overstorey communities: URov 9. Description: Dry blackbutt community with a dense cover of fire induced weed species such as Sigesbeckia orientalis, Phytolacca octandra and Kennedia rubicunda. There is a very open lower layer ofAllocasuarina torulosa and Acacia melanoxylon. This site has been severely disturbed by logging and fire and is infested by weeds. Small trees/shrubs: Allocasuarina torulosa, Acacia melanoxylon, Angophora costata. Vines: Kennedia rubicunda. Herbs: Sigesbeckia orientalis, Phytolacca octandra.

Group 29: URus29: Blechnum nudumlBaumea articulata. Two plots: NUNAM002, NUNEW009. Overstorey communities: Urov 29, 30. Description: Dense ground layer ofrushes and ferns with an open lower layer in NUNAMOO2 and dense lower stratum in NUNEW009..This group is found in abed ofrushes in seasonally wet swamps at Nambucca State Forest and Newry State Forest. These sites have been grouped because they both occur on wet, quartemary silt deposits and have common understorey species including Blechnum nudum, Baumea articulata and Gahnia sieberiana. The key overstorey species is Eucalyptus robusta. Smalltrees/shrubs: Melaleuca quinqenervia, Callicoma serratifolia,M.linariifolia, Callistemon salignus, Gahnia sieberiana. Herbs: Blechnum nudum, Baumea articulata.

Group 30: URus30: Callistemon salignuslGahnia sieberianalG. clarkei. Three plots: NUPIN007, NUPINOlO, NPIN014. Overstorey communities: URov 10, 30. Description: Dense vegetation coverbelow one metre consisting ofsedges, grasses and occasional shrubs. All three sites are wet and occur in broad swampy gullies. The overstorey communities are

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW 45 Eucalyptus robusta/E. grandis. The common understorey species are Gahnia sieberiana and Callistemon salignus. Small trees/shrubs: Gahnia clarkei, Callicoma serratifolia, Uvistona australis, Cordyline stricta, Eucalyptus robusta, Callistemon salignus, Acmena smithii, Ervatamia angustisepala, Gahnia sieberiana. Vines: Morindajasminoides. Herbs: Imperata cylindrica yar. major, Entolasia stricta.

Group 31: URus31: Lepidosperma limicola/Chorizandra sp. One plot: NUCON107. Overstorey communities: URov 45. Description: Low overstorey no greaterthan two metres in height located on aperched, permanently semi­ submerged swamp on asandstone escarpment at Waihou Flora Reserve. The major plant groups are sedges, rushes and some very small shrubs. Some of the more common species are Leptospermumjuniperinum,inthe overston.'iy, and adense coverofrushes including Lepidosperma limicola, Chorizandra sp. and Empodisma minus. Eucalyptus robusta occurs here as a very scattered cover less than two metres in height. Small trees/shrubs: Leptospermum juniperinum. Herbs: Lepidosperma limicola, Chorizandra sp., Empodisma minus.

Group 32: URus32: Banksia oblongifolia/Lambertia formosa. Three plots: NUCON108, NUCON109, NUNEW068. Overstorey communities: URov 21. Description: Dry open forests with axeromorphic understorey on sandstone soils at Waihou Flora Reserve (NUCON108, NUCON109) and metamorphosed sediments at NUNEW068. There is a moderate to very dense understorey below six metres in height. The overstorey is dominated by Eucalyptus planchoniana and common understorey species include Banksia oblongifolia, Lambertiaformosa and Ptilanthelium deustum. These sites have been disturbed by fire from time to time. Small trees/shrubs: Leptospermum trinervium, Banksia oblongifolia, L. polygalifolium, Lambertia formosa, Angophora woodsiana, Melaleuca sieberi, Xanthorrhoeajohnsonii, Baeckia linifolia. Herbs: Ptilanthelium deustum, Lepyrodia scariosa.

Group 33: URus33: Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata/Spinifex hirsuta. One plot: NUPIN005. Overstorey communities: URov 45. Description: This community occurs on the frontal sand dunes at Bundagen Flora Reserve close to the beach. Ithas no overstorey and reaches a maximum height ofone metre. It is heavily infested with Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata (bitou bush). Small trees/shrubs: Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata, Acacia sophorae.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 46 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Herbs: Spinijex hirsuta,lmperata cylindrica var. major, Sporobolus virginicus, Chorizandra cymbaria. Group 34: URus34: Sporobolus virginicus/Juncus krausii. One plot: NUNAMOO3. Overstorey communities: URov 45. Description: This is aheathcommunity on atidal flat atthe edge ofNambucca State Forest It is inundated with water and is less than one metre in height. This group is part ofForest Type 231 and is described as a fen community (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989a). Sporobolus virginicus, Juncus krausii and Sarcocornia quinquejlora are dominant. There are no trees or shrubs. Small trees/shrubs: Nil. Herbs: Sporobolus virginicus, Juncus krausii, Sarcocornia quinqueflora.

Group 35: URus35: Casuarina glaucalJuncus krausiilAvicennia marina. One plot: NUNEWOO8 Overstorey communities: URov 44. Description: This is a tidal mangrove and swamp oak community. The understorey is very dense below one metre and moderately dense between one and six metres. It contains two species of mangrove, Avicennia marina (grey mangrove) and Aegiceras corniculatum (river mangrove). Small trees/shrubs: Casuarina glauca, Melaleuca sieberi, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina Herbs: Juncus krausii, Fimbristylus dichotoma.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION,NSW 47 DISCUSSION

1. SIGNIFICANT PlANT SPECIES

The national conservation significance ofplant species has been assessed using Briggs and Leigh (1988) as the standard reference. Additional guides to conservation significance include published records and data from specimens held at the New South Wales National Herbarium, Sydney. Listings have also been obtained from the April 1993 draft ofthe Rare or Threatened Australian Plants (ROTAP) directory for plants that may occur on State Forests in the study area. Species currently considered to be orlikely to be considered ofconservation significance at aregional ornationallevel are listed below. Where appropriate, risk codes are assigned using the criteria ofBriggs and Leigh and are shownin parentheses. Except where another source is cited, codes given are those assigned by Briggs and Leigh. All records from the survey area are from the present surveyor recent unpublished surveys unless otherwise indicated. Occurrences in reserves are taken from Briggs and Leigh unless noted otherwise. In addition to species listed below there are likely to be a large number of species which are locally rare or restricted. These have been included only where they appear to be significant in the broader regional (eg. northeastern New South Wales) context.

Acacia chrysotricha (2R) This species is locally abundant. However, ithas alimited distribution and only occurs at Newry State Forest and at Brierfield, south ofBellingen (Harden 1991). It occurs in moist forests along gullies on quartzite soils. Acacia chrysotricha is notreserved at present. Itis protected under the Preferred Management Priority Classification (p.M.P.) system (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1993) in an area on Newry State Forest at Rocky WharfRd. with a classification of1.1.7, Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection. There is aproposal to create a flora reserve in this area when the boundaries and abundance ofthis species have been detennined (State Forests ofNew South Wales, Unmga District,pers. comm.).

Acacia tessellata (2RC-) Occurs on escarpmentranges from the BellingerValley to WerrikimbeeNational Parlc (Harden 1991). Within State Forests it occurs at McGraths Hump, Never Never State Forest (Floyd pers. comm.).

Acianthusamplexicaulis (3RC-) Asmall herb whichoccursfrom south-easternQueenslandto Bulahdelah (Jones 1988). It is reserved in Lamington, Bundjalung, Dorrigo, and Yuragir National Parlc and Broken Head Nature Reserve (Briggs and Leigh 1993, in press). Inthe study area it is reserved on Bundagen Flora Reserve and has been located at Parlc Beach, Coffs Harbour in littoral rainforest (Coffs HarbourHerbarium, A.G. Floyd 1959). Itwas not found inthis survey and appears to be rare.

Acomis acoma (3RC-) Old records for Valla area (1954) and Mt. Coramba (1912). Distribution is shown as north from Nambucca Heads (Harden 1992).

Alloxylon pinnatum (3RCa) Alloxylon pinnatum occurs in warm temperate rainforest and is associated with Ceratopetalum apetalum on poorer sedimentary soils (Floyd 1989). This species is located from Dorrigo to the Macpherson Ranges. Itoccurs inthe UnmgalCoffs HarbourManagement Area at Gladstone State Forest, Dorrigo National Park, Woolgoolga Creek Flora Reserve, Wild Cattle Creek State Forest, Orara West State Forest and in Dorrigo Management Area in Moonpar State Forest with some large specimens in Nonnan Jolly Flora Reserve. It appears to be located in two separate disjunct areas, Dorrigo and the Macpherson Ranges, without any records between. The site at Woolgo01ga CreekFloraReserve is an unusual disjunct location because A. pinnatum grows with

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 48 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 other unusual plants such as Heliciajerruginea and Canthium'lamprophyllum which occur at their southernlimit. This is asignificantfind and management strategies need to be implemented to secure its future. The plants found here were outside the Flora Reserve but less than 500 m away, above .the falls. However they would appear to be included in P.M.P. 1.1.7, Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection.

Amorphospermum whitei (3RCa) This species has a distribution from the Macleay Valley to Upper Tallebudgera Creek (Floyd. 1989). Itis acommon species in anumber ofsites within the study area, (Appendix 1,3 and 4 and Table 2). It has been reserved in Bundagen Flora Reserve, Bruxner Park FloraReserve, Woolgoolga Creek FloraReserve, Waihou FloraReserve, Sherwood Nature Reserve, Minyon Falls Flora Reserve, Broken Head Nature Reserve and Numinbah Nature Reserve. Amorphospermumwhitei occurs in the Urunga/Coffs HarbourManagement Area in wann temperate, littoral rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests with orwithout awell advanced rainforestunderstorey. It appears to becommon in the logged wet sclerophyll forests that have regenerated overthe past 20­ 30 years.

Angophora robur (2RC-) This tree is locally frequent but restricted to sandstone soils from north west of Coffs Harbour to north west of Grafton (Harden 1991). It occurs in Waihou Flora Reserve, Sherwood Nature Reserve and Newfoundland State Forest. It grows in association with Eucalyptus gummifera and E. baileyana in a dry, open, xeromorphic forest. It occurs in areas of nil to low intensity logging.

Austrobuxus swainii (3RCa) Atree that occurs in rainforest and wet sclerophyll forests on the coast from the Bellinger River area to Springbrook in Queensland (Harden 1990). This plant grows as a shrub . to a small tree in the study area. It quite regularly occurred with Amorphospermum whitei in similar habitat. This plant is reserved in Dorrigo National Park, Bruxner Park Flora Reserve, Black Bull Flora Reserve, Border Ranges National Park, Big Scrub Flora Reserve and Boomerang Falls Flora Reserve.

Backhousia anisata (2RCa) Restricted to sub tropical rainforest in gullies in the Bellinger and Nambucca Valleys where it occurs as alarge tree. Its location is wholly within the study area at Buckrabendini State Forest, Cooks Creek in Irishman's State Forest, BellingerRiver State Forest, Boggy Creek in Pine Creek State Forest, Buffer Creek in Never Never State Forest, Ringwood Flora Reserve in Irishman's State Forest and Dorrigo National Park (Floyd 1989). It is reserved in Ringwood Flora Reserve, on Irishman's State Forest and Dorrigo National Park and is reasonably common in Ringwood Flora Reserve in gullies.

Bosistoa jloydii (2RCi) Small to medium size tree in sub tropical rainforest on rich alluvial or basaltic soils. Bosistoajloydii is restricted to a few areas from Mistake State Forest in the south to Cherry Tree StateForestnearMallanganee in the north. Otherlocations include Oakes State Forest,Taylors Ann, Bellinger River State Forest, Dorrigo National Park and Mirum and Wayper Creeks in Upper Orara (Floyd 1989). The Cherry Tree State Forest location is a disjunct recording. All other sites are within the study area and are significant for the management and conservation ofthis species. An independent survey conducted in Umdumbarra Creek in Orara West State Forest near Coramba produced anew recording ofBosistoajloydiiin aremnantpatch ofrainforest(Floyd 1993,pers. comm.).

Brasenia schreberi (3RC-) Described as widespread but rarely common (Harden 1990). This species occurs in freshwater lagoons and has been recorded near Halfway Creek Store near Grafton (Briggs and Leigh 1993, in press). Not likely to be affected by management operations on State Forests.

Bulbophyllum weinthalii (3RCi) This small orchid species usually grows on the upper branches of Araucaria cunninghamii (h09P pine) and has been recorded atMt Moombil (Briggs and Leigh 1993 in press).

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW 49 Callistemon acuminatus (3RC-) A plant that occurs on rocky dry slopes and particularly sandstone escarpments ofcoastal ranges from Port Stephens to the Clarence River (Harden 1991). It occurs in Sherwood Nature Reserve and Conglomerate State Forest

Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana (2RCi) Grows in littoral and riverine rainforest north from Brunswick River and is considered rare (Harden 1991). The only recording in the Coffs Harbour area was recorded in State Forests ofNew South Wales Herbarium at Coffs Harbour where a specimen was collected in a garden.

Cryptocarya dorrigoensis (2RCa) This plant is generally an understorey species in warm temperate rainforest under an overstorey ofCeratopetalum apetalum, Callicoma serratifolia and Araucaria cunninghamii (Floyd 1989). It is also associated with cool temperate species such as Nothofagus moorei and Doryphora sassafras on low fertility soil of metamorphosed sediments. It is restricted to the eastern Dorrigo area ofNew South Wales. Locations where it occurs are at Dome Mountain and Killungoondie Plain at Dorrigo National Park, Beilsdown State Forest, Range Road on Orara West State Forest, Never Never State Forest, and Little Nymboida River on Orara West State Forest This survey discovered the species at Brooklana State Forest in undisturbed forest. It is unlikely to be affected by the EIS proposals.

Cryptocarya nova-anglica (3RCa) Found in cool temperate rainforests in the New England National Park.

Eucalyptus ancophila (2K) Eucalyptus ancophila is found from Kempsey to Bellingen in valleys and creeks with a rainforest understorey (Harden 1991). It was found in the current studies at Newry State Forest in a moist forest ofE. grandis with lantana understorey. It was also recorded by Gilmour in the biodiversity studies (Appendix 4) at Little Boggy Creek. It appears to be uncommon although "significant populations ofthis species occur within State Forests" (Telopea 4(1) 1990). Its overall distribution is still poorly known and surveys are desirable to clarify its status in the long term.

Eucalyptus approximans (2RC-) This plant is known from asingle stand, in mallee shrubland on skeletal soil on trachyte in Dorrigo to Point Lookout area, above 1000 m altitude (Harden 1991).

Eucalyptus dunnii (3RCa) Atall eucalypt that is restricted to wet sc1erophyll forests in the Management Area at Moleton in Kangaroo River State Forest. It can occur on the margins ofmoist forests in dry open forest at Kangaroo River. However, this may be due to the encroachment offire on the ecotone ofthe wet and dry forests, causing the rainforest understorey to retreat into the gullies. E. dunnii is also located at Hortons Creek near Clouds Creek State Forest and at Tooloom Scrub Flora Reserve near Urbenville. It is reserved on Tooloom Scrub Flora Reserve near Urbenville. It is not reserved in the Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management Area. This species has been planted in hardwood plantations in the Management Area, including Orara East State Forest, Gladstone State Forest, Orara West State Forest, Tuckers Nob State Forest and Newry State Forest State Forests ofNew South Wales is also considering a tree breeding program for the species because ofits growth habit and timber quality.

Eucalyptusfusiformis (2RC-) It was originally thought that this species only occurred around Nambucca Heads. After revision ofthe grey ironbarks this species now occurs north ofKempsey. It occurs in moist forests on deeper soils with high fertility (Harden 1991). However, Bale ofthe University of New England claims that it occurs on dry sclerophyll forests. In this survey it was found on a regularly burned semi-moist ridge at Viewmont State Forest.

Eucalyptus rummeryi (3RC-) This species is uncommon, but itcan be abundant in pockets ofdry to semi­ moist forest from Dorrigo to Casino. In the study area it is restricted to forestS at Kangaroo River State Forest, Bagawa State Forest, Nana Creek State Forest, Conglomerate State Forest and Newfoundland State Forest. It is reserved on 1260 Flora Reserve, Tulipwood Flora Reserve, Madmans CreekFloraReserve and Steel Box FloraReserve at Casino. There is agood representative

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 50 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 sample ofE. rummeryi near Browns Nob in plot NUNEWI64 and to the north along Coast Range Road in plot NUNEW061. These latter two sites have been logged. E. rummeryi has the ability to regenerate quickly and, is therefore, unlikely to be threatened by logging. This is another species that is being planted for timber production.

Eucalyptus psammitica (3KC-) This species can be confused with E. carnea or E. umbra and is described as locally frequent !?ut restricted to dry sclerophyll woodland in shallow infertile sandy soil on sandstone. It probably occurs in Newfoundland and Conglomerate State Forest and is said to occur north ofKremnos Creek on the Glenreagh to Grafton Road (Briggs and Leigh 1993, in press). In the short-tenn it would be relatively simple to search for it in likely habitats that are to be logged in the next few years and exclude at least one stand pending longer term reservation. This species has been recorded at Waihou Flora Reserve (Bale 1992).

Eucalyptus tetrapleura (2VCa) Within the study area this species is known from Wells Crossing Flora Reserve and Coast Range Road in Newfoundland State Forest There are a few areas to the south eastofGrafton near Glenreagh where itoccurs on private property as well as at Glenugie Peak Flora Reserve to the north ofthe study area. This species is endemic to this area ofAustralia. Clearing ofprivate land in the Mt Krenmos and Kungala area south-east ofGrafton could seriously affect its conservation status.

Goodenia jordiana (2Rc-) This is a prostrate herb to 20 cm and grows in sc1erophyll forests from Coffs Harbour to Bulahdelah. Itoccurs in the study area at Orara West State Forest near Range Road at The Eight Mile (Floyd, pers. comm.). Itwas not found in this survey.

Homoranthusfloydii (2RC-t) This recently described species is known from Sherwood Nature Reserve. Itmayormay not occurin similarhabitats in nearby State Forests (Briggs and Leigh 1993, inpress).

Marsdenia liisae (3Rc-) A climber recently described by J. Williams, was recorded from several sites in the upper BellingerRiver area, such as the lower part ofZeepaert Road and Horseshoe Road just west ofBlackwood Road on Oakes State Forest (Gilmour 1993). This species is scattered at various localities between the upper Hastings and the Nightcap Range in wet sclerophyll forest. Marsdenia liisae is not common (Harden 1992). This species was not found within the present study sites.

Marsdenia longiloba (3RC-) There is an old record (1903) for this species from Coffs HarbouronNational Parks and Wildlife Service ROTAP data base. Itis similar to the widespread Tylophora paniculata and wouldbedifficultto costeffectively target for survey. As all records appearto be from rainforest, it is unlikely to be affected by EIS proposals.

Melaleuca groveana (3RC-) Locally abundant in State Forests in the Wauchope Kendall area and on Scotts Mountain in Way Way State Forest On State Forests it is found exclusively in low forest or shrubland on rock outcrops, especially granite and coarse grained sediments. The species is widely reserved and occurs in habitats unlikely to be substantially modified in the future.

Milletia australis (3RC-) Predominantlyoccurs in rainforestand is unlikelyto beaffected by management activities. This vine has been recorded from Hungry Head and Bellingen Island Reserve (National Parks and Wildlife Service4, unpubl. data).

Neoastelia spectabilis (2RC-t) This species favours wet rock faces and is known from New England National Park. It may occur along the Bellinger River escarpment (National Parks and Wildlife Service 1993).

Olax angulata (2VCi) Grows in sandy soils and woodlands near swamps and is known only from near Minnie Waters where it is locally common (Harden 1992).

4 National Parks and Wildlife Service (1993). External report preliminary comments on flora survey (draft). Urunga Management Area EIS.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FORESTRESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 51 Oleariajlocktoniae (2ECi) All known populations are on the Dorrigo Plateau but ithas been recorded on the western edge of the Coffs Harbour Management Area (National Parks and Wildlife Service 1993). There is abundant evidence that this is a short-lived post-disturbance coloniser. Populations are unlikely to be affected by EIS proposals. Studies for the recovery ofthis species are presently being carried out in Dorrigo Management Area adjacent to the UnmgalCoffs HarbourManagement Area.

Oleariastilwelliae (3RCa) Restricted to an area betweenWoolgoolga and Coaldaleto thenorthofGrafton and is considered rare (Harden 1992). It grows on sandy soils in dry sclerophyll open forests with axeromorphic understorey and usually nearrocks orrock ledges. This plantis recorded in anumber ofsurveys and at the State Forests Herbarium at Coffs Harbour. Ithas beenlocated at Waihou Flora Reserve, Madmans CreekFloraReserve, Sherwood NatureReserve, Wedding Bells StateForest and Conglomerate State Forest on Tea Tree Road and Bark Hut Road. A few plants were found in this survey in Waihou Flora Reserve when travelling between plots near an unnamed fire trail.

Parsonsia sp. B (2VCi) Is a vine recorded from several sites in the upper Bellinger River just east of Bishops Creek and Horseshoe Road. It is restricted in distribution to the area from the Upper BellingerRiverto Woolgoolga (Gilmour 1993). Itis considered rare onthe north coast ofNew South Wales (Harden 1991) but is not recorded in the April 1993 draft ROTAP.

Phaius australis (3VCa) An orchid recorded from sites near Coffs Harbour. Favours low-lying depressions and swamps close to the coast (National Parks and Wildlife Service 1993). Unlikely to be affected by EIS proposals.

Sarcochilus aequalis (3RC) (fonnerly identified as S. hartmaniz) An orchid recorded on the summit of Mt Coramba likely to suffer from excess collecting (lones 1988).

Sarcochilus jitzgeraldii (3VC-) Ol'9hid recorded from a number oflocalities along the escarpment from Bishqps Creek (New England, National Park) and Glennifer Falls. Likely to occur in State Forests and mdanger from illegal collecting (National Parks and Wildlife Service 1993). Occurs on rock outcrops near waterfalls and sheltered cliffs in rainforests orwet sclerophyll forest. Surveys for this species are suggested ifroading is proposed within 500 m ofsuch habitats.

Schistostyluspurpuratus (3RCi) Recorded onGladstone StateForest (NationalParks and Wildlife Service 1993).

Tinospora tinosporoides (3RC-) A tall, woody climber that occurs in moist forests, usually north ofthe Richmond River. It occurs at Bundagen Flora Reserve and at Viewmont State Forest.

Westringia blakeana (2RCa) recorded near Yarrahappini although Harden(1992) gives its distribution north as far as Lismore (National Parks and Wildlife Service 1993).

Quassia spp. A (3RC-) This species is referred to by A.G. Floyd as Quassia spp. aff. bidwillii. It was not located in this present survey. However, it was found by Floyd at Gleniffer Falls in Dorrigo National Park. This is the only recording within the Management Area boundaries. Itis asmall tree to 5 m tall and is an understorey species associated nonnally with Schizomeria ovata, Caldcluvia paniculosa and Ceratopetalum apetalum on myolite soils near Mt Nardi and on basalt soils near Dorrigo under sub tropical rainforest (Floyd 1989). The plant occurs from Dorrigo National Park to the lower Tweed.

Quassia spp. B (2E) This shrub is very rare and only occurs inthe Coffs Harbour area. It was recorded by Floyd in 1965 (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales, 1260 Flora Reserve Working Plan No. 111) where he reported a small clump offive plants growing on the edge ofthe Timber Top railway onthe borderofBagawaStateForestand Kangaroo RiverStateForest adjacentto 1260Flora Reserve. The species has not been found again at this location although there have been further searches (Floyd, pers. comm.). Quassia spp. B has been located nearMoonee Creek north ofCoffs Harbour on private property. Recent surveys have found Quassia sp. 1 west ofMoonee Creek in Orara East State Forest The species could be vulnerable to disturbance such as fire, logging or development. All relevant authorities should be aware oflocations and how to manage the plant

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 52 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Various unusual species, associations and species distributions have been found during unpublished surveys conducted over many years by Northern Research, State Forests of New South Wales. Unless otherwise noted, the fmdings described below come from those surVeys. The documents are on ftle at Northern Research in Coffs Harbour.

The northern end ofthe Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management Area includes a sandstone range extending from Waihou Flora Reserve in the south and to Newfoundland State Forest near the Wooli Road in the north. Waihou Flora Reserve, Sherwood Nature Reserve and Browns Nob inNewfoundland State Forest are dry sc1erophyll communities which support some species oflimited occurrence and species that are more typical ofthe Hawkesbury sandstone communities further south.

Doryanthes excelsa occurs onthe sandstone ridges around Browns Nob at Newfoundland StateForest and Sherwood Nature Reserve. This species is not rare although it is limited to isolated pockets on sandstone ridges in the Management Area.

Eucalyptus baileyana occurs at Waihou Flora Reserve at its most southern limit and in association with E. planchoniana and occasionally with E. pyrocarpa.

E. pyrocarpa occurs on Waihou Flora Reserve and on all sandstone areas in the study area north from Conglomerate State Forest Its distribution is limited to areas oflighter soils between Wauchope and Washpool State Forest (Harden 1991).

Waterhousiaf/oribundalTristaniopsis laurinalCasuarina cunninghamiana growing in association was found on the Never Never River at Tallowwood Point Whilst these species individually are common, as an association they are not very common. They do not appear to be represented in reserves within the Unmga'Management Area.

There are a number ofother species that reach their southerly or northerly distribution limit within the Unmga/Coffs Harbour Management Area. These species include:

Almaleea paludosa occurs in Waihou Flora Reserve at its most northerly distribution.

Canthium lamprophyllum, shiny leaved Canthium, occurs at Woolgoolga Creek above the falls near the FloraReserve (Floyd,pers. comm.). This is an isolated occurrence ofaspecies thatnormally occurs no further south than nuka. It is not in the Reserve.

Coopernookia chisholmii occurs as a sub-shrub (Harden 1992). It has not been reserved within the Management Area However, its conservation status'is not in question. Itoccurs here as a disjunct population at Horseshoe Road, near Blackwood Road, and the upper part ofSirius Road in Oakes State Forest (Gilmour 1993). There is also a specimen collected in Oram West State Forest in the State Forests Herbarium at Coffs Harbour. The species normal range lies between Taree ,and Wauchope. .

Cordyline petiolaris, broad leaved palm lily, is '{ery common in the Management Area. However, it has been recorded in Mistake State Forest by Ms Jan Carson as being at its most southerly limit. Cordyline petiolaris occurs as far south as the Nambucca Valley (Williams et al. 1984). Its most southerly location during this survey was Thumb Creek State Forest, Cpt. 423.

. Endiandra compressa, whitebark, occurs below the falls at Glenifer in the Dorrigo National Park and at Buffer Creek in the Never Never State Forest This is an isolated occurrence ofthe plant. Itis rare

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 53 inNew South Wales and is known only from Brunswick Heads to Minyon Falls. TIlis.is its known southern limit. Although it is reseIV.ed inDorrigo National Palx, it is not reseIVed on State Forests in the Urunga Management Area and it is not listed in the April 1993 ROTAP. ReseIVation status may need to be considered at Buffer Creek.

Dicksonia youngiae, hairy treefern, is rare inNew South Wales. Itoccurs at Ringwood Flora ReseIVe in Irishman State Forest. TIlis is asignificant disjunctpopulation. Itmainly occurs in the MacPherson Ranges.

Glochidion swnatranum TIlis species was recorded by MsJan CarsoninCompartment368, Mistake State Forest. However, the species is known to occur on the coast no further south than lluka and in subtropical or littoral rainforest with swamp, sc1erophyll or palm forests (Harden 1991). After discussion with botanists Alex Floyd and Phil Gilmouritis believed thatthis could be a case ofmis­ identification.

Harpullia pendula, Tulipwood, reaches its known southern limit at Tulipwood Flora ReseIVe and 1260 Flora ReseIVe. However, some plants are known from the Bellinger Valley (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales, 1260 Flora ReseIVe, Worldng Plan No. 111). .

Heliciajerruginea, rusty helicia, occurs above the falls on Woolgoolga Creek outside the Flora ReseIVe at its most southerly location. TIlis is a disjunct location as it nonnally occurs from Lismore north.

Melicope erythrococca, tingletongue, occurs onTulipwoodFloraReseIVe. Itisthe onlyknown occurrence south ofPikapene near Casino.

Parsonsia sp. B is avine recorded from several sites in the upperBellingerRiverjusteast ofBishops Creek and Horseshoe Road. It is restricted in distribution to the area from the Upper Bellinger River to Woolgoolga (Gilmour 1993). Itis considered rare on the north coast ofNew South Wales (Harden 1991) but is not recorded in the April 1993 draft ROTAP.

Petalostigma triloculare, longleaved bitterbark, has aknown southern distribution at 1260FloraReseIVe, Bagawa State Forest. Itis well developed in some dry rainforest gullies. Although itis growing on the coast here, it is also found in dry scrub forest on the north-west slopes ofNew South Wales.

Polymeria longijolia. One plant was recorded at Wells Crossing Flora ReseIVe in 1987. TIlis is awestern species with a disjunct location on the coast. It nonnally occurs north ofGunnedah on the north­ west slopes (Harden 1991).

Tricoryne anceps ssp. pterocaulon was located at Plum Pudding Road, Conglomerate State Forest. Its most southerly distribution has been extended by this fmding. Ithas been recorded by JeffThomas ofthe National Parks and Wildlife SeIVice atGrafton during the NationalParks and Wildlife SeIVice Bio-diversity Studies.

There are a number ofplants that reach their southern distribution limits at Bundagen Flora ReseIVe and the BellingerRiver. TheseincludeTylophoracrebrijlora (onlyknownlocationsouthofLismore),Dysoxylum muelleri and Triunia youngiana. Galeola joliata, a great climbing orchid that depends on decaying vegetation for sUIVival, is represented by one known plant in the BundagenFloraReseIVe which is its most southerly known occurrence.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 54 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 3. CONSERVATION OF PLANT COMMUNITIES

Hager and Benson (1994) have summarised the- conservation status of overstorey associations in northeastern New South Wales. This provides a reasonable basis for conservation assessment but their report presents difficulties because ofthe lack ofadequate site-specific data or, in some cases, data for the existing reserve system state-wide. Any current Hager and Benson assessment is likely to be conservative as further investigations may reveal some communities to be better conserved than originally thought There are also problems with the subjective nature ofcommunity definitions which cannot be related to aconsistent data base. Some associations clearly need more investigation and as currently defined appear to include a range of species assemblages, or do not adequately reflect assemblages as they occur in the field.

Eucalypt forest overstorey communities have been assessed by comparing the plot data and the communities resulting from floristic classification with those defined by Hager and Benson. Rainforest communities derived from the floristic classification are assessed from Floyd (1990). There is no adequate basis for assessing conservation status ofthe non-eucalypt ("understorey") component ofeucalypt forests, which would be difficult in any case because of the short-term dynamics of understorey composition. Shrub communities on rock outcrops and sedge lands and in wet heaths are floristically very distinct from forest understorey communities. They are of restricted extent and should be considered of potential conservation significance, especially since many ofthe significant species in the Management Area occur only in these communities. No special consideration ofconservation status ofeucalypt forest understorey, separate from overstorey, seems warranted at this stage, since understorey types ofpossible conservation significance are associated with significant overstorey communities.

In subsequent discussion, overstorey communities defined in this report are prefixed by "URov" and associations defined by Hager and Benson are prefixed by EF, RF, OF, and WT. The conservation status of overstorey communities is summarised in Table 1.

Rainforest communities are adequately reserved except for Group 31

Generally, the Hager and Benson (1994) LT 1class (less than 1% conserved) occ;urs in disturbed areas in the Urunga Management Area. Most of the types in this classification are located in easily accessible locations in dry forest types which are subjected to frequent disturbance from logging, grazing and fire.

Wetsclerophyllcommunities are generally inadequately reserved on aregional basis. Lophostemon confertus is 3 LT 5 I which indicates that it is inadequately reserved, that moderate areas are reserved but the major part ofits range is unreserved. There were four plots in Group 1(Lophostemon confertus), three ofwhich are within Flora Reserves on State Forests.

Group 25 is an unusual community ofE. umbra/E. saligna and Callitris macleayana that was identified injustone plot (NUWIL062) nearTimmsvale. While the species found are common inothercommunities, they occur together here in awet sclerophyll forest. E. umbra and Allocasuarina littoralis normally occur in dry open forests. The analysis showed that the understorey was also unique and formed a group of its own. The extent ofthis unique association should be determined to make ajudgement about reservation.

The blackbutt group offorests is moderately well reserved. This is the most common community in the Urunga Management Area and covers approximately 61,000 hectares of the study area. Itis reserved in Bruxner Park Flora Reserve and Waihou Flora Reserve. Itmay occur in other reserves to alesser degree. E. pyrocarpa, large fruit~d blackbutt, is limited in its distribution and may not be adequately reserved on a regional basis (Hager and Benson 1994). However, it is adequately reserved in the Management Area in Waihou Flora Reserve and Sherwood Nature Reserve.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW sourn WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 55 E. rwnmeryi (Group 6) is poorly reserved on a regional basis. However, it occurs in 1260 Flora Reserve, Madmans Creek flora Reserve and Tulipwood Flora Reserve within the Urunga Management Area. It is common in localised areas. In Nana Creek State Forest west of Coffs Harbour there is a large stand of regrowth E. rummeryi. The species appears to regenerate readily.

E. fibrosa/E. henryi (Group 19) is reserved in Glenugie Peak Flora Reserve and Wells Crossing Flora Reserve.

Casuarina cunninghamiana has no reservation status. Itoccurs along rivers and streams in the study area but not in Flora Reserves.

E. campanulata (Group 13) is adequately reserved on State Forests in other Management Areas and in National Parks. It is reserved in the Management Area in Thumb Creek State Forest and New England National Park adjacent to Oakes State Forest and Bellinger River State Forest

E. planchoniana (Group 21) in association withE. baileyana and Angophora robur is reserved from <25 % to >25% ofits range (Hagerand Benson 1994). It is reserved in Waihou Flora Reserve.

E. tetrapleura (Group 24) is endemic to the area bounded by Halfway Creek and Grafton and is adequately reserved in Wells Crossing Flora Reserve and is also found in Glenugie Peak Flora Reserve.

E. robusta and Melaleuca quinquenervia are recorded in ten sites and four sites respectively. They are adequately reserved (Hager and Benson 1994). Continued expansion of development in the wetlands along the coast near Coffs Harbour could reduce these communities therefore consideration should be given to reserving an area ofthis community close to the coast. Alimited numberofE. robusta are reserved in Waihou Flora Reserve and Wells Crossing Flora Reserve.

Conservation status ofAvicennia marina (grey mangrove) cannot be determined due to lack ofdata and therefore is most likely inadequately reserved (Hager and Benson 1994). Itoccurs in the ManagementArea in Nambucca State Forest and Newry State Forest where it is presently protected by P.M.P classification 1.1.7, Special Emphasis, Flora and Fauna Protection. Bog and fen sites in Group 45 are associated with the grey mangrove sites and should be considered for reservation also.

4. RESERVATION OF COMMUNITIES

The reservation status by Hager and Benson (1994) is the best available in developing a conservation strategy. The following criteria have been used in developing a vegetation community conservation strategy for the Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management area.

1. For communities which may be consistently related to overstorey communities and associations assessed as adequately reserved in the central zone defined by Hager and Benson (1994), no additional conservation measures are proposed.

2. Forinadequately reserved communities ormap units (Hager and Benson category 2), or those which appear not to readily relate to Hager and Benson associations, any known areas which have been little disturbed by logging are proposed to be reserved, such that at least 10% ofthe estimated extent ofsuch communities in Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management area is reserved. Ifinsufficient orno such areas exist, a representative example ofpreviously logged forest, to give a combined area of approximately 10% of the estimated extent in the management area, is proposed to be managed primarily for flora conservation. In the short term, further logging would be excluded from these latter areas. In the longer term, management would be guided by results of a planned flora monitoring program. Provided the results could be demonstrated with sufficient confidence, this

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 56 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 would not necessarily exclude timber halVest and may require only minor modification of haIVestingproposals. Insome cases, itmay require managementdesigned to accelerate development ofold growth characteristics as far as possible, through appropriate silvicultural and fire regimes. Such regimes may exclude further logging, or may require low intensity selective thinning.

3. For poorly reselVed communities (Hager and Benson category 1), or those which clearly do not match any association and which appear distinct and of potentially high significance, a higher minimum proportion shOuld be reselVed or classified as flora conselVation priority.

In the present study, the locations ofproposed additional reselVes have been chosen subjectively on the basis ofmapped ForestTypes, sUlVey plot data and, where appropriate, more extensive obselVations made during the field sUlVey, giving preference to the least disturbed examples ofcommunities as determined from a combination offield obselVations and recorded disturbance histories. Although the sUlVey area was extensively traversed, the sUlVey represents only a sample ofthe total area and in some cases a better (more "representative" or less disturbed) alternative reselVe location may exist.

(a) Existing State Forest Reserves

1260 Flora ReselVe

This is a significant ReselVe because it contains a range of geologic types and a variety ofplant communities representative ofnorth coastforests. Among thoseoflocalsignificance arePetalostigma triloculare which is near the southern end of its distribution and E. rummeryi and E. pyrocarpa which are both restricted inoccurrence. ForestTypes include 1(booyong), 5(booyong/coachwood), 21 (hoop pine), 37 (dry blackbutt), 3~ (large fruited blackbutt), 47 (tallowwood/blue gum), 48 (flooded gum), 53 (brush box) and 74 (spotted gum - ironbark/grey gum). Unusual plants include thepreviouslymentionedPetalostigmatriloculareaswellasHarpulliapendula,Flindersiaaustralis and E. pyrocarpa. Rare plants include E. rummeryi (3RC-) and Quassia sp. 1 (2E).

Bruxner Park. Flora ReselVe

Although a range ofForest Types can be found in the ReselVe, it contains primarily subtropical rainforest with booyong and coachwood in the gullies and lower slopes. The lower slopes also contain scattered E. grandis which frequently overtop the rainforest. The mid slopes composition isE.microcorys,E.saligna and Lophostemon confertus. The ridge sites are composed ofE. pilularis.

Bundagen Flora ReselVe

The vegetation is diverse at Bundagen with over 100 species recorded (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1989c). The topography is flat to undulating with acliffatthe southern edge. The ReselVe is an excellent example oflittoral rainforest and is the only example ofthe Type reselVed on State Forests in northern New South Wales. E. pilularis, Banksia integrifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia and Casuarina glauca are found behind the littoral zone. Lophostemon confertus (headland brush box) occurs at the southern edge along the cliffs.

Killiecrankie Flora ReselVe

AnumberofForestTypesarefound inthis ReselVe. The subtropicalrainforestallianceArgyrodendron actinophyllum (FIoyd 1990) is the primary community onthe south easterly aspect. ForestType 23, myrtle rainforest, occurs in the heads ofgullies, Lophostemon confertus and E. pilularis occur on mid slopes andE. campanulata occurs onthe ridges. Astunted form ofE. notabilis (Blue Mountains mahogany) is found inForestType 163 along rocky ridge tops (Forestry CommissionofNew South Wales, Killiecrankie Flora ReselVe Working Plan).

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 57 League.Scrub Flora Reserve

This excellent example ofsubtropical rainforest (Forest Type 3 - corkwood/sassafras/crabapple / silver sycamore) occurs on basalt soils. Itcontains a greater richness ofspecies than Killiecrankie Flora Reserve (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989b). Other communities that occur here are typical of the upper Nambucca Valley and include Forest Type 23 (myrtle rainforest), 37 (dry blackbutt), 47 (tallowwood/blue gum), 53 (brush box) and 62 (grey gum/grey ironbark/white mahogany). The myrtle rainforest extends over 100 ha in gullies with shallow soils. Blackbutt is found on the mid slopes and lower ridges. Tallowwood/blue gum is found in sheltered sites and grey gum is found on rocky ridges.

Madmans Creek Flora Reserve

This Reserve has a variety ofForest Types which include some that are rare, limited or unusual (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales, Madmans Creek Flora Reserve Working Plan). Among the Types occurring here are 21 (dry rainforest), 23 (myrtle), 37 (blackbutt), 38 (large fruited blackbutt), 40 (blackbutt/scribbly gum), 48 (flooded gum), 49 (turpentine), 53 (brush box), 60 (narrow leaved white mahogany/red mahogany/grey ironbark/grey gum), 62(grey gum/grey ironbark/ white mahogany), 74 (spotted gum/grey gum), 87 (steel box), and 97 (needlebark stringybark). The Reserve includes a good representative population ofE. maculata and E. rummeryi (3RC-).

Newry Golden Wattle Preserve

This site was selected to preserve Acacia chrysotricha (2R) which is endemic to the area. Itoccurs in Newry State Forest on Rocky WharfRoad on dry, blackbutt ridges and·in semi-moist gullies. The wattle is scattered in groups and some specimens have grown to large tree size (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales 1989c)

Red Scrub Forest Preserve

This Preserve contains Toona ciliata and E. dunnii (3RCa). There are alarge number ofregenerating red cedar and some very large E. dunnii growing on basalt derived soils. This is the only present reservation ofE. dunnii in the Management Area otherthan through P.M.P. 1.1.7 classification. The understorey is a low and poorly formed dry rainforest. This Preserve could be upgraded to a Flora Reserve to protect the E. dunnii which is otherwise reserved only at Tooloom Scrub Flora Reserve near Urbenville.

Ringwood Flora Reserve

This Reserve contains a well established stand ofBackhousia anisata. Anotable species that occurs here is Dicksonia youngiae. The majority ofthe Reserve is subtropical rainforest containing Forest Types 2 (yellow carabeen), 11 (coachwood/crabapple), and 23/26 (myrtle/viney scrub) and also ForestTypes 47 (tallowwood/blue gum), 48 (flooded gum), and 53 (brush box) all ofwhich are found in the gullies and along the lower slopes. Blackbutt occurs on the ridges (drier phase Forest Type 37) and on mid slopes (moister phase Forest Type 36).

Scotts Head Forest Preserve

This reserve was established to preserve fauna (koalas), flora (Melaleuca groveana) and archaeologicall aboriginalvalues. The mountain consistsofForestType 37 (dry blackbutt),41 (blackbutt/bloodwood/ apple), 62n4 (grey gum /grey ironbark/white mahogany and spotted gum/grey box) and asmall area of53 (brush box).

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 58 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Tulipwood Flora Reserve

TIle Eucalyptus species in this Reserve occupy the ridges that surround a,dry rainforest with ahoop pine overstorey. The eucalypts vary from grey box/grey ironbark(ForestType 80) to red gum/rough barked apple (Forest Type 65) which IS found at Sheep Station Creek. The dry rainforest occurs on basalt derived soils and covers athird ofthe Reserve. Anumber ofspecies not generally found south of the Richmond Valley are found here (F.C., Tulipwood Flora Reserve Working Plan). These species include Melicope erythrococca, Harpullia pendula and Flindersia australis.

Waihou Flora Reserve

This is alarge Reserve ofdry, open forest. It contains dry sclerophyll plant communities located on sandy soils on asandstoneescarpmentwhichis more typical ofthe Hawkesbury region. The southern side ofthe Reserve below the cliffs harbours a moist community. The plateau itselfcontains heath and sedge communities which are submerged from time to time. Some ofthe species ofinterest are Olearia stilwelliae (3RCa) and E. baileyana, which occurs at its most southern limit. The Reserve also contains one ofthe largest E. planchoniana communities (1260 ha) on the north coast

Wells Crossing Flora Reserve

This Reserve is located on poor soils in flat to undulating terrain. The Forest Types include 31/92 (paperbark/red gum), 65 (forest red gmn!grey gum - grey ironbark/rough barked apple), 92 (forest red gum), 97 (needlebark stringybark), 119 (scribbly gum/bloodwood) and 129 (rough barked apple). ForestType 65 covers 60% ofthe Reserve (Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales, Wells Crossing Flora Reserve Working Plan 1989). E. tetrapleura (2VCa) is endemic to the area. The primary associated species are E. bancroftii, E. fibrosa and Angophora woodsiana. Despite its uninspiring appearance, this Reserve contains a diversity of species that occur in a limited range between CoffsHarbourand Grafton. Significantspecies inc1udeE. tetrapleura, E. robustaandBursaria longisepala.

Wonga Wanga Flora Reserve

This Reserve is virtually undisturbed and includes a stand ofwann temperate rainforest dominated by Ceratopetalum apetalum (coachwood). Some species, however, are more closely identified with subtropical rainforest. The Reserve contains very large Sloanea woollsii (yellow carabeen) and the second tallest Gmelina leichhardtii (white beech), (Forestry Commission of New South Wales, WongaWangaFloraReserve Working Plan). Inhigherelevations there are stands ofwetsclerophyll forests dominated by Lophostemon confertus. Three notable species that occur here are Amorphospermum whitei (3RCa), rusty plum, Austrobuxus swainii (3RCa) and Alloxylonpinnatwn (3RCa). '

Woolgoolga Creek Flora Reserve

This is a reserve ofsubtropical rainforest and wet sc1erophyll forests but includes some drier types on the upper slopes. The mosaic ofForest Types reflects differing soil types and the impact ofpast logging. Despite fires the rainforest is not retreating. ForestTypes 1(booyong),2 (yellow carabeen) and 5 (coachwood) continue to grow here. Other Forest Types include 36 (moist blackbutt), 37 (dry blackbutt), 48 (flooded gum), 53 (brush box), and 74 (spotted gum - ironbark/grey gum).

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 59 ------_._-- -

The following preserves are notnecessarily conserved under the ForestPreserve program. They have been set aside under P.M.P. 1.3 (preserved Native Forest) because they are have specific scientific or recreational values.

Battery Road Preserve

This area of moist hardwood was set aside as a representative ofForest Types in the area when adjoining areas were logged and converted to plantations. This Preserve is being recommended for upgrading to full Flora Reserve status. However a recent wildfire has destroyed part ofthis reserve and it may be appropriate to reassess this reserve in twelve months to two years to determine its recovery rate.

Bird Preserve

This area has been reserved since the 1960s. It is a well developed patch ofmoist hardwood with associated rainforest elements that include bangalow palms (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana).

Blue Knob Top Preserve

An area reserved in the early 1960s possibly when the road was built. It is highly visible and the majority ofit is inaccessible for logging due to the steepness ofthe terrain. It consists ofmainly Forest Type 37 (dry blackbutt) with some 163 (New'England blackbutt), 62 (grey gum/grey ironbark/white mahogany) and 47 (tallowwood/Sydney blue gum).

Boot Hill Preserve

This is a small reserve which was excluded from logging to enhance its value for recreational purposes when the Horseshoe Road was being constructed in the 1960s. No recreation development has occurred oris likely to occur. The Forest Types are 37 (dry blackbutt) and 163 (New England blackbutt).

Browns Knob and Pigeon Gully Preserve

These two areas have been set aside as a result ofstudies carried out for the Urunga/Coffs Harbour EIS and are included in the Additional Reserve Recommendations section ofthis report. The area contains a number ofplant communities that are typical ofHawkesbury sandstone sites. The forest varies from dry sclerophyll sandstone communities to moist hardwood (ForestType 53 and 48) and rainforest.

Burns Scrub Forest Preserve

This area has been nominated as an area ofspecial significance by the local community as the result offlorastudies carried outfor this report. It consists ofalarge dry rainforest community as discussed in the Additional Reserve Recommendations section ofthis report.

Cabbage Palm Forest Preserve

This was vacant crown land dedicated as State Forest in 1974 specifically to protect the scattered cabbage tree palms (Livistona australis) which were found in a grassy paddock that had been repeatedly burned and grazed. This area was originally rainforest.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 60 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Dorrigo Escarpment Preserve

This reserve was set aside following discussions in the early 1980s with the National Parks and Wildlife Service on the management of State Forests adjoining National Parks in the Bellinger Management Area. Itincludes unlogged rainforest areas on the escarpment following the northern boundary ofBellinger River State Forest. There are 720 ha in this preserve including 422 ha ofsub tropical rainforest and 123 ha ofForest Type 47 (tallowwood/Sydney blue gum) and 50 ha ofType 53 (brush box).

Freshwater Creek Preserve

This is a small reserved area ofForest Type 47 (tallowwood/Syd!1ey blue gum) containing a good population of bangalow palms (Livistona australis).

Little Mount Coramba and Mount Coramba Preserves

Both areas are generally undisturbed. They are both locally visible peaks and are notable because they contain both sub-tropical and wann-temperate rainforests. They have been affected by severe wildfires in the past, particularly in 1942. There may also be aboriginal significance attached to the summit ofLittle Mount Coramba.

Middle Ridge Preserve

An unlogged stand ofmoist blackbutt (Forest Type 36), initially set aside for research purposes to assess changes in forest ecosystems as a result of forest operations.

Rocky Knob Preserve

This is an area excluded from logging to preserve large, mature blackbutt killed in a 1963 wildfire and to serve as a general scientific reference area. The current management plan for Macksville Management Area recommends that reservation cease when the Preserve's value as a fire damage reference point is no longer important.

Scotehman's Park Preserve

This area was initially excluded from logging when Horseshoe Road was being constructed in the 1960s to enhance its value for recreational purposes. No recreational development has occurred or is likely to occur. It consists of dry blackbutt (Type 37) and moist blackbutt (Type 36).

Singing Stone Road Preserve

This is a 13 ha stand ofunlogged sub-tropical rainforest at Brooklana State Forest.

Way Way Creek Preserve

The purpose of this reserve was to set aside an area for recreation as well as to preserve a good example ofmoist hardwood (tallowwood/Sydney blue gum) and rainforest.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 61 (b) Additional Reserve recommendations

The following are suggested reservations or strategies to follow for the conservation of specific communities and species.

1. 'Browns Nob - Newfoundland State Forest

This areashouldbesetaside.because ofitshighlydiverse flora and fauna as described by Kavanaghs (unpubl. data) and Smith6 (unpubl. data). Among the species found here are Doryanthes excelsa and E. rummeryi. E. rummeryi is also presently reserved in three existing Flora Reserves in the Management Area.

2. Umdumbarra Creek - Orara West State Forest

This is a very well developed rainforest containing Bosistoafloydii (2RCi) (Floyd, pers. comm.). It is bounded by Comlaroi Road, Hartley's Ridge Road and the State Forest boundary. Floyd considers this to beone ofthe bestexamples ofsubtropical rainforest inthe local area. Recentfield checking of the catchment resulted in the location of a number of unusual species. The most significantoftheseisBosistoafloydii, whichoccurs inthemidtoupperareaofthecatchment. 'There are some large trees to 20 m high and an abundance of smaller trees of this species. It is recommended that this site be temporally reserved underP.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest, until a Flora Reserve can be established.

3. Deadmans Gully - Mistake State Forest

7 ThisisthelargestpopulationofBosistoafloydii(2Rci) yetfoundonStateForests (Tweedie , unpubl. data). Itis abundant in creeks and gullies in compartments 359, 357 and 356 Mistake State Forest. The site has previously been recommended for reservation under P.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest, bythe District inthe Mistake State Forest Environmental Impact Statement (pers. comm.). It occurs in Forest Type 23 (myrtle). The reservation of Deadmans Gully should adequately preserve Bosistoafloydii as there are more than 1000 plants in this proposed site.

4. Rocky WharfRoad - Newry State Forest

Thisareais significantbecause oftheoccurrenceofAcaciachrysotrica (2R). Itis presentlyreserved under P.M.P. 1.1.7, Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection, and there is an additional proposalfor a FloraReserve. TheplantisendemictotheNewryStateForestarea. Themostsuitable time to determine the exactlocation ofthe plants is late winter and early spring when itis inflower.

5. Woolgoolga Creek Flora Reserve - Wedding Bells State Forest

Canthium lamprophyllum, Helicia jerruginea, Alloxylon pinnatum (3Rca) and some very large Ceratopetalum gummiferum occur 500 m upstream from the falls outside of the Flora Reserve. These species are ofspecial significance because they are either a disjunct population oroccur at theirmost southern location. The area is presently reserved under P.M.P. 1.1.7, Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection. It is recommended that the Flora Reserve boundaries be extended to incorporate these species giving them a more permanent reservation status.

S Kavanagh, R. (1991). Owl surveys, northern New South Wales. Research Division. Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales.

6 Smith, A. (1993). Fauna report for Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management Area Environmental Impact report. Forestry Commission ofNew South Wales.

7 Tweedie, T.D. (1992). Location ofBosistoafloydii for proposed Flora Reserve. For. Comm. NSW internal report, Coffs Harbour.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 62 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 6. Pine Creek State Forest

E. robusta. swamp mahogany, is not adequately reserved on the coastal strip on State Forest It occurs at PineCreek in plot NUPINOO7 with aLivistona australis understorey. Itis recommended that the current area classified as P.M.P. 1.1.7 on wetlands to the north- east ofPine Creek State Forestbeextended to include additional areas ofForestType 30 (swamp mahogany). There are two main gullies in this area that have good representative samples ofthis Type.

7. Nambucca State Forest and Newry State Forest

These two sites contain grey mangrove and bog/fen communities (Urov44 and Urus35) which are notnormally found on State Forests. The Nambucca site is currently protected under P.M.P. 1.1.7, Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection, and the Newry site is classified as P.M.P. 1.2, Undeveloped Native Forest It is recommen4ed that areas at Nambucca State Forest remain as P.M.P. 1.1.7. However the Newry State Forest classification should be changed to P.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest, along Picket Hill Creek and the area ofHogan Creek north ofMartells Road. Mangrove communities are quite sensitive ~ disturbance and need special management guidelines for protection. Abuffer of30 m should be incorporated into the boundaries when they are determined.

8. Tallowwood Point - Tuckers Nob State Forest

The WaterhousiafloribundalTristaniopsis laurina /Casuarina cunninghamiana community found here is not common and needs reservation as it is not otherwise reserved in the Management Area. It is found in the recreation area at Tallowwood Point Field surveys have been conducted and a good representative sample ofthis community was found along the Never Never River. Due to the occurrence ofthis community in anarrow riparian strip itcould bestbe reserved under P.M.P. 1.1.7, Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection (wildlife corridor criteria).

9. Burns Scrub - Kangaroo River State Forest

This is alarge, dryrainforestcommunityconsistingofBackhousiasciadophora!Dendrochnide excelsa (URov39). Itshould be reserved underP.M.P. 1.3, PreservedNative Forest, because itis uncommon in the area. Reservation was also recommended by Floyd (1990).

10. Timmsvale - Wild Cattle Creek State Forest

There are a number of vegetation communities at this site that are ofspecial interest. The first is Group 25 -Eucalyptus umbra!E. saligna/Callitrismacleayana- (plotNUWIL062) whichis discussed earlierin this report. Further surveys have been carried out to determine its extent. An area to the north ofthe plot has already been reserved as P.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest. The area of interest is bounded by the Timmsvale Road in the south, Battery Road to the west and Little Nymboida River to the north and east.

An area ofE. saligna is found here and would seem to meet the requirements ofHager and Benson (1994) who note that there is little reserved undisturbed high site quality E. saligna. The stand is predominantly Forest Type 46b (low site quality) but includes some high quality Type 46a. Althoughthe site was selectivelylogged many years ago the stand has aminimally disturbed canopy and subcanopy.

Another special plantfound here is Callitris macleayana which is located onthe highestpoint inthis stand and runs down to the mid slopes. The Callitris reaches heights of35 mand achieves diameters of50 to 75 cm DBHOB. Leptospermum polygalijolium and Hakea macreana also occur here and

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 63 are quite large reaching 20 to 25 m in height and 25 to 30 cm DBHOB. Hakea macreana, shown as a rare plant inTable 2, is ofspecial interest and may be reclassified by taxonomists in the future to distinguish it from its southern fonn (FIoyd, pers. comm.). If this occurs it will become a threatened species. Another feature ofthe site is the old battery mines that could be a significant Europeanhistorical site. Given all ofthese special characteristics ofthe site it is recommended that itbe set aside under P.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest, with progression towards dedicating it as a Flora Reserve. A recent wildfire has destroyed part ofthis reserve and it would be appropriate to reassess its status intwelve months time to detennine its recovery rate before recommending it for full Flora ReselVe status. Itappears to have been burnt severely along the western ridge but the fire has not affected the large Callitris macleayana. This community is not reselVed and there is no data on conselVation status (Hager and Benson 1994).

11. Buffer Creek., Never Never State Forest

Endiandra compressa occurs here as a disjunct population in a remnant rainforest gully. Due to the heavy disturbance ofthe area and the narrow structure ofthe rainforest patches itis recommended that this location on Buffer Creek be reserved under P.M.P. 1.1.7., Special Emphasis Flora and Fauna Protection.

12. Moleton .;, Kangaroo River State Forest

Thegoalhere would be to reselVeE. dunnii (3RCa) byincludingitwithin anextensionofthe existing reselVe for Toona ciliata (red cedar) at Red Scrub Forest PreselVe. This could be achieved by adopting a more restrictive management regime for the P.M.P. 1.1.7, Flora and Fauna Protection, that occurs southofBlackMountain Road and where itadjoins the southernendofRed Scrub Forest PreselVe. It would not be feasible to upgrade this area to P.M.P. 1.3, Preserved Native Forest, because it has been highly disturbed by logging, fires and grazing. It is recommended that the originalprescriptions for Red ScrubForestPreselVe remain. However, the area to the south and east ofthe PreselVe should remain as 1.1.7 with reduced disturbance by fire to allow regeneration to occur.

13. Quassia spp. 1 (2E)

It is recommended that sUlVeys be conducted before logging within 2 km of the last rmding of Quassia spp. 1 at 1260 Flora ReselVe on Timber Top Rail Siding. A sUlVey conducted in March 1994 found over300plants on OraraEastStateForestnearapriorfinding onprivateland. The recent findings have been mapped and a P.M.P. 1.1.7 Flora and Fauna Protection has been recommended which includes a50m buffer. It is recommended thatfurther surveys on awider scale be conducted to determine the extentofthis species in OraraEastStateForestbefore amore pennanentreselVation status is implemented.

14. Eucalyptus psammitica (3K)

This species probably occurs in Newfoundland State Forest and Conglomerate State Forest and is described as locally frequent but restricted in its habitat. It is easily confused with E. carnea and E. umbra. Itis recommended that likely sites be surveyed for this species prior to logging,and, if found, a stand be set aside until a reselVe can be determined.

15. Sarcochilusjitzgeraldii (3VC-)

Thespeciesis found onrockoutcrops, in rainforests and inotherareasunlikelyto bedirectly affected by management except by increased access from new road building. In known areas October surveys are recommended to locate the plant when it is flowering and can be distinguished from S. aequalis.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 64 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 16. Forest Type 46/46A - Eucalyptus.saligna

Type 46 and 46a include about 900 ha in the Management Area most ofwhich is ex APM land with ahistory ofdisturbance. This ForestType was included in the moist hardwoods for survey purposes. Howeverplots were not established in this Type due to inaccessibility orlackofsuitable undisturbed locations. Itis. however. aForestType ofconcern as it is assessed as being poorly reserved by Hager and Benson (1994). Reservation has been covered under Recommendation 10.

17. Scotts Head Flora ReselVe

A Flora Reserve has been proposed for Scotts Mountain in Way Way State Forest. One of the features ofScotts Mountain is the presence ofMelaleuca groveana (3VC-). Although it was not recorded in this survey. it was recorded in a previous survey in Way Way State Forest by Doug Binns. Other features of the proposed Reserve include a koala population and archaeologicaV aboriginal values. It is recommended that this Flora Reserve proposal be adopted.

18. Ingalba State Forest. Forest Type 62a/74a.

This Forest Type is poorly reserved on State Forests in an undisturbed condition. A relatively undisturbed site has been located within Ingalba State Forest to the west ofand including Mungay Mountain. The topography.varies from steep to low moderate slopes which provides a broad range of topographic positions for the Type. The lower slopes contain some large ironbarks > 154 cm DBHOB). Eucalyptus fusiformis (2RC-) is common here particularly on the ridges and there are some large specimens. Because this Type is not well represented and E.fusiformis occurs here in abundance. it is recommended that this area be set aside to reserve ForestType 62a/74a underP.M.P. 1.3. Preserved Native Forest, awaiting formal dedication as a Flora Reserve.

5. IMPACTS OF DISTURBANCE

Logging, fire and grazing are the major disturbances that have affected the Urunga/Coffs Harbour Management Area. The impacts have been analysed by Douglas Binns (see Addendum) using the data gathered in this survey. The Urunga and Coffs Harbour Districts have been logged extensively over the past 70 years. The stratification ofplots according to recently logged and older logging was necessitated by the fact that only limited unlogged areas remain. Unlogged areas are generally found on inaccessible slopes and along watercourses. Extensive timber stand improvement (T.SJ.) work was carried out in the 1960s and 1970s which reduced the number ofresidual mature or immature but non-commercial trees that remained in the stands following logging. The effects ofT.S.L on stand composition and structure have not been quantified but it would appear that short-term species diversity has been affected.

The opening up of rainforests canopy by logging or natural disturbance appears to have resulted in domination ofthe understorey by mesic vines. Examples ofthis can be found in Wild Cattle Creek State Forest near Cascade. BruxnerPark is an example ofalogged area that now has awell advanced rainforest. The recovery ofrainforest following logging disturbance has been well documented (Home 1982 and King 1983).

Fire has been an integral part offorest ecosystems in the study area for thousands ofyears. More recently controlled burning has been regularly used for fuel reduction in dry sclerophyll and woodland forests on the coast and adjacent ranges to reduce the intensity ofthe frequently occurring natural wildfires. Forests on the sandstone belt northwest of Coffs Harbour have undergone regular burning. A majority of the species inthese frequently burned stands are fire tolerantmembers oftheProteaceae andXanthorrhoeaceae families.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW 65 Fire freque~cy rather than fire itself is the greater concern as frequent fires reduce the opportunity for Eucalyptus regeneration to become established and may contribute to a lack ofspecies diversity.

Wet sc1erophyll forests have burned less frequently because oftheir higher moisture levels. Because of the limited number of fires that occur in this Type the impact on vegetation is not always apparent. However, in very dry conditions severe wild fires will cause short-term damage to the moist understorey and, in particular, rainforest species. Ithas been shown thattree regeneration is significantly increased in wet sclerophyll forests that experience a post logging bum (King 1984). .

8 Unpublished data (Mackowski ) collected by Floyd and Tweedie at Chapman'sPlains Flora ReselVe and Edward's' Plains Flora ReselVe indicates that regular burning at the ecotone between dry and moist sclerophyll communities causes the moister communities to recede restricting the succession ofrainforest species that would normally become established under moist forests.

There appears to be more extensive grazing to the north and west ofCoffs Harbour and also to the south around Mistake StateForest and Oakes StateForest. Grazingeffects could notbe quantified in this sulVey.

6. WEEDS

Weed species form a small proportion of the overall flora composition in the area. Most are a minor componentofthe vegetative composition. Weeds can be introduced through disturbances such as roading, logging, fire and grazing. Sigesbeckia orientalis and Phytolacca octandra appeared in logged plots at OraraWest StateForest afterpostloggingburning. While some species ofweeds colonise prolifically after fire, their numbers are often reduced when fire and other disturbance becomes less frequent.

Lantana camara occurred in 82 plots over the study area. Fifty-seven plots were established in forests logged less than 12 years ago and lantana occurred in 61 % ofthese as measured by presence/absence. By comparison, lantana occurred in only 44% ofthe 61 plots established in areas logged greaterthan 12 years ago. This tends to confirm obselVations that lantana diminishes in the stands as regeneration forms a new canopy. Control oflantana along roads and tracks may be necessary to reduce spread ofthe species.

Parramatta grass (Sporobulus ajticanus) is a major weed problem on private property in the Urunga Management Area. It also occurs on roadsides within State Forests. State Forests ofNew South Wales is bound under the Noxious Weeds Act to control this species.

Groundsel bush (Bacharis halimifolia) is also a weed that requires control on State Forests ofthe Coffs Harbour area. Noogoora Burr (Xanthium occidentale) control has been implemented in the forests around the Valla area.

7. HARDWOOD PLANTATIONS

There were sevenplots established within hardwood plantations -NUTAR012, NUTUC013,NUPINO14, NUNEW015, NUTUCl14, NUWIL151, NUPIN160 (Appendix 2).

E. grandis is the primary planted species in the plots. However, the site at NUWIL15 1, Bopan Road in Wild Cattle Creek State Forest, was planted with E. grandis, E. pilularis and E. agglomerata. The E. agglomeratawas planted as partofaprovenancetrial across threelocations ineasternNew South Wales and isnotfound innativeforests inthe study area. NUTUC114 was planted withE. grandis and E. pilularis. NUPIN014 is a plantation more than 30 years old planted with E. grandis and E. pilularis.

8 Mackowski,CM. (1986). Letteronflle1217 NaturalSuccessionStudiesChapmansPlains andEdwardsPlains FloraReserves.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA ANDCOFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 66 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 There are otherhardwood plantations to the north west ofCoffs Harbour that were not surveyed. They are similarin floristic composition to those sites nearBellingen. The total number ofspecies found varied from 62 at Newry State Forest to 30 in Tarkeeth State Forest with an average over all plots of44.3 plant species perplot. This compares favourably with natural regeneration in moist forests. The three older plantations (> 30 years) had higher species diversity than did the four younger plantations. It appears that species diversity increase$ as the plantations grow older, particularly in moist locations such as Newry StateForest and Pine Creek State Forest Three of the younger plantations were on drier sites and this could have influenced species composition.

Lantana camara is a major problem in hardwood plantations and grows to five metres in height in some locations. Where there is disturbance lantana has dominated the understorey. Lantana appears to become suppressed as the tree canopy closes. However, it does remain in the stands and will become re-established afterdisturbance. Even though lantana is aweed it does appear occasionally to act as anurse crop for other species, particularly rainforest regeneration. Examples ofthis were found in plantations and in logged wet sclerophyll forests. Plot NUTUCl17 in Tuckers Nob State Forest demonstrates this effect.

8. SOF1WOOD PLANTATIONS

Three softwood plantations were surveyed. One was a plantation of the native species Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine) at Wild Cattle Creek State Forest while the other two were Pinus elliottii plantations in Barcoongere State Forest.

The hoop pine plantations appear to be growing well on sites that are well suited to the species.

However, thePinus elliottii plantations in Barcoongere State Forest are growing poorly because ofshallow soils, poor drainage and lack ofnutrients. In many areas the pines reach only 10 min height after 30 years. Thenatural regenerationis restricted to wattles, shrubs'and afew Eucalyptus and Angophoraspecies. Lantana is extremely dense in some parts of Barcoongere State Forest.

Research trials at Barcoongere State Forest have been analysed to determine the growth potential of various native species, including E. pilularis and E. pyrocarpa, that will be planted to return the pine plantations to native hardwoods (Forestry Commission of New South Wales 1982b).

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW 67 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank a number of people for their help and assistance in producing this report: Research Officer Douglas Binns for data analysis, document review and suggestions and Technical OfficerTraecey Brassil for assistance with data analysis. Forester Robert Onfray and Forest Assistant Ian Swan as well as all staffmembers ofthe Urunga Forestry Office. Alex Floyd, Phil Gilrnour and JeffThomas for their comments on rare plants in the study area. Charlie England for his assistance in relocating sites at Buffer Creek and comments on rare plants at Umdumbarra Creek and Woolgoolga Creek Flora Reserve and Ron Ballard for field assistance at Ingalba State Forest. .

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 68 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 REFERENCES

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Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1978). Management Planfor the Macksville Area. For. Comm. N.S.W.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW 69 Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1982a). ManagementPlanfor the BellingerArea. For. Comm. N.S.W. 28 pp.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1982b). Coffs Harbour Softwood Plantation Management Plan. For. Comm. N.S.W.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1984a). ManagementPlanfor UrungaManagement Area. For. Comm. N.S.W. 48 pp.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1984b). ManagementPlan for Coffs HarbourManagement Area. For. Comm. N.S.W. 800 pp.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1989a). Forest Types in New South Wales. For. Comm. N.S.W. Res. Note No. 17. 95 pp.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1989b). Leagues Scrub Flora ReselVe Working Plan, File NR6760.

Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. (1989c). ForestPreselVation in State Forests ofNew South Wales. For. Comm. N.S.W. Res. Note 47. 147 pp.

ForestryCommissionofN.S.W. (1993). PreferredManagementPriorityClassification. For. Comm. N.S.W. Forest Planning and Environment Series No. 2. 20 pp.

Gilmour, P. (1993). External report to Forestry Commission ofN.S.W. Urunga. Biodiversity Studies for National Parks and Wildlife SelVice.

Hager, T.C. and Benson,J.S. (1994). Reviewofthe conselVationstatus ofvegetationcommunities inNew South Wales - Part 3. Assessment ofthe conselVation status offorestplant communities in north eastern New South Wales. Final report to the Australian Heritage Commission. National Parks and Wildlife SelVice, Sydney. 37 pp + Appendices.

Harden, G,J. (ed.) (1990). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 1. N.S.W. Unit Press. 601 pp.

Harden, G,J. (ed.) (1991). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 2. N.S.W. Unit Press. 574 pp.

Harden, G.1. (ed.) (1992). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 3. N.S.W. Uni. Press. 717 pp.

Harden, G.J. (ed.) (1993). Flora ofNew South Wales. Vo!. 4. N.S.W. Unit Press. 775 pp.

Home, R. and Gwalter, J. (1982). The recovery ofrainforest overstorey following logging: I. Subtropical rainforest. Aust. For. Res. 13: 29-44

Johnson, L.A.S. and Hill, K. (1990). New taxa and combinations in Eucalyptus and Angophora (Myrtaceae). Telopea 4: 37-108.

Jones, D.L. (1988). Native Orchids of Australia. Reed. 656 pp.

King, G.e. (1984). Natural regeneration in wet sc1erophyll forest with an overstorey of Eucalyptus microcorys, E. saligna and Lophostemon confertus. Reprint from Aust. For. 48: 54-62.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES 70 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION,NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 King, G.C. and Chapman, W.S. (1983). Floristic composition and structure ofa rainforest 25 years after logging. Aust. J. Ecol. 8: 415-423.

Williams, J.B., Harden, G.J., MacDonald, WJ.F. (1984). Trees and Shrubs inRainforests ofNew South Wales and Southern Queensland. University ofNew England, Annidale. 142 pp.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FORESTRESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 71 APPENDIX 1

OCCURRENCE OF VASCULAR PLANTSPECIES BYBROAD VEGETATION TYPE AND LOGGING CATEGORY. SPECIES ARE LISTED ALPHABETICALLY BY FAMILY WITHIN CLASSES AND NOMENCLATURE.

• species not recorded in that category • naturalized species

Broad vegetation type: (refer to text) RF=Rainforest (ov31-39) WS=Coastal Wet Sclerophyll Forest (ovl,2,10,12,14-18,25,26) BBT=Blackbutt Forest (ov7,9,11,22) DS=Dry Sclerophyll Forest (ov3-6,8,19-21,23,24,27,41) NEH=Tablelands (New England Hardwood) Forest (ov13) SF=Swamp Sclerophyll Forest (ov28-30,43) SSD=Sedgeland and Sand Dune (ov44) SWD=Softwood Plantation (ov40,42)

Logging category: L1=logged <12yr L2=logged >12yr UL1=unlogged,loggable UL2=unlogged, unloggable (steep or non-forest), or rainforest

Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT DS NEH SF SSD SWD LI L2 ULI UL2 freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

Class PSILOPSIDA PSILOTACEAE Psilolum nudum 0.03 0.Q3 Class LYCOPSIDA SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella uliginosa 2 0.11 0.25 0.05 Class FILICOPSIDA ADIANTACEAE Adianlum aelhiopicum 8 0.03 0.02 0.14 011 0.Q7 0.05 0.Q3 AdiantumjomlOsum 12 0.21 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.Q7 0.11 Adianlum hispidulum 46 0.36 0.51 0.24 0.16 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.20 0.24 Adianlum silvalicum 2 0.Q7 0.03 0.05 'Cheilanlhes dislans 4 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.13 0.Q3 CheilOJllhes sieberi 4 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.03 Pellaeajalcala var.falcala 9 0.21 0.10 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.08 0.08 Pellaea paradoxa 9 0.Q7 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.03 ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium auslralasicum 25 0.79 0.23 0.02 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.25 0.02 0.15 0.39 Aspleniumj/accidulll 5 0.14 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.08 ATHYRIACEAE Diplazium auslrale 6 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.05 BLECHNACEAE Blechnum carlilagineum 78 0.14 0.77 0.66 0.71 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.69 0.27 0.18 Blechnum nudum 4 0.07 0.33 0.02 0.08 Blechnulll palersonii 11 0.50 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.16 Blechnulll wallsi, 4 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.08 Doodia aspera 51 0.54 0.34 0.24 0.25 0.39 0.31 0.27 0.16 Doodia caudala 1 0.03 0.02 CYATHEACEAE Cyalhea auslralis 47 0.14 0.26 0.50 0.57 0.25 0.33 0.26 0.36 0.20 0.18 Cyalhea leichhardliOJla 28 0.71 0.26 0.12 0.14 0.Q7 0.23 0.26 DAVALLIACEAE Arlhropleris beckJeri 1 0.Q7 0.03 Arlhropleris lenella 11 0.50 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.18 Davallia pyxidala 8 0.14 0.03 0.14 0.05 0.05 0.05 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Hisliopleris incisa 1 0.11 0.03 Pleridiulll esculemum 79 0.33 0.72 0.32 0.57 0.56 1.00 0.67 0.44 0.60 0.13 DICKSONIACEAE Calochlaena dubia 73 0.44 0.66 0.16 0.71 0.33 0.25 1.00 0.54 0.54 0.20 0.16 Dicksonia youngiae I 0.07 0.03 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Arachniodeo' arislala 30 0.21 0.41 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.23 0.07 0.18 Laslreopsis acuminala 14 0.36 0.18 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.10 0.Q7 0.13 Laslreopsis decomposila 4 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.Q7 0.05 Laslreopsis microsora I 0.03 0.03 Laslreopsis munila 1 0.03 0.Q7 Polysliclllllll jallax 1 0.02 0.02

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 72 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2 freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

GLEICHENIACEAE G1eichenia dicarpa 1 0.11 0.Q3 Stichemsjlabellatlls 2 om 0.Q2 0.03 Stichems lobatlls 2 0.03 0.Q2 0.03 GRAMMITACEAE Grammitis billardieri 0.Q2 0.Q2 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum australe 1 0.Q2 0.03 Hymenophyllum CIIpressiforme 2 0.07 0.03 0.05 Hymenophyllum jlabellatllm I 0.Q3 0.03 Macroglena caudata I 0.07 0.Q3 LINDSAEACEAE Lindsaea brachypoda I 0.Q3 0.Q2 Lindsaea linearis 9 0.05 0.14 0.14 0.04 0.05 0.11 Lindsaea microphylla 2 0.02 0.03 0.Q2 0.Q2 POLYPODIACEAE Dictymia brownii I 0.07 0.Q3 0.25 0.07 0.Q3 Microsomm scandens 10 0.50 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.18 Platycerium bifllrcatum 34 0.64 0.28 0.12 0.08 0.43 0.11 0.Q4 0.33 0.20 0.24 Platycerium superbum 11 0.21 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.10 0.08 Pyrrosia c01if/uens 16 0.29 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.14 0.02 0.13 0.13 0.13 Pyrrosia rupestris 6 0.14 0.Q3 0.02 0.03 0.25 0.02 0.11 PTERIDACEAE Pteris tremula 5 0.10 0.Q3 0.05 0.02 0.03 Pteris umbrosa 3 0.14 0.Q3 0.03 0.Q3 SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium microphy/lum I 0.11 0.Q3 Schizaea bifida 2 0.05 0.02 0.Q3 THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella dentata 6 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 Class CYCADOPSIDA ZAMIACEAE Lepidozamia peroffskyana 18 0.13 0.19 0.Q3 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.07 0.05 Macrozamiajawcettii 9 0.05 0.16 0.09 0.03 0.07 0.03 Class CONIFEROPSIDA ARAUCARIACEAE Arallcaria cllnninghamii 9 0.29 0.08 0.Q3 0.33 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.05 CUPRESSACEAE Callitris macleayana 4 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.05 PINACEAE Pinlls elliolii 4 0,02 0.Q3 0.67 0.05 0.07 Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA - MAGNOLIIDAE ACANTHACEAE Psellderanthemum variabile 2 0.05 0.07 0.Q3 AKANIACEAE Akania IlIcens 7 0.29 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.08 ALANGIACEAE Alangium villosum ssp. polyosmoides 3 0.21 0.08 AMARANTHACEAE Deeringia amaranthoides 0.Q3 0.Q2 ANACARDIACEAE Euroschinusjalcata var.jalcata 16 0.07 0.26 0.05 0.05 0.18 0.07 0.05 ANNONACEAE Rallwenhoffia leichhardtii 6 0.21 0.05 0.02 0.Q2 0.05 0.07 0.03 APIACEAE Hydrocvtyle geraniifolia 3 0.03 0.33 0.05 Hydrocotyle laxiflora 1 0.11 0.07 Hydrocotyle species 2 0.03 0.02 0.Q2 0.05 Platysace ericoides 2 0.05 Trachymene incisa ssp. incisa 7 0.05 0.11 0.09 0.Q3 APOCYNACEAE 0.05 A(vxia mscifolia 3 0.14 0.Q2 0.02 Tabemaemontana pandacaqui 52 0.29 0.69 0.29 0.03 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.39 0.33 0.24 Melodinlls allstralis 4 0.14 0.05 0.02 0.08 Parsonsia brownii I 0.Q3 0.02 0.05 Parsonsiajlllvu 7 0.21 0.10 0.04 0.05 0.08 Parsonsia species A 11 0.07 0.10 0.Q9 0.33 0.07 0.05 0.07 Parsonsia straminea 26 0.07 0.21 0.12 0.05 0.14 0.67 0.33 0.16 0.11 0.07 0.24 ARALIACEAE Astrotricha latifolia 5 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 Cephalaralia cephalobotrys 17 0.21 0.21 0.Q9 0.Q3 0.07 0.16 0.07 0.11 Polyse/as elegans 31 0.07 0.41 0.19 0.08 0.18 0.25 0.13 0.Q2 Polyse/as murrayi 3 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.05 Po(vse/as sambucifolia 42 0.08 0.47 0.14 0.43 0.33 0.33 0.39 0.25 0.20 ASCLEPIADACEAE • Gomphocarpllsjnlticosus 5 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.04 0.Q3 0.07 Marsdenia rostrata 1 0.11 0.07 0.18 Marsdenia Iloydii 24 0.50 0.15 0.Q9 0.08 0.14 0.25 0.33 0.12 0.15 0.07 Tylophora paniculata 1 0.03 0.07

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 73 Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT DS NEH SF SSD SWD L1 L2 UL1 UL2 freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

ASTERACEAE Ageratina adenophora 6 0.07 0.03 0.25 0.Q7 0.02 0.03 Ageratina riparia I 0.07 0.02 Ambrosia artemisiifolia I 0.33 0.02 Baccharis halimifolia 9 0.05 0.44 0.67 0.05 0.02 0.13 0.08 Bidens pilosa 11 0.03 0.Q7 0.14 0.33 0.16 0.02 0.07 Cassinia compacta I 0.33 0.02 Cassinia leptocephala I 0.14 0.07 Chrysanthemoides monilifera var.rotundata 3 0.03 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.05 Cirsiunl ,'ulgare 13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.33 0.16 0.05 0.07 Conyza albida I 0.Q3 0.02 Erechtites valerianifolia I 0.11 0.07 Erigeron bonariensis I 0.02 0.02 Erigeronjloribundus I 0.Q3 0.02 Helichrysum elatum 4 0.03 0.Q3 0.14 0.04 0.07 0.Q3 Olearia argophylla 1 0.14 0,07 Olearia nemstii 3 0.Q3 0.22 0.02 0.05 Ozothamnus diosmifolius 35 0.15 0.31 0.22 0.11 0.67 0.46 0.10 0.13 0.03 Ozothanlllus obovatus I 0.14 0.07 Ozothamnus rufescens 3 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.Q3 Senecio amygdalifolius 9 0.03 0.09 0.Q3 0.29 0.07 0.07 0.07 Senecio species 2 0.02 0.Q3 0.02 0.Q3 Sigesbeckia oriell/alis 15 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.05 0.07 Tagetes minuta 1 0.03 0.02 Taraxacum officinale 2 0.02 0.Q3 0.02 0.07 Vemonia cinerea var. cinerea 2 0.22 0.13 Xanthium spinosum I 0.Q3 0.02 AVICENNIACEAE Al'icennia marina 0.11 0.Q3 BIGNONIACEAE Pal/dorea baileyana I 0.07 0.Q3 Pandorea pandorana 44 0.07 0.26 0.36 0.19 0.29 0.22 0.25 0.39 0.25 0.07 0.16 BORAGINACEAE Ehretia acuminata var. acuminata 0.07 0.02 CAPPARACEAE Capparis arborea 9 0.29 0.13 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.11 CASUARINACEAE Allocasuarina littoralis 13 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.33 0.07 0.05 0.27 0.05 Allocasuarina torulosa 105 0.44 0.88 0.70 0.86 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.75 0.72 0.53 0.26 Casuarina cunninghamiana I 0.03 0.02 Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana 1 0.03 0.Q3 Casuarina glauca 2 0.22 0.05 CELASTRACEAE Celastms subspicata 12 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.05 Denhamia celastroides 13 0.14 0.21 0.03 0.33 0.05 0.08 0.27 0.Q3 Maytenus bilocularis 34 0.13 0.29 0.30 0.14 0.39 0.18 0.07 Maytenus sllvestris 6 0.Q3 0.03 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.03 0.Q3 CHENOPODIACEAE Sarcocomia quinquejlora 0.25 0.Q3 CONVOLVULACEAE Dichondra repens 0.11 0.07 Ipomoea cair/ca 0.11 0.03 CUCURBITACEAE Zehneria cunninghamii 4 0.Q7 0.03 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.03 0.07 CUNONIACEAE Aphanopetalum resinosum 1 0.Q3 0.02 Caldeluvia paniculosa 43 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.57 0.14 0.38 0.20 0.24 Callicoma serratifolia 33 0.43 0.26 0.12 0.71 0.44 0.33 0.07 0.28 0.20 0.24 Ceratopetalum apetalum 20 0.57 0.13 0.09 0.29 0.21 0.18 Ceratopetalum gllmmiferum 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.07 Geissois bell/hanliana 8 0.50 0.03 0.03 0.16 Schizomeria ovata 34 0.43 0.31 0.14 0.05 0.57 0.11 0.33 0.14 0.28 0.20 0.16 DILLENIACEAE Adrastaea salicifolia 1 0.25 0.Q3 Hibberlia acicularis I 0.03 0.Q3 Hihbertia aspera 16 0.14 0.14 0.33 0.09 0.11 0.20 0.03 Hibhertia dentata 26 0.10 0.31 0.03 0.29 0.33 0.18 0.21 0.07 0.05 Hibberlia empetrifolia 1 0.03 0.02 Hibhertia scandellS 79 0.07 0.46 0.72 0.24 0.57 0.44 0.33 0.49 0.56 0.67 0.18 Hibbertia vestita 13 0.Q9 0.19 0.11 0.11 0.03 0.13 0.08 DROSERACEAE Drosera auriculata 2 0.Q3 0.14 0.05 Drosera spatulata 1 0.25 0.03 Drosera species I 0.03 0.02 EBENACEAE DiO!,pyros allstralis 11 0.14 0.05 0.14 0.29 0.Q7 0.05 0.07 0.08 DiD.lpyros pell/amera 13 0.36 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.16 ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus grandis 0.07 0.03

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 74 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2 freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

Elaeocarpus obovatus 7 0.07 0.10 0.Q3 0.11 0.02 0.07 0.05 Elaeocarpus reticulatus 66 0.14 0.44 0.53 0.11 0.86 0.56 0.33 0.39 0.54 0.40 0.13 Sloallea australis 10 0.29 0.13 0.02 0.02 0.Q7 0.13 SloQl/ea wool/sii 20 0.71 0.18 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.15 0.26 EPACRIDACEAE Acrotriche aggregata 3 0.Q3 0.03 0.05 Epacris obtusifolia I 0.25 0.Q3 Epacris pulchel/a 4 0.11 0.02 0.08 Leucopogoll jUlliperillus 1 0.Q3 0.02 Leucopogoll Im/ceolatus var. ImlCeolatus 31 0.10 0.22 0.22 0.57 0.22 0.25 0.18 0.20 0.08 Leucopogoll margarodes 4 0.Q3 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.05 Leucopogoll parviflorus 2 0.02 0.Q3 0.02 0.02 Leucopogoll virgatus I 0.Q3 0.Q3 Melichrus procumbells 4 0.11 0.02 0.08 MOllotoca scoparia var. scoparia }} 0.22 0.14 0.02 0.21 Sprellgelia illcamata I 0.25 0.Q3 Trochocarpa laurilla 71 0.21 0.56 0.50 0.24 0.86 0.11 0.33 0.46 0.61 0.33 0.08 ESCALLONIACEAE Abrophyl/um omm/s 9 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.14 0.04 0.11 Allopterus mac/eaymlUs 12 0.36 0.10 0.02 0.29 0.02 0.08 0.16 CUIIsia "ibumea 9 0.07 0.10 0.Q3 0.14 0.25 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.11 Polyosma cUllllillghalllii 16 0.86 0.05 0.02 0.14 0.11 0.24 Quilllillia sieberi I 0.07 0.Q3 Quilllillia verdollii 24 0.57 0.23 0.09 0.29 0.05 0.18 0.Q7 0.24 EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha lIemorum I 0.Q3 0.02 Alchomea ilicifolia 3 0.07 0.03 0.Q2 0.03 0.Q3 Austrobuxus swaillii 9 0.08 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.Q7 0.Q3 Baloghia illophyl/a 9 0.43 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.13 Breyllia oblollgifolia 75 0.Q7 0.54 0.62 0.35 0.43 0.11 0.53 0.51 0.47 0.18 Claoxyloll australe 23 0.07 0.38 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.20 0.20 0.05 Cleistallthus cmmillghamii 4 0.21 0.03 0.Q3 0.05 Crotoll phebalioides I 0.Q3 0.03 Crotoll "errearlXii 6 0.15 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.Q3 Drypetes australasica 11 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.05 Glochidioll jerdillalldi 33 0.33 0.14 0.11 0.67 0.25 0.33 0.16 0.23 0.27 0.16 Mal/otus philippe1lSis 12 0.14 0.15 0.Q2 0.08 0.Q7 0.07 0.13 0.05 Omalalllhus populifolius 12 0.13 0.10 0.Q3 0.09 0.11 Petalostigllla pubescells I 0.03 0.02 Phyl/alllhus gasstroemii 19 0.05 0.21 0.11 0.14 0.23 0.10 Phyl/allthus hirtel/us 2 0.05 0.05 Ricillocarpos pillifolius I 0.03 0.03 EUPOMATIACEAE Eupomatia belll/ellii 8 0.Q7 0.13 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.08 Eupomatia laurilla 40 0.07 0.41 0.33 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.26 0.33 0.07 0.11 FABACEAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE • Selllla pelldula var. glabrata 2 0.05 0.Q3 • SellllQ xfloriblmda 4 0.02 0.08 0.04 0.Q3 FABACEAE·FABOIDEAE Austrosteellisia blackii 5 0.21 0.Q3 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 Bossiaea rhombifolia 2 0.05 0.05 Dal'iesia acicularis I 0.Q3 0.02 Daviesia arborea 15 0.16 0.05 0.57 0.04 0.16 0.13 0.Q3 DQl'iesia ulicifolia I 0.Q2 0.02 Daviesia umbel/ulata 10 0.05 0.16 0.11 0.07 0.Q3 0.13 0.05 Derris ill"oluta 21 0.29 0.18 0.Q7 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.13 0.11 Desmodium rhytidophyl/um I 0.11 0.Q7 Di//wYllia retorta ssp. E. 2 0.05 0.05 Glycille clalldestilla var. c/alldestilla 53 0.05 0.47 0.49 0.44 0.67 0.58 0.15 0.47 0.11 Glycille ~p.A 6 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.07 Gompholobium latifolium 9 0.07 0.14 0.07 0.03 0.13 0.03 Gompholobium pilmatlllll 11 0.05 0.22 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.11 Gompholobium "irgatulII var. "irgatum I 0.Q2 0.02 Goodia lotifolia 3 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.02 Hardellbergia violacea 38 0.03 0.33 0.46 0.33 0.39 0.18 0.20 0.05 Hovea lilleari.l· 2 0.Q2 0.05 0.04 0.05 llldigojera australis var. australis 19 0.03 0.17 0.22 0.21 0.08 0.13 Jacksollia scoparia 8 0.03 0.16 0.07 0.07 0.08 Kell1ledia prostrata .1 0.03 0.Q3 Kelmedia rubicullda 53 0.08 0.47 0.51 0.14 0.11 0.67 0.56 0.20 0.40 0.08 Mirbelia Mtbiifolia I 0.03 0.03 OxylobiulII aCiculiferum I 0.02 0.02 Oxylobium ilicifolium 9 0.10 0.05 0.14 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.05 Pararchidelldroll pruillOSUIII 5 0.13 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.Q3 Platylobium jormoSllm ssp.jorlllosum 2 0.02 0.03 0.04 Pu/tellaea elliptica I 0.03 0.02 Pu/tellaea retusa 15 0.12 0.08 0.44 0.33 0.14 0.Q3 0.20 0.05 Pultellaea sp. A (aff. elliptica) 2 0.05 0.05 Pultellaea "i//osa 11 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.67 0.Q9 0.02 0.13 0.08

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTIi WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 75 Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT DS NEH SF SSD SWD L1 L2 UL1 UL2 freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

Viglla vexillala 0.03 0.02 FABACEAE-MIMOSOIDEAE Acacia hillen'ala 18 0.05 0.17 o.n 0.14 0.33 0.21 0.10 Acacia chrysolricha 1 0.03 0.03 Acacia complanala 8 0.Q7 0.11 0.09 0.Q7 0.05 Acacia cOllcurrens 11 0.07 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.Q7 0.11 Acaciajalcala 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 Acaciajalcijormis 1 0.03 0.02 Acaclaflmhriala 11 0.03 0.24 0.09 0.05 0.Q7 0.05 Acaciaflorihullda 8 0.05 0.05 0.33 0.33 0.05 0.Q3 0.Q7 0.05 Acacia hi.pidula I 0.03 0.03 Acacia irrorala ssp. irrorala 27 0.13 0.16 0.24 0.44 0.26 0.11 0.13 0.08 Acacia irrorala ssp. velulillella 2 0.05 0.02 0.Q3 Acacia IOllgijolia 2 0.Q3 0.04 Acacia IOllgissima 6 0.Q3 0.09 . 0.04 0.07 Acacia maidellii 4 0.05 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.03 0.07 Acacia melal/oxyloll 81 0.21 0.54 0.62 0.24 0.86 0.44 0.25 0.33 0.56 0.56 0.47 0.21 AcaCia myrlijolia var. myrlijolia 5 0.03 0.05 0.33 0.04 0.02 0.13 Acacia sophorae 3 0.02 0.11 0.25 0.02 0.05 Acacia suaveolells 5 0.02 0.11 0.04 0,02 0.Q7 0.03 Acacia lenllillalis 2 0.02 0.Q3 0,02 0.Q3 Acacia ulicijolia 3 0.02 0.Q3 0.33 0.02 0.13 Arch/del/droll grandiflorum 8 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.07 0.05 FAGACEAE NOlhojagus moorei 2 0.14 0.05 FLACOURTlACEAE Scolopia hrmmii 11 0.07 0.15 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.09 0.05 0.Q7 0.05 GESNERIACEAE Fieldia auslralis 2 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 GOODENIACEAE Dampiera purpurea 2 0.03 0.33 0.02 0.Q7 Dampiera sylveslris I 0.03 0.03 Damp/era slricla 13 0.Q7 0.16 0.33 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.11 Goodellia hellidijolia ssp. hellidijolia 1 0.03 0.03 Goodellia hederacea ssp. hederacea 21 0.14 0.32 0.14 0.16 0.10 0.16 HALORAGACEAE GOllocarpus oreophilus 7 0.07 0.43 0.02 0.08 0.07 GOllocarpus lelragyl/us 9 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.44 0.33 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.11 GOIlOcarpus leucrioides 1 0.1 1 0.07 ICACINACEAE Cilrollella moorei 4 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.08 Pellllalllia cUIIl/illghamii 9 0.29 0.10 0,02 0.04 0.05 0.11 LAMIACEAE Pleclramhus graveolells 4 0.05 0.25 0.02 0.02 0.05 Pleclrml1hus parviflorus 20 0.08 0.07 0.35 0.19 0.05 0.33 0.03 LAURACEAE Beilschmiedia e/liplica 7 0.14 0.03 0.07 0.08 0.05 Cas.lylha glahella 5 0.02 0.08 0.25 0.02 0.03 0.05 Cassylha puhescells 1 0.02 0.02 Cassylha species 1 0.03 0.03 Chmamomum camphora 16 0.07 0.15 0.12 0.03 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.20 0.05 Cillnamo11lum oUl'er; 20 0.50 0.18 0.09 0.14 0.04 0.16 0.07 0.18 C'ryplocarya dorrigoellsis 1 0.03 0.07 Cryplocarya erylhroxyloll 2 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.03 Cryplocaryajoveolala 2 0.14 0.05 Cryplocarya glaucescells 25 0.36 0.31 0.05 0.Q3 0.29 0.11 0.33 0.11 0.21 0.07 0.13 Cryplocarya microlleura 49 0.21 0.67 0.29 0.05 0.14 0.25 0.44 0.13 0.16 Cryplocarya ohovala 15 0.21 0.21 0.03 0.Q3 0.14 0.05 0.11 0.13 Cryplocarya rigida 62 0.67 0.47 0.14 0.29 0.11 0.33 0.40 0.52 0.20 0.11 Cryplocarya Iriplil/en'is 1 0.07 0.03 Elldialldra crassiflora 10 0.29 0.08 0.03 0.14 0.08 0.07 0.11 Elldialldra muelleri 34 0.57 0.41 0.17 0.16 0.25 0.07 0.24 Elldialldra puhells 1 0.03 0.03 Elldial/dra sieheri 17 0.10 0.14 0.71 0.05 0.16 0.20 0.03 Lilsea reliculala 16 0.36 0.13 0.07 0.29 0.04 0.13 0.07 0.13 Neolilsea dealhala 38 0.50 0.46 0.21 0.25 0.18 0.30 0.07 0.24 LOBELlACEAE Lohelia delllala 1 0.02 0.02 Pralia purpurascells 23 0.08 0.10 0.30 0.33 0.18 0.05 0.20 0.18 LOGANIACEAE Mitrasacme polymorpha 0.03 0.03 LORANTHACEAE Amyema cOl/gel/er ssp. cOl/gel/er 5 0.03 0,02 0.Q3 0.29 0.03 0.07 0.05 Amyema pelldulum ssp. pelldulum 2 0.Q3 0.02 0.02 0.03 Amylolheca diclyophleha 5 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.07 MALVACEAE Hihiscus helerophyllus ssp. helerophyllus 8 0.13 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.07 Howittia Irilocularis 1 0.Q3 0.02 Sida rhomhijolia ssp. rhomhijolia 12 0.07 0.22 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.03

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 76 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2 freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

MELASTO~TACEAE • Tibouchina species. 0,02 0.02 MELlACEAE Dysoxylum fraserianum 11 0.21 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.08 0,07 0.08 Dysoxylum rufulll 8 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.05 Melia azedarach var. australasica 4 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.05 Synoum glandulosulII 76 0.29 0.74 0.57 0.05 0.71 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.59 0.33 0.26 Toonaciliata 9 0.14 0.10 0,02 0.03 0.25 0.04 0,07 0.08 MENISPER~CEAE Legnephora 1II00rei 19 0.28 0.09 0.03 0.14 0.25 0.11 0.15 0,07 0.08 SarcopetalulII harveyanuIII I 0.03 0.03 Stephania aculeata I 0.02 0,02 Stephaniajaponica var. discolor 39 0.31 0.34 0.08 0.29 0.11 0.25 0.32 0.20 0.40 0.08 Tinospora tinosporoides 1 0,02 0.02 MENYANTHACEAE Villarsia exallata 3 0.33 0.08 MONIMIACEAE DaphnaJldra micrantha 18 0.43 0.26 0.02 0.14 0.04 0.13 0,07 0.18 Doryphora sassafras 18 0.64 0.13 0.02 0.43 0.16 0.21 Hedycarya angustifolia 2 0.03 0,02 0,02 0,02 Palmeria scandens 43 0.79 0.44 0.21 0.43 0.11 0.41 0,07 0.29 Wilkiea huegeliana 48 0.57 0.74 0.16 0,03 0.11 0.23 0.36 0.20 0.26 MORACEAE Ficus coronata 32 0.21 0.41 0.17 0.05 0.25 0.18 0.23 0.20 0.13 Ficus rubiginosa 1 0.25 0,03 Ficus watkinsiana 5 0.14 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.08 Mac/ura cochinchinensis 10 0,07 0.05 0,07 0.08 0.09 0.08 Malaisia scandellS 2 0,07 0.03 0.02 0,03 Streblus bnmonianus 2 0,07 0.03 0,02 0,03 MYOPORACEAE Erelllophila debilis 0,03 0.02 Myoporum aculllinatum 0.11 0,03 MYRSINACEAE Aegiceras comiculatulII 1 0.11 0,03 Elllbelia auslraliana 28 0.36 0.44 0.09 0.25 0.09 0.21 0.20 0.18 RapaJlea howittiana 18 0,07 0.18 0,03 0.11 0.22 0.25 0.33 0.11 0.13 0.11 Rapanea variabilis 10 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.09 0,07 0,07 MYRTACEAE Acmena smithii 49 0.57 0.69 0.14 0.29 0.44 0.12 0.43 0.20 0.34 Angophora costata 27 0.05 0.31 0.16 0.11 0.25 0.20 0,07 Angophorajloribunda 28 0,03 0.17 0.43 0.33 0.26 0.08 0.13 0.16 Angophora robur I 0.03 0,03 Angophora subvelutina 2 0.05 0.03 Angophora woodsiana 1 0.03 0.03 Archirhodomyrtus beckleri 59 0.21 0.33 0.59 0.16 0.29 0.33 0.44 0.44 0.27 0.08 Austromyrtus bidwillii 3 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.05 Austrolllyrtus dulcis 1 0,02 0,02 Backhousia anisata I 0,07 0.03 Backhousia lIIyrtifolia 1 0.03 0,02 Backhousia sciadophora 1 0,07 0,02 Baeckea imbricata 1 0.25 0.03 0,03 Baeckea linifolia I 0.03 0.03 Baeckea species 1 0,03 Baeckea stenophylla 1 0.25 0.03 0.05 Callistemon pachyphyllus 2 0.11 0.25 0,07 Callistemon salignus 6 0.03 0.56 0.02 0.11 Choricarpia leptopetala 2 0.05 0.02 0.07 Decaspenllllm humile 2 0.07 0.03 0.02 0,02 0.05 Eucalyptus acmenioides 39 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.14 0.35 0.25 0.13 0,02 Eucalyptus agglomerata 1 0,02 Eucalyptus amplifolia var. amplifolia 2 0,02 0,03 0.02 0.02 Eucalyptus mlcophila 1 0,02 0.02 0.08 Eucalyptus baileyana 3 0.08 0.05 Eucalyptus bancroftii 2 0,03 0.11 0,07 Eucalyptus bilurbinata I 0.14 0,03 Eucalyptus cameronii 2 0.02 0.14 0.02 0,07 0.10 0.13 0.03 Eucalyptus campmllllata 13 0,03 0.09 1.00 0.11 0.27 0.11 Eucalyptus camea 34 0.24 0.54 0.33 0,02 Eucalyptus crebra 2 0.02 0,03 0.02 0,07 Eucalyptus eugenioides 1 0.03 0,07 0,03 EucalyptllSfibrosa 6 0,02 0.14 0.02 Eucalyptusfusifonllis 1 0.02 0.02 0.03 EucalyptllS globoidea 2 0.05 0.02 0.33 Eucalyptus grandis 21 0.46 0.05 0.07 0.20 0.47 0.13 EucalyptllS gummifera 51 0.15 0.43 0.46 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.23 0.03 Eucalyptus henryi 2 0.05 0,02 0.11 Eucalyptus intenlledia 17 0.07 0.23 0.12 0.05 0.16 0.13 0.08 Eucalyptus lIIaculala 21 0.03 0.07 0.43 0.25 0.03 0.80 0.13 Eucalyptus microcorys 106 0.62 0.90 0.62 0.57 0.22 0.25 0.82 0.69

STATE FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA'SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 77 Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT DS NEH SF SSD SWD L1 L2 UL1 UL2 freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

Eucalyptus pilularis 73 0.15 0.97 0.19 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.Q7 0.11 Eucalyptus plallchollialla 9 0.03 0.16 0.33 0.02 0.03 0.13 0.11 Eucalyptus propillqua 41 0.15 0.26 0.54 0.47 0.16 0.13 0.05 Eucalyptus pyrocarpa 6 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.07 0.03 Eucalyptus resillifera 13 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.22 0.11 0.05 0.13 0.05 Eucalyptus robusta 10 0.03 0.89 0.25 0.02 0.13 0.18 Eucalyptus rummeryi 5 0.14 0.05 0.Q7 0.03 Eucalyptus saligna 33 0.33 0.29 0.03 0.29 0.19 0.36 Eucalyptus siderophloia 34 0.15 0.14 0.54 0.37 0.08 0.27 0.11 Eucalyptus signata 5 0.11 0.1] 0.05 0.02 0.03 Eucalyptus tereticomis 9 0.02 0.19 0.11 0.02 0.05 0.20 0.05 Eucalyptus tetrapleura 2 0.05 0.02 0.03 Eucalyptus tilldaliae 3 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.03 Eucalyptus umbra 3 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02 Leptospemlllmjulliperillum 2 0.11 0.25 0.05 Leptospenlllll/I polygalifolium 17 0.03 0.09 0.24 0.11 0.33 0.Q7 0.08 0.20 0.13 LeptospemlUm trillervium 9 0.03 0.19 0.04 0.02 0.Q7 0.13 Lophostemoll c01ifertus 88 0.85 0.71 0.24 0.57 0.25 0.60 0.69 0.27 0.21 Lophostemoll suoveolellS 8 0.05 0.03 0.44 0.05 0.02 0.Q7 0.08 Melaleuca altemifolia 2 0.22 0.Q7 0.03 Melaleuca linariifolia 5 0.02 0.44 0.02 0.Q7 0.08 Melaleuca lIodosa 2 0.03 0.11 0.05 Melaleuca quillquellervia 4 0.02 0.33 0.02 0.13 0.03 Melaleuca sieberi 6 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.22 0.25 0.02 0.Q7 0.11 Melaleuca styphelioides 1 0.11 0.Q7 Melaleuca thymifolia 2 0.11 0.25 0.05 PilidiostignlO glabrum 19 0.14 0.23 0.12 0.14 0.05 0.23 0.13 Rhodamllia rubescells 43 0.49 0.29 0.16 0.25 0.35 0.33 0.13 0.03 Rhodolllyrtus psidioides 10 0.05 0.Q7 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.05 SYllcarpia glomulifera 86 0.56 0.62 0.57 0.57 0.25 0.67 0.53 0.67 0.40 0.24 Syzygium australe 5 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.05 Syzygium crebrillen·e 5 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 Syzygium oleosulll 3 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 Tristalliopsis collilla 8 0.21 0.03 0.05 0.14 0.05 0.Q7 0.11 Tristalliopsis laurilla 8 0.Q7 0.13 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.11 OLEACEAE Ligustnlm sillellse 3 0.Q7 0.03 0.33 0.02 0.02 0.Q7 Notelaea IOllgifolia 47 0.Q7 0.44 0.17 0.35 0.14 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.33 0.28 0.27 0.18 Notelaea ovata 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 Notelaea species A 1 0.02 0.03 Notelaea vellosa 6 0.08 0.02 0.14 0.25 0.03 0.13 0.05 Olea palliculata I 0.03 0.02 OXALlDACEAE Oxalis species O.ll 0.07 PASSIFLORACEAE Pa

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW sourn WALES 78 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2 freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

Persoonia sericea 3 0.08 0.04 0,03 Persoonia species 1 0.03 0,03 Persoonia /elluifolia 2 0.05 0.05 Persoollia virga/a 1 0.14 0.02 Pe/rophile callescells 4 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.08 SleJlocarpos sinualus 1 0.03 0,03 Slenocarpus salignus 4 0.14 0.05 0.03 0,07 0,03 Triunia yOllllgiana 6 0.29 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.08 RANUNCULACEAE Clelllalis aris/a/a 39 0.07 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.14 0.25 0.33 0.35 0.20 0.33 0.05 Rallunculus inundalus 1 0.02 0.02 Ranunculus lappaceus var. lappaceus 2 0,03 0.02 0.02 RHAMNACEAE Alphitonia excelsa 29 0.14 0.38 0,07 0.16 0.22 0.16 0.16 0.40 0.11 EmlllellOSpemlQ alphitonioides 1 0.03 0.02 Pomaderris Iigus/rina 1 0.14 0,07 ROSACEAE Rubus hil/ii 39 0.Q7 0.23 0.33 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.67 0.39 0.20 0.07 0.11 Rubus parvifolius 19 0.03 0.16 0.22 0.14 0.23 0.03 0.13 0.05 Rubus rosifolius 23 0.18 0.22 0.08 0.25 0.10 0.13 0.03 Rubus species (aff. moorel) 33 0.29 0.33 0.24 0.29 0.12 0.30 0.13 0.16 RUBIACEAE Can/hium coprosmoides 2 0.05 0.02 0.02 Can/hium odora/um 1 0.Q7 0.03 Coprosma quadrifida 1 0.03 0.02 Hodgkillsonia ovalij/ora 3 0.Q7 0.05 0.02 0.05 Ixora beck/eri 1 0.03 0.02 Morindajasmilloides 47 0.43 0.54 0.26 0,03 . 0.22 0.25 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.40 0.18 Psycholria loniceroides 50 0.21 0.26 0.48 0.14 0.57 0.40 0.31 0.27 0.11 Randia bell/hamialla 18 0.57 0.13 0.03 0.43 0.04 0.11 0.24 RUTACEAE Acradellia euodiifonnis 7 0.29 0.05 0.14 0.05 0.11 Acronychia oblongifolia 11 0.14 0.15 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.07 0.Q7 0.08 Acronychiapubescells 3 0,07 0.05 0.02 0.05 Acronychia suberosa 1 0.Q7 0.02 Boronia ledifolia 4 0.02 0.05 0.33 0.02 0.13 0.03 Boronia microphyl/a 1 0.03 0.03 Boroniaparvij/ora 1 0.25 0,03 Borollia rosmarillifolia 1 0,03 0,03 Boronia umbel/ala 1 0.03 0.02 Bosis/oafloydii 1 0,07 0.02 • Cilrus Iimonia 5 0.14 0.05 0,03 0.Q7 0.03 Flilldersia scllO/limza 2 0,07 0.02 0.03 Melicope hayesii 7 0.10 0.03 0.14 0,07 0,03 0.Q7 Mehcope micrococca 6 0.Q7 0.10 0.03 0.08 0.07 Melicope oclandra 2 0.14 0.02 0.03 Phebaliulll squameum ssp. squameulll 1 0.03 0.02 Phebalium squalllulosum ssp. squamulosum 1 0.02 0.02 Sarcomelicope simplicifolia 2 0.Q7 0.03 0.02 0,03 Zieria arborescells I 0.03 0.Q7 Zieria smithii 15 0.15 0,07 0.43 0.11 0.33 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.05 SANTALACEAE Chorelrum cm.dol/ei 1 0,03 0,03 Exocarpos cupressifonnis 1 0.03 0.03 Exocarpos slriclus 8 0,07 0.08 0.14 0.Q7 0.02 0.08 Salllalum oblusifolium 1 0.03 0.02 SAPINDACEAE Aleclryoll subcinereus 22 0.36 0.33 0.03 0.03 0.25 0.05 0.16 0.07 0.21 Cupaniopsis mzacardioides 6 0.10 0.02 0.11 0.02 0,03 0,07 0.05 Cupaniopsisfoveolala 4 0.05' 0.14 0.25 0.03 0,03 Cupaniopsis parvifolia 4 0.14 0.03 0.11 0.03 0.07 0,03 DiploglO/liS auslralis 13 0.Q7 0.28 0.02 0.Q7 0.10 0.Q7 0.05 Dodonaea Iriquelra 12 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.33 0.12 0.03 0.Q7 0.05 Dodollaea viscosa ssp. spa/ulala 1 0.03 0.02 Dodollaea viSCDsa 1 0.03 0,03 Ela/loslachys nervosa 6 0.14 0.05 0,03 0.04 0.03 0.05 Guioa semiglauca 37 0.14 0.49 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.33 0.21 0.31 0.20 0.08 Jagera pseudorhus 12 0.Q7 0.15 0.05 0.22 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.11 Mischocarpus pyrifomlis 7 0.29 0.05 0.11 0.02 0.07 0.13 Sarcopleryx slipala 35 0.86 0.33 0.10 0.57 0.Q7 0.26 0.13 0.34 SAPOTACEAE Amorphospenl/lllll whitei 14 0.Q7 0.23 0.Q7 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.05 Planchonel/a auslralis 2 0.14 0.05 SIMAROUBACEAE Guilfoylia monoslylis 4 0.21 0.03 0.02 0.Q7 0.05 SOLANACEAE Duboisia myoporoides 10 0.07 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.20 0.03 Physalis millima 5 0.05 0.11 0.33 0.07 0.Q7 Solmlllm aviculare 5 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.03

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTIl WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 79 Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT DS NEH SF SSD SWD L1 L2 UL1 UL2 freq. (14) (39) (56) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (36)

Solanum densevestilum 30 0.13 0.24 0.27 0.14 0.35 0.10 0.20 0.03 Solanum inaequilalenlm 8 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.07 0.03 0.05 Solanum maurilianum 10 0.07 0.Q3 0.05 0.14 0.11 0.05 0.Q7 Solallum pseudoeapsieum 5 0.Q7 0.33 0.07 0.02 SolatIUm slelligenlm 11 0.08 0.02 0.16 0.25 0.12 0.02 0.13 0.03 STERCULIACEAE Heriliera aelinophylla 14 0.50 0.13 0.02 0.14 0.04 0.05 0.24 Heriliera Irifoliolala 3 0.21 0.02 0.05 Braehyehilon aeerifolius 3 0.Q7 0.03 0.02 0.05 Braehyehilon populneus 6 0.02 0.14 0.09 0.Q7 Commersoniafraseri 7 0.05 0.05 0.11 0.25 0.05 0.02 0.Q7 0.05 Lasiopelalum parviflonlm I 0.03 0.03 THYMELAEACEAE Pimelea hirsula 2 0.03 0.03 0.03 Pimelea Iillifolia 13 0.05 0.24 0.33 0.09 0.02 0.13 0.13 Wikslroemia indiea I 0.03 0.02 TREMANDRACEAE Telralheea Ihymifolia 0.03 0.03 TRIMENIACEAE Piploealyx moorei 12 0.13 0.09 0.29 0.04 0.15 0.Q7 ULMACEAE Aphat/atllhe philippi1lensis 3 0.Q7 0.05 0.02 0.05 Trema aspera 10 0.03 0.05 0.16 0.12 0.05 URTICACEAE Dendroenide exeelsa 12 0.36 0.15 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.Q7 0.13 Dendroenide pholinophylla 5 0.21 0.05 0.02 0.Q3 0.05 £Ialoslema relieulalum 6 0.14 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.11 Urliea ineisa 2 0.05 0.02 0.02 VERBENACEAE Calliearpa peduneulala 2 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.Q7 C1erodendnlm j10ribundum 7 0.03 0.10 0.05 0.Q7 Clerodelldnlm lome1ll0sum 12 0.21 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.11 Omelina leiehhardlii 9 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.Q7 0.11 Lonlana eamara 82 0.14 0.62 0.48 0.51 0.14 0.56 0.25 0.67 0.61 0.44 0.67 0.26 Verbena bonariensis 3 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 VIOLACEAE Hybatllhus vemonii ssp. seaber I 0.03 0.03 Viola belonieifolia 3 0.03 0.14 0.04 0.Q7 Viola hederaeea I 0.11 0.Q7 VITACEAE Cayralia clematidea 15 0.Q7 0.18 0.Q7 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.Q7 Cayralia eurynema 1 0.03 0.02 Cissus alllareliea 61 0.29 0.56 0.38 0.24 0.29 0.25 0.33 0.47 0.43 0.20 0.13 Cissus hypoglauea 81 0.50 0.67 0.55 0.24 0.57 0.22 0.33 0.49 0.59 0.47 0.26 Cissus slereuliifolia 3 0.03 0.03 0.05 Telrasligma ni/ens 16 0.21 0.21 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.Q7 0.11 WINTERACEAE Tasmannia insipida 24 0.71 0.18 0.09 0.29 0.05 0.20 0.Q7 0.21 Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA - LILIIDAE ANTHERICACEAE Caesia parviflora var villala 1 0.03 0.02 LaxmOllllia gracilis I 0.03 0.03 11/ysanolus lubero:ms 2 0.02 0.03 0.02 .0.02 ARACEAE Aloeasia brisbanensis 9 0.14 0.13 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.Q7 0.05 Oymlloslaehys alleeps 51 0.57 0.49 0.26 0.19 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.20 0.24 POlhos longipes 17 0.71 0.15 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.24 ARECACEAE Arcl101IIophoenix ermllinghamiana 46 0.43 0.51 0.29 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.23 0.39 0.Q7 0.21 Calamus llIuelleri 21 0.50 0.26 0.05 0.14 0.05 0.16 0.07 0.18 Linospadix monoslaehya 18 0.86 0.10 0.02 0.14 0.02 0.11 0.26 Lil'islona auslralis 3 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.03 ASTELIACEAE Cordyline peliolaris 16 0.14 0.31 0.03 0.09 0.13 0.08 Cordyline nlbra 8 0.29 0.05 0.14 0.33 0.02 0.07 0.08 Cordyline slriela 78 0.21 0.82 0.48 0.14 0.43 0.56 0.25 0.33 0.47 0.56 0.27 0.34 BLANDFORDIACEAE B1a//{lfordia grandiflora 0,03 0.03 COMMELINACEAE Aneilema aeuminalum 1 0.03 0.02 Commelina eyat/ea 6 0.08 0.05 0.25 0.04 0.05 0.03 Commelina species I 0.03 0.03 Pollia erispala 6 0.14 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.05 CYPERACEAE Baumea arlieulala 5 0.56 0.13 Baumeajuneea I 0.11 0.03 Baumea nlbigillosa 2 0.22 0.Q7 0.03 Baumea spp. 2 0.11 0.25 0.Q7 0.03 Baumea lerelifolia I 0.11 0,03

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 80 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Logging category Broad Vegetation Type SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2 Tot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO (3) (57) (61) (15) (36) freq. (14) (39) (56) (37) (7) (9) (4)

0.03 0,03 0.03 0,03 0.11 Carcx appressa 3 0.Q7 0,03 Carex declillata 1 0,03 0.05 Carcx gaudichaudialla 2 0,03 0,03 0.11 0.02 Carcx illversa 2 0,03 0.03 Caustisflexuosa I 0.07 Causlis spp. 1 0.02 0.33 0.25 0.13 0.05 Chorizalldra cymbaria 4 0.05 '2 0,03 0.25 Chorizmldra species 0,03 0,03 Cypcrusjilipes 3 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.11 0.07 Cyperusflaccidus I 0.03 0,03 0.02 Cyperus gracilis 2 0.07 0.Q7 0.02 0,03 0.02 Cyperus imbccillis 2 0,03 I 0.11 Cyperus lucidus 0.02 0.Q7 0.05 4 0.02 0.33 Cypcrus polystachyos 0.11 0.18 0.07 0.05 20 0.14 0.33 0.07 0.03 Cyperus tetraphyllus 0.05 0.07 0.05 f!xocarya sclerioides 3 0.05 2 0.22 Fimbristylis dichotoma 0.07 0.05 0.11 I1 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.11 Gahllia aspcra 0.02 0,03 Gahllia clarkei 2 0,03 0.11 0.33 0.05 0.03 Galmia melallocarpa 5 0,03 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.13 0.20 0.24 Galmia sieberialla 26 0.18 0.12 0.08 0.89 0.25 0.33 0.02 0.02 0.Q7 Lcpidospenlla elatius 3 0,03 0.02 0.67 0.40 0.07 0.27 0.13 Lepidospenua laterale 36 0.10 0.24 0.43 0,03 0.25 0.05 Lepidospenlla lilllicola 2 0,03 Lepidosperma IOllgitudillalc 1 0.03 0.02 0.03 2 0.03 0.03 Lcpidosperma squmuatulll 0.03 Lcpirollia articulata 1 0.25 0.08 0.25 0.11 Ptilothrix deusta 4 0,03 ScJlOellus turbillatus 1 0.03 DIOSCOREACEAE 0.37 0.44 0.33 0.18 Dioscorea transversa 60 0.14 0.77 0.38 0.08 0.14 0.11 0.25 FLAGELLARIACEAE 0.05 0.11 Flagellaria illdica 9 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.22 0.04 HAEMODORACEAE 0.11 Haelllodorum plmlifolium 4 0.11 IRIDACEAE 0.07 0.05 Patersollia glabrata 3 0.05 0.11 0.13 0.16 Palersonia sericea 18 0.10 0.27 0.14 0.33 0.11 0.07 JUNCACEAE 0.02 0.03 Juneus COlll;ll11llS 2 0.02 0.11 0.05 2 0.11 0.25 JUIlCUS kraussii 0,03 JUIlCUS alexalldri sop.melmlObasis 1 0.11 0.05 JUIlCUS prislllatocarpus 2 0.22 0.07 JUIlCUS spp. I 0.11 LOMANDRACEAE 0,03 LOlllalldra elollgata 1 0,03 0.27 0.16 Lomalldrajiliforlllis ssp.jilifonuis 38 0.22 0.54 0.29 O.ll 0.67 0.33 0.15 0.67 0.47 LOlllalldra IOllgifolia ssp. IOllgifolia 105 0.57 0.74 0.66 0.57 0.57 0.44 0.33 0.65 0.66 0,03 0.Q7 0.05 Lomalldra multiflora 6 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.02 0.11 Lomalldra obliqua 6 0.02 0.14 0.04 0.20 0.05 Lomalldra .Ipicata 5 0.14 0,03 0,03 0.14 LUZURIAGACEAE 0.Q7 0.08 Drymophila moorci 8 0.29 0.03 0.02 0.29 0.07 0.40 0.16 Eustrcphus latifolius 57 0.Q7 0.26 0.43 0.35 0.43 0.33 0.25 0.33 0.53 0.25 0,07 0.13 Gcitolloplesium cymosum 37 0.14 0.38 0.24 0.03 0.29 0.11 0.25 0.33 0.23 0.30 ORCHIDACEAE 0,03 Aciallthusjomicatus var.jomicatus 2 0.05 0.02 0.03 lJulbophyllulll.exiguulll 2 0.Q7 0,03 0.02 Caladellia catcllata 1 0.02 0.02 0.07 Caladcllia camea I 0.11 0.05 Calallthe triplicata 4 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.02 COy)'bas acollitiflorus 3 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.03 Cryptostylis erecta 4 O.os 0,03 0.04 0.02 Cymbidiulll cmlOliculatulll I 0,03 0.02 0,03 Cymbidiulll madidum 2 0,03 0.02 0.16 0.10 0.20 0,03 Cylllbidium suavc 19 0.10 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.04 0.05 0.20 0.08 Delldrobium aemulum 11 0.07 0.18 0.02 0.05 0,03 0,03 3 0.14 0.14 Delldrobiulll schoellillum 0,03 I 0.07 DClldrobiulll jaiifaxii 0,03 Delldrobiulll jalcorostrulll 1 0.Q7 0.03 0.Q7 0.05 5 0.Q7 0.05 0.02 0,03 DClldrobiulll gracilicmlle 0.Q7 Delldrobium killgimlllm I 0.14 0.07 Delldrobium lillguifomle I 0.03 0.02 0.Q7 0.13 Delldrobium pugiollifomle 7 0.29 0.03 0.29 Delldrobiulll schlleiderae I 0,03 0.02 0.03 0.11 DClldrobium .Ipeciosum 6 0.36 0.03 0.05 0.05 5 0.07 O.os 0.03 0.14 Delldrobiulll teretifolium 0.Q7 0.03 2 0.Q7 0.03 Delldrobillm tetragollum 0.Q7 Liparis reflexa I 0.14

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 81 Broad Vegetation Type Logging category Tot. RF WS BBT OS NEH SF SSO SWO L1 L2 UL1 UL2 freq. (14) (39) (58) (37) (7) (9) (4) (3) (57) (61) (15) (38)

Pleclorrhiza ITidenlala 3 0.Q7 0.02 0.14 0.05 Pleroslylis sp. 3 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.02 Sarcochilusfalcalus 10 0.07 0.13 0.03 0.43 0.04 0.05 0.13 0.08 Sarcochilus olivaceus 1 0.03 0.02 PETERMANNIACEAE PelemwlInia cirrosa 19 0.29 0.18 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.J6 PHILYDRACEAE Philydrum lanugillOSllm 0.02 0.02 PHORMIACEAE Diallella caerulea 107 0.Q7 0.62 0.71 0.76 0.71 0.56 1.00 0.81 0.61 0.80 0.32 Diallella IOllgifolia var. IOllgifolia 4 0.Q7 0.05 0.25 0.02 0.Q7 0.05 Slypandra glauca 1 0.D2 0.02 POACEAE Alldropogoll virgmicus 15 0.03 0.10 0.05 0.33 1.00 0.16 0.20 0.08 Allisopogoll avellaceus 2 0.05 0.05 Aristida warburgii 2 0.05 0.05 AxOIlOPUS compressus 2 0.D2 0.11 0.02 0.Q3 Capillipedium parviflorum 1 0.03 0.03 Cymbopogon refraclus 10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.03 0.Q7 0.05 Digitaria divaricalissima 7 0.09 0.03 0.11 0.09 0.02 0.07 Digitaria parviflora 1 0.02 0.02 Digitaria ramularis I 0.03 0.02 Echillopogon .caespitosus 6 0.05 0.03 0.11 0.33 0.05 0.D2 0.13 Elllolasia margillala 1 0.11 0.Q7 Elllolasia slricla 58 0.21 0.43 0.51 0.22 0.25 1.00 0.46 0.26 0.53 0.21 Eragroslis brownii 1 0.03 0.02 Eragrostis species 1 0.02 0.02 Heleropogoll conlorlus 1 0.03 0.D2 Imperala cylilldrica var. major 68 0.18 0.50 0.62 0.14 0.56 0.25 0.67 0.67 0.20 0.67 0.21 Oplismellus imbecillis 2 0.03 0.11 0.Q7 0.03 Pallicum decompositum 1 0.03 0.02 Pallicum obseplum 16 0.05 0.09 0.16 0.11 0.67 0.16 0.03 0.27 0.Q3 Pm/icum simile 2 0.03 0.11 0.Q7 0.03 Paspalum dilalalum 5 0.05 0.11 0.33 0.07 0.03 Paspalum orbiculare I 0.02 0.02 Phragmiles auslralis 3 0.33 0.08 Poa labillardieri var. labillardieri 4 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.Q3 Poa queenslalldica 1 0.11 0.03 Poa sieberiana var. sieberialla 30 0.08 0.24 0.30 0.29 0.30 0.15 0.13 0.05 Spillifex sericeus 1 0.25 0.03 Sporobolus illdicus l'ar. cape/lSis 4 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.02 Sporobolus virgillicus 2 0.50 0.05 Slipa rudisssp. lIen'osa 1 0.03 0.Q3 77/emeda auslralis 55 0.03 0.38 0.70 0.14 0.22 0.25 0.67 0.49 0.16 0.47 0.26 RESTIONACEAE Empodisma millus ] 0.25 0.03 Leplocarpus lellax 1 0.25 0.03 Lepyrodia scariosa 6 0.1] 0.11 0.25 0.16 Reslio fasligialus 1 0.33 0.Q7 Reslio lelraphyllus ssp. lelraphyllus 2 0.03 0.11 0.05 RIPOGONACEAE Ripogollum album 30 0.36 0.41 0.12 0.14 0.33 0.16 0.26 0.13 0.08 Ripogollum discolor 17 0.71 0.18 0.02 0.08 0.Q7 0.26 Ripogollum elseyallum 16 0.36 0.21 0.03 0.14 0.04 0.15 0.13 Ripogollum fawcetlim/U1/1 I 0.03 0.03 SMILACACEAE Smilax auslralis 96 0.50 0.79 0.67 0.38 0.43 0.11 0.33 0.60 0.70 0.47 0.32 Smilax glyciphylla 37 0.Q7 0.26 0.31 0.05 0.43 0.22 0.33 0.18 0.36 0.13 0.08 UVULARIACEAE Tripladenia cunllillghamii 18 0.14 0.21 0.09 0.05 0.14 0.07 0.16 0.11 XANTHORRHOEACEAE Xm/lhorrhoeajoh/lSonii 23 0.19 0.27 0.14 0.25 0.21 0.Q7 0.13 0.13 Xalllhorrhoea macrollema 24 0.17 0.32 0.14 0.33 0.19 0.08 0.13 0.16 Xalllhorrhoea malacophylla 2 0.02 0.Q3 0.02 0.Q7 ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia caemlea 58 0.07 0.67 0.36 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.40 0.41 0.20 0.18

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 82 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 '%1m O~ ~;j APPENDIX 2 :;eo""''%1 f;1~ °Cil PWT LOCATIONS. ~~ ~~ ~~ Strata - f;1~ RIF =Rainforest, WS = Wet ScIerophyll, BBT =Blackbutt, DS =Dry ScIerophyll, NEH =New England Hardwood, SF = Swamp ScIerophyll, SSD = Sedgeland/Sand dune, ~~ SWD =Softwood Plantation. HIP = Hardwood Plantation ~~ Type = Forest Types ofN.S.W. - FCNSW Research Note 17 1;1 m Plots NUING111 to NUMIS170 were sampled in conjunction with the fauna survey.

EA;ST NO~Tll PLOTNQ. STA1;;I!;;FQREST ' ,'Cpf. LOCA:1JQN" ...... ST~TA 'TXrE MAPNAME $F ,. 499150 "' 6611200 NUNAMOOl' 'NAMBUCCA ":.' 3W ~~:~;~G~Rri 30\31 MACKSVILDE ':NA¥BUCcA . . .,'.,' MACKSVlLLE 491800 6607300 NUNAMOO2 .. " ~21 ·SF· 30\3i 498150 ~612450 NUNAMOO3 N~tJc:;CA 313 .P13Ef CRK.TlW1i. SSD 231 MISSMOITI ~616150 NUIRI004 IRISHMAN 205 ORANGETREESRd. SSD 234 GIRRALONGEAST 474050 NUPIN005 PINECRE.ijK ' 1 SSD 233 RALEIGH 505800 66317.00 :~g~~~.~tg~~~~~~ 505950 6632100 NUPINOQ6. PINE,..CIWEK 1 .. WS 107 RALEIGH .' . .'. 6636800 NUPINOQ7 PINE CREEK 17 ARClffiRs"W:'" ..,.,. SF 30 RALEIGH 504800 ~5 :'". ' ' 6624550' NUNEWOO8. NE\VRY 275 TRAIL OFF.·MAR-TELLSlID: .SF 31 MISSABOTTIEAST 4956.00 >:;e {j623100 0> NUNEW009 NEwRY 293 MAltroLLS RD, .', SF 30 MISSABOTTIEAST 498800 115 6638300 ~~ NUPINOIO PINECREEK 25 yqUN9$.:~:·:",.. SF 30 RALEIGH 50. 9 NUWAY.OH .wAyWAY, 498 SCOTTSMTN, ." . DS 62b 13UNGAlEAST , 497700 6595309 .' 6626600 . ~~ ,NUTAR012 T.A:R.KEETH' 253 vNNAl\1t;D'TRA,ILIN PLANTATION IDP-WS 218 BELLINGEN 492'100 >.to< NUTUC013 TUCKERSNOB 81 Gr"I:3NlFFERRD; . H\j>-WS 218 BELLINGEN 488900 6635100 Gl~ 501750 6635100 >c: NUPINOI4 PINECREEIt 18 DARKIESRD. " H\P-WS 21S RALIEGH .m Z NUNEWOlS NEWi,W 292 TRAIL OFF CROSSINGRD. H\PWS 21S MISSABOTTIEAST '491850 6622150 6620900 Zo NUOAK016 OA.KES.' 166 KilLI.EKRt\NKI.EFLoRA RESERVE ~\F 3' GIRRALONGWE$T 455900 0> - 6621550 NUIRIOl1 IRISIDMN 193 R,11'{9w-99r;>FLORA RESERVE R\F 2 GIRRALON,GEAST 473300 6601050 ~~ NUMIS018 MISTAKE 359 MANSGULLy RD. ' R\F 23 THUMBCREEK E. 469900 NUOAKOl9 NULLA FIVE DAY 408 KILPRQTAYRD. R\F 3 GIRRALONGWEst 452600 6618200 ~8 6627550 NUROS020 ROSES CREEK 136 Rq~ESRD. WS 26 DillwOOD 468300 490800 6641100 ~~ NUTUC021 TUCKERSNOB 68 PR,OMISEDLAND R\F 23 BROOKLANA 0= NUMIS022 MISTAKE 362 WILKESRD. R\F 3 THUMBCREEK E. 466800 6607400 83 LANES LOOKOUT R\F 17 BROOKLANA 484600 6642400 lZ~ NUNEV023 NEVER NEVER NUNEV024 NEVER NEVER 83 LANES LOOKOUT R\F 17 BROOKLANA' 484450 6642200 i3j0 6621100 NUIRI025 IRISI:I~ 195 MIJ)DLE RIDGERD. WS 53 GIRRALONGEAST 472800 ~~ 6622800 NurRI02~ IRISHMAN 183 BELLBUCCARD. WS 53 GIRRALONGEAST 461950 NUNEW027 N.EWRY 27Q ~A~JNRP. W$ 48 M~SSAI;30TTI~A~T 491050 66~1~00 00 ' \,,) 00~

~5 PLOTN9 '.' $r~TE..F().(mST, Cpt . :'. '::LOCATIO~::::}::::';" ,,::..:..... :": '. ':..:':{ :..... S:l'ItA.TA·.'.::.::.". <·:C'.TYPE' ··':..::::::>.:MAPNAMtF:- -E~::-'::·:'NOR)'H:' ~S; .... Cl en ~~

~~ ,.:::'I~~;;~::'·~!;;';,~1I~~t~~;''{;~~·,,·~.·'.I~;::T'·;I·,:.·T~~~··· .. ...J!",..••• ,·,··•• > .to< ' : ~~ .:NUNEW033'·.· NEWRY"·:·:··:..,: :.:. . .27·1:'::"':'" ROCKYWfIAR.F:RD.:..:::·. ,:":,,,: .' :: WS': .::.... :.':'47\48\53 '.: ·.MISSABOmEAST.· '492:1:50·. 6622100 ~2

~~:~~~~:':.':~g.:(\:::/:~~~~~~~::':::::::B~::.:.:::::,·.·:.:::t~a·:.·';~~~~:gg~~~1::.:::~~~~~'~~~j;~~: ZCl ~gr2:34~..:..:'.' :'\::.'.;::.:::'::::..:.,::; ...... :.:' ...·:·::.. :.:. .: .:. . ..\:.'" ~~

·~~~1~~:~··.·"···:.'·'.~:r::,:('::.~;r ~~~g~'E~~~r1;,:J~~(""~~~~j~~" ~S :~~:~t:·:::.~~~~~~M$.':'.::':::~li ..':: './ .:., ...... ':. NUl1\I9038·: 'fNGALBA.··· .. ,>.:477 TEAGtJES KNO~:RD.:.: : .... .'. . ..BBT" . ..' 37a . '. EQNGAIWES:r· , "185200'''6594600.: .. ~8 ·NP.&.Y~03,~:·.. BUCKRA BENDINl ' ::'3,77. rv1M:~i

~g~~~~O'::~~H~'~~~::'"~~~~6~&HOs~fiALRDs.~;~ ~~~g~~~EST:~~~~~:·:.'···~~~l~L:·: g::r:: .' :'.. :... ":gi .' o~ .:ztxl :::~:~2,~~~t~~~i~~~BRP''''~~. ~~~~~~~~:~i:~.~~~~::.:.~;:~~~t ~f:~:;~~'f··'.' .:;~:': '.. .. ~~

5~VEDAYJ~>~~!::,5mi!i~ ~r~i!$1

~~~~;im,'.·~~~. ~~~~~~g~~~~~~:~i}~~'~~1~~~~ =~::;~~~FIVEDAY.~~~. . NUNAM950 NAM.~tJCSA.:"",. 3:12' HYL~If:rA.RRR,9:. BBT ~7 MACKSVII,,~E 498~OQ. 66·l,o.~qO

~t~!{;R'wii!TI!~~wsl;1l~~CH..···~~··~illlL ~ NtJ.29.N05.5 CONQLO~RATE '2' l;Jpp¥itCORfNOIRD. WS 48 WOOLGOOLGA " ·50'mOO. ;6676600 "Tlt;J ~E~ ~~\163~~~~~:~::.:~~~3~'~:~~~~~. ~~~~Wt~'·~~~~S1.': ..... :·.~~.~o··2~iU~tm::···. .., . ~~ -l!;l ~gf~~;~E=~~~~A.··~rHg;~~:~~~~EKRD.~~ ~~ ~~~~l~~CH~~~~~~..'. ~~:~1~~ ;:z;lr;j !;lo NUKAN060 .KANGAROO RIVER 224' BLACK MIN. RD, . DS 60 GLENREAGH 483100 6669400 O"Tl NUNEW061 NEWFbUf.'ibLAND 437: BALP:'KNOB ttyUL DS 60 RED ROCK .512100 6692300' NUWlL062 WILp'CATTLE CREEK 336 TIMMSVALE RD.; WS 46b MOLETON 485100 6660100 ~~ NUKAN063 :£ NUNEW068· N~WFOUNDLANb 441 NUNAMED TRAIL DS 31\97 RED ROCK 515950 669~600 "&; ~en 'rlen O~ ...... cpt LOCAT~O~··. ; STRATA TYPE MAP NAME Ei\ST . ~@ PLOT!"lo STAT!!;FOREST ..' .. .NOR.TH o-J'rl 'NUNE~069 NEWFOUNDLAND ... "432 WELLSTROSSING F\R . S,R'. . 31\92 RED ROCK 506400' ... 6692200 . ;QO . .'...... NUNEW070 NEWFOUNDLAND·" . 459 '.' ··S~ER.S·~.:.·::.: .. :DS 74a' PILLAR\r.Ait-gy· 5164S:~. 6703350 f}1~ NuNEW071' . :NEWFoUNDLAND.. . ..153: ". COASXRJWGERPf\D: ....Ps-. 1'29·. PILLARVALLiW 516.150' .'. 6700~00 -Cl9i\SJ;-~G?Rp,: ~CilNQNEWQ?2' 'NEWfOuNDLAtlD" ..'.. 450: .' :::.. "0.8 : 62a piLLAR VALLEY 514850 . ..6696050 .. . .. no .. ' :-409 . YELLQWCUTIINGRD. .. . , DS" :97: .. RED ROCK' ... '. 5l!i3S0 '668~6~0 trl'rl ~~~g:g~~o .'~~:g;:. '. . ".415.· COLLEtsG~9SSThlGiw..'. BBT:' .·92 . REDRoCK . 521100. . 6692600' ~~ '. NUKA:N075. KANGAROO'R1:v:ER .. 202 NEAKTULU>.WOODF\R: DS 65 GLENRBAGH .4$0100- . ~6.7g.ioo ~:<: NUBAR016' llAACOONGER,E 420 uNNAMEiitwL"... DS li7 RED ROCK 543000 {)689300 f}1~ NUNEW017 NEWFOUNDLAND . 431 .GEORGtS·Rri.·.. OS . 119 RED ROCK 5079Q~' .669.30So- ~~ NUNEW078 NEWFOUNQLAND. . 444 CPT435·:RD: lis· i-26 RED ROCK 510100.. : 6694300 NUCONO~9.· .. F\R· MURPHYSRI>':' . DS' 74b WOOL(~o.OLG1· 510200' 667:WSO ~:<: CONGL-OMERATIt > NUWED080 WEJ;>DThiGBEL~S'. .46 .ARAw.A:ifuARD: .. os 74b "',OOLGOOL9A 514700 .. 6672850 &; NUBAG08l BAGAWA ...... ' 278 : DAY-DAWNRtf :. os 74a MOLETON· '. 4930S0 ':,' 66641S0. en NUKANQ'S2' KANGARo6RiWR 241 .. rEssE'sMiTH'RO. . DS . 74a GLENREAGH 4824.00 ..6672450 NUKA;NO$3 K,ANGAROQRIvl3R 205 BLACKMTN~:Ro. .DS· 74b GLENREAGH 4789S0 6<175800 NULOW08~ WWERBUCCA 1'00 LOOPRD.. ·.. DS 74b MOONEEBEACH 503800 66~.23'50 NUCON085 CQNGLOMERATE 11 MANNSRD: D:S 74b WOOLGOOLGA 506200 61'72600 NUORW086 ORARAWEST 298 LANGL,.fYk!W. BBT 37a MOLETON 494750 (i~59100 NUWED087 NEWFOUNDL-AND 44 STUARTSRD. BBT 37a WOOLGOOLGA 5159S0 . 6674800 NUCON088 CONGLOMERATE 19 PLUM'PUDDINGRD. BBT 37a WOOLGOOLGA 5088S0 6670700 NUORE089 ORAEAEAST 63 LINKRD~ ...... BBT 37a MOONEEBEACH 5126S0 66616S0 N,:tJLOW090 LOWERBUCCA 90 McNA¥WSRD. BBT 37a MOONERBEACH 506800 66~9500

~'rl NUWIL091 WILD CATTLECREEK 326 BBT 371\ MOLETON 481550 6663100 ~~~~:n~'" ~5 NUNAN092 NANAGLEN 293 BBT 37a MOLETON 494200 6660700 a>>;Q NUBR0093 BROOKLANA 346 EVES CREEK RD. BBT 37a BROO:KLANA 4853S0 6647800 trlen NUORW094 ORARAWEST 110 PrNERD. BBT 37a BROOKLANA 4941SO 6649600 ~c NUNEW095 NEWFOUNDLAND 465 COLLETTSCROOSSINGRD. BBT 41 PILLARVALLEY 517650 670.1$00 455 STONY'KNOBRD BBT 38 VALLEY ~~ NUNEW096 NEWFOUNDLAND .. PRLAR 514800 6700450 >:< NUNEW097 NEWFOUNDLAND 403 MILLEARATRA:IL BBT 39 RED ROCK 514800 6685600 NUBAR098 BARCOONGE~ 415 COLLETTSCROSSINGRD. DS 40 RED ROCK 5207S0 6691S00 GJ~ NUBAR099 BARCOONGERE 418 . CABBAGETREE RD, BBT 37a R,EPROCK 523300 6693800 .~~ NUBOAHio BOAMBEE 102 KELLYS·Rb. aBT 37b COFFS HARBOUR 504400 6646600 0>za NUORE101 ORARAEAST 74 SWANSRD. BBT 37a COFFS HARBOUR 507800 6652600 NUORWI02 ORARAWEST 119 RlDGERD. BBT 37a MOLETON 496S00 6656300 ~~ S4 JESSE SIMPSONRD. BBT 37a MOONEEBEACH 514S00 6665650 trl NUWED103 WEDDINGBELLS F\R ~on NUWEDI04 WEDDINGBELLS F\R WobLGOOLGA CREEK R\F 2\3 WOOLGOOLGA 513800 6667700 ;Q~ NUORE105 ORARAEAST F\R BRUXNEit'PARK F\R R\F 2\3 MOONEEBEACH 509100 6654300 ?Ben NUPINI06 PINE CREEK F\R BuNDAGEN F\R WS S3 RALEIGH 5054S0 66314S0 s::t: NUCONI07 CONGLOMERATE F\R WAlHOUF\R SSD 231. WOOLGOOLGA 502500 6673000 .2: ~ NUCONI08 CONGLOMERATE F\R WAIHOUF\R DS 126 WOOLGOOLGA 501100 6674100 ~o NUCONI09 CONGLOMERATE F\R WAIHOUF\R DS 38 WOOLGOOLGA 503300 6676700

:<:~

00 l.Il 00 0\

E!::"r1

,." PLorNo STATE FOREST Cp.t. LOCAT:ION:"".' .SrRATA .'.::' ::"".::::TYPE .MAP:NA~E".· ~AST ,NORTH ~~ ',:' C'len NUKANllO KANGAROORIVER 202 SHEEPSTATIONCRK,,: DS .;:}.:=(,:.:.:: :65'.,...,':,'::,": . 'GLENREA:GH 480100 ',' 6678,200' NUINGl11 lNGALi3'A 443 DHOL\6"D S ..·:::.. : 62b\74b .aiiiiDBROOK ,473'40.:-< '~~~:~~~. NuruclI4 TUC~RSNOB 69 CORALTREERD. H\P {- WS .... . 2:18, BELLlNGEN 490850 . Gl~ WORWl15 oRARAWEST . 306. R.ANQERD., RF\1 ;':' ',' 5\11 BROOKLANA 490900 6650500. .~~ NUTUG116 TUCKERSNCIf 54 NE~:CROSSMAGLEN: MHO!.,\1~WS '. 48',' BROOKLANA '496050 6640850 zC'l 0> NrifudI7": TUCI.<.#~SNOB· 52 OFF-MOODYLANE MHOL\2- w"s 48. BROOKLANA 498300 6641450 NuBR()llS .BROOKLANA :348 MHOL\S'- Ws. .. 53\47 ~87800 .6,645250. El> .~~g*~~. .NUORW119 ~~:~~~i~~"""",MBOL\jc BBT ' ::t:~ oRARA"WEST 139 '36 ' 495150 664690Q. NUORWUO ORARA\WEST .:138 FRONtAG~ MBRL\4'~BBT 36 BROOKLANA 496300 ·6644750, ~8 CREEK:Ri?;' NUORW121 O:kA.RA'WEsT 307· CORFESRl):.. ,'. MBOL\5- BBT ·36 492200 .:.~~$\9.S0 Gl~ NUORW122 ORARA'WESt 142 rvffiRL\2- BBT . 36 :~gg~1~1·496150 .6652550 C'l::t: =:·g~g5~~~~K~. 0> ~OAl~1 BOA,MBEE 1.02: MBRL\6-BBT 37 COFFSIIARBOUR ~03)00.9646550 NUCON124· CONGLOMERATE 30· SHER'o/9,oti.:I.tb· ., MBOL'J'o BBT 37 WOOufuOtGA 5078.00 . 6668600 •z'"t:l:l zO NUCON125 COi1GLOMf~~ 30 SHERWOOD.RD. 'DBOL\S,:-'Bin 37a WOOLGOOLGA 5()5600" 6668400 ~~ NUWED126 ~apDTh!q:'~:§kL~.46\47 EMBANkMENTRD. DB4\4 -BBT ~7a WOOI.GOOLGA 5moo 6673100 NUSCOt27 SCOTCHMAN..... 124 HORSESHOERD.: MBOL\4- BBT 36.,, DA~WOOD 472100 6629000 NlJJ;lELl;is. ~i:iLINGER.iUVER97 DB6~\6-~k{ 37a, DARKWOOD 472450 .' 6634800' NUOAR129 oAkEs' 146· ~~~~~JIfu.DaOL\3 - BaT 37:8 DA:RKWCO:O 465650 66i950if NUOA~130 OAKEs' 14~ cNR.'HORSESHOE& SUPPLy RDs. DI;30L~'-NEH163 DARKWOQD 463950 6617400 NUlNGl3l lNGALBA 464 MALONEYSCREEK·Rn. . DHOL\4."D S 62b EUNGAIWEST 479500 6594450 .NUWAyp2 WAYWAY 494 WILDCA CREEK 105 TRAILOFF SERVICERD. SP\3 SWD 218 HOOP MOLETON 683400 6654800 .~ NUWILt50 TILE - t::len ~O~AJJQN ST~TA .' TYP~. . MoAPN.I\ME EAST N9~T~ P.LQTN~. STA1;'~FQ~~$1:. .Cpt· WILD CATILEC:R,EEK :- '.' . 336 aOPANRD...... ".... HP\3 - BBT :.218' MOLETON 485100 6658600 ~~ .. OMRA:WEST· .... c..·· :,<.: ··-: 300 .:. ·CORAMBAMTN.Rb.. :.: :.:., .RF\3 '. '. '.. ~0\Z1.' . MOLEJON 493000 . .q6.5.~90Q·: "';'Tl ~~6~~n~· :;00 NDBA,(HS3 BAILLARv ALLEY 512600 669§700 m~ NUFlN166' piNi3'CREEK' ":'. . :l . Off' BuNoAGENlID.. l:ll'\2,"7'~S ..:...::.: : 218· R.ALEIGH .. 504700:· .' 66~1200 ZC NUPlNi6'l. ..rINlfC~Bis '..'. ·...6, . PUFFS.RD. '.:.. D:S~\2.." BB,T··· '31 'RALEIGH . 503200 '1?633600 p:iJ . NUBARi6:Z-: BMCOONGERB' . ·235BARCOONGERE·WAY.. ,,$p\2 - SWO· '.' 218PINB· REDR{)CK 518500 6687700 .. ~~ 'NUBAR163 BARCoONGERB 303' "CABBAGE tREElID, 'SP\l-SWD.::. '218 PINE RED ROCK 518800 669iHOO NUNEWl64 NEWFOUNDLAND . 426· BROWNSKNO:S.nWL DHOL\5 •DS 87 .' RED ROCK 512300 6690900 ~ NuNEW165 NEWFOUNDLAND 438COA.ST RANGERD,··. DHRL\3•DS. 74a . RED ROCK 513800 6690300 NUl'BU166 TBUMU CREEK . 422 OFF BELLBIRD Rri:. MHOL\6 - WS 53 TOOMBCREEK WEST 458i50 6604400 NUMIS167 MlSTAKE 336 KOSEKAlW:' MHRL\1 - BBT 31a THUMB CREEK EAST 467500 6607700 NUBUC168 BUCKRABENDlNNI 382 HoRsESHOE RD. DHOL\3 -DS 62a THUMB CREEK EAST 469000 6611100 NUnrrJl69 THUMBCREEK 426 SHEET-O-BARK RD. DBOL\I • BBT 31a TBUMB CREEK WEST 460900 6600300 NUMlS170 MlSTAKE 335 HANGINGROCK RD. DBRL\1 ~BBT 31b THuMB CREEK WEST 4(;6300 6608300 N~EWI71 NEWfOUNPLAND F\R. WELL~CRQS$ING F\R' D S 65 RED ROCK 505950 66~4250

E:::'Tl ~5 0>>:;0 ~~

~~ > .-< Gl~ ~~ • 0 6> ~~ ~8

Gl~ 9::r::

.~~ ZO ~~

~ 00 00

E::

~:;I:l 3 » s APPENDIX Cl(/) ~~

~~ >- RARE OR THREATENED PLANTS FOUND IN THE CURRENTSURVEY.

~~ Plot, .. Family ::Spe'cies," ,' :' Common' Cons. Location Land Alt Topo Geol' Map Field • Cl ~> ";"';';::; N:!llIlc ,St~tus T~n"'re \7\1 F\T NUNEW033 "'" Faoacae-Mimosoiihiile Acaciii:cliiYsotrica::',: ',' i:" :,'.,:',':"':" '2R: '::::' "New!}':: "',", :,': ":::",' , 'F.R, 30·,,',:, 6" Ps 47/48/5l , '47148/53 NuNEW027 ' Sa':kteae' ':, Amop,h6spermumwhitei Ru~tYpitim''3RC~'L''''':NewtY'',' ~~ ,. "" .. "PO ,,' ,', .. "", 'sp' 30 10 Qa 4f 48 N.UGLA02,S:: 'Sapota~ae :.Amoph0spermu~wbitei Rusty Plum, 3R~~, GI~dstone " ,,:.' SF 60 4 Ps 49 4.9 ~~ NUTHQ037, SapotaCeae' "',:A~ophospermuniwhitei Rusty,Pltiitf:: :JRGiI', Thumb Creek SF 655 4 3,7"'" 37 ~F R~~~'". Glr;J NUCON055 ' Sapptaceae, ::Am~phospeiii1uniwhitei " Rusty Pltiin ' 3RCa' ,Ci)ligloffierate , 220 5 47, 47 Cl:I: NUwEP065 Sapotaceae, Aitiopi1Qspemiu~1Nhitei Rlisty,Plum 3RCa b.~araIl!i!!t '~,F 140' 6 p-o; 53' 53 O~ ZI:l:l NU9R,W068 Sapp~aceae AmophospellJlumwhitei Rusty Plum 3RG~":"Oi-araEast' ~F' 610 4 Cb 37a 37a - 0 NUOR$101 Sapdtaceae ArilophosPe!:!nl,ltri:wl!itei:' Rusty Plum 3R~a'Orai:a'East . SF 250 4 Cb 37a 37a ~~ NU\yf:OlQ4 Sapi:itaceae Amophosp~rmumw.NteiRw;tyP.lum 3RCa w\i.l,i!goqlgllCreek F.R. FR 50 6 P-Cc 2\3 2\4 NUTUCl17 Sapoiaceae ,A.!1:i,oplJ,ospeilmiril'wiiitei' ~ustyp'1~\Il3RCa ' Tu~kersNob' SF 100 6 Cmb 48 ,48, NUBROllS Sapgta<;eae 'Amophospermumwhitei ", ',ltusiy.l~f~m,3RCa BroO,klana' SF 720 5 Ctrib 5'3 ~3' NuoLA145 Sapotaceae " "Amophospermum:Whitei',' Rustfplum 3R,Ca G1i1dstone' SF 90 6 Ps 53 :53 NqKAN154 Saj>

;"'mophosp~i:rilum brai:~,.gast N{jORE155 Sapo~ceae wQj,iei ' Rusty Plum '3R<:;a ~.f 170 6 p"CC 53 53 NUORE033 Sapotacejle Amop4

Austrobuxu~ Piri~ ~2S Nl)BROl18 l::upborbiace~e swainii ' ciierrY 3RCa Brooklana SF 720 4 Cmb '53 :53 f]:;I:l Nl)ORWI20 EupJJorbiaceae , Austrob!lXusswainii J>inkCheriy . 3RCa Orata Ea,st Sf 260 5 Cb 36 '36 --if] NUORW121 Eiiphorbi~ceaeAustrobuius swillnii ' Pink:Cherry 3RCa Orilra E~t SF 620 4 Cb 36 j6

~(ij NUCON124 Euphorbiliceae , AlIstrobuxusswainii' PirikCherry.: 3RCa· Conglomerate SF 440 4 Jrnk 37a 36 o~ NUIRl017 ' Myrtac~ae: 'Bac!dlousia:anisata ' ::: Ringwoo.d '2RCa Iiishman SF 110 6 "Ps 2 2 SF ~~ NUMlS018 Rutaceae Bosistoa floydii Fiv~·ieaflRCi Mistake 170 11 Ps 23 23 &h: Bosistoa (/)(/) (/)0 NUBROl18 Lauraceae Cryptocatya 4orrigoensis Dorrigo Laurel 2RCa Brooklana' SF 720 5 Cmb 53 53 tIle: NUNEW061 Myrtaceae EU~a!yptlisrummeryi Steel Box 3RC­ Newfoundland SF 250 4 Kjk o 60 NUCON079 Myitaceae Eucalyptus runirneryi Steel Box 3RC­ Conglomerate FR 140 4 R-Jc 74 74 ~sJ NUBAG081 Myrtaceae Eucalyptl;lsrllrru:rteryi ~teelBox 3RC- Bagawa' SF 390 4 R-Ce 74a '74a .r;;~~ l:l(/) ",CIl

~~ ,,' C~~i»0n:: ~o~t;~n "',' ..Land. ."Alt ..'fopo. . Geol' Map Field I:Plot:..", .FalIiily, Speci~s·,·"":'.. Cons, .:.... m;l Name':, : Status .' "". Tenure ' ., mT F\T '"'", ::-l0 . . '" m::-l S~e~i3Rc~'. 'Newfoundland' : S'F .. 1&0 4 RJm 74a 74a NiJNewl~9Myrtaceae El.lcalyptusrulI!IPeryi' :' ':: Box...:' , ';"" '. om ···Br~Wn; 4, J,w 74: . 74 N'tJNEWIM:: . Mytiaceae; '::", ,Eucalyptusnimirieryt.. . $ieel Box, :'::: :. 3~C~ Knob 'Sf 240 ~ril iUi~op'hil~ :. .. PS 218 ilS ':NUNgWOJ5 ,::MyJ;1:ac\lae:: ,:Eucalyptus '::' :::..'.".";., '. . ,2It:::. ' NewrY ' ',SF:' ;} :6 Q~ 3,6 37 'NUV(El::t6 'Myrtaceae Eucalyptus fusifoinlis: ,,::..:.., .,' 2it' ,::' Vie\\7mont ,',: :'IW ~40 4 'Ps . 150 62 62 ~~ E~calyptui;'biirapie~ra:' ::'.',SquareFruited 2YCa Newfoundland·...: SF 4 Rjb :NlfNEWQ72 ',",MY!1:ll.<;eae;, .. ,'.' .. ,""," '.:' ' ",:,,::..:;.:" ...... ~~ :':, ": ;:'" ..:::,,:,:..... i;9nb~k":'.:::':,: "'. ,;. ',"", :....., t . . . ',' m~ NuNEWl:71 :,Myrt!lceae Etipalyptus tetnipleUra:' Siji\*.'fruited. ' 2VCa .Newfo'undland 'FR 90 8 Kg ..65 "'6$ zC: . ":: ." : '.. " ,.., lronoark'

'~i;oXYlohpinn~t~m'Doftlgo.:" . ,3RCa' Ne~erNevei SF. 910 2 Cm6' 17 17 9Ecl :NUNEv023 'Proteacea~, ". . ,.' . w>w~ Waratah· : .. ' ,." . Orara Eas~. SF '64,0: 4 Cb S3 53 ,NUORW058 Proteacea~ A;I1oxylonpinnatum pprrlgd , 3RCa t;; .. .: CIl Wai-atah NOBR0093 Proteaceae Alloxylon pinnatum porrigo JRCa Brooklan.a SF 665 4 Cb 37a 37a Waratah

piDrtat~m Do!Tig~ SF 620 4: CI;i 36 36 NUORW12I Proteacea~ 'AIIoxy.lol)· .'3RCa Orarll.East Waratah .. '..

::::", ~5 a>>::-l ~~

~~ >;< G;~ .r;;~ za0> ~> :r:S ~8 ::-l=il tt1C1l 0>8:r: ~65 ~O ~~

'000 APPENDIX 4

RARE OR THREATENED PLANTS. MISCELLANEOUS SURVEYS WITHIN COFFS HARBOUR/ URUNGA MANAGEMENT AREAS.

. '::'.: ...... ·3RC..:"

. 3RCa

····.3RCa: . :··3RCa·:·.::.;··: 3RCa 3RCa. :.' '. " . ···..·3RCa:.· .': . 3RCa;·;:··:··

JRCa:·. ....3,RGa·.

" .... : .:::::::::

....:..:...... : :; :: ::,: ,.:,-.. " :'.: ,::,2R . -':'.':" : '::...... :.. :2RCa 2RCa .:2RCii....:,. ···:·2RC{·· : '.: ~RCa···:·::·:.·

">. "~~2::~\:t::

....

2R' 3RCa:.:·:·

:;E.~q(llip{i4fUfiifJletii :r';':::": ':J26Q 1:;1oi;fResef'V~.:· '. Internal Reporirrweedie, 1990 ..3RC~ ;;~~I~~i~~~1!:~,;;i::'4'.'£~!~if!um,· .. ;~~'

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 90 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 ·:2vd::· '"::::! 2VCi:" : '. ::ivaP'.'. ";: . .

......

Reference: Briggs. I.D.and Leigh, J.H.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 91 ADDENDUM

FLORISTIC PATTERNS IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT AND DISTURBANCE

by DougBinns, Research Officer, Forest Ecology Section,. Research Division, State Forests of New South Wales

21 August, 1995

OBJECTIVE

To describe the relationships between floristic composition and environmental factors, including disturbance history, from flora survey plot data collected within Urunga and Coffs Harbour Management Areas.

METHODS

Flora survey data were collected as described by Tweedie et al. (1995). Cover abundance codes were recorded for vascular plants in a total of 171 plots. For examination ofthe relationship between floristic composition and logging history and other environmental factors, the full data matrix was reduced by excluding plots in habitats not subject to logging, such as rainforest, swamps and littoral areas. Plots in pine plantations and eucalypt plantations were also excluded.

Forspecies which are recorded aUow frequency, there is arelatively high probability that observed patterns are influenced by chance occurrence, and such species contribute to "noise" without contributing substantially to patterns ofinterest. Accordingly, species which occurred in fewer than three plots were excluded from ordination analyses described below. Untransformed cover codes were used as the abundnace measure, to give greater relative weight to the influence of less common species. With the exclusion ofplots listed in the preceding paragraph, and exclusion ofspecies with a recording frequency offewer than three, the resulting base matrix used for analysis comprised 133 plots and 354 species.

The difficulty ofobtaining information on infrequent species in an analysis which is based on assemblages ofspecies, such as the present study, is well recognized. It is a potentially serious deficiency because the suite of infrequent species may include those most likely to be associated with particular disturbance history. One means of compensating for this deficiency is to group species based on similar ecological characteristics. Unfortunately, there is insufficient detailed ecological information for most species to do this with confidence, but several broad groups may be considered. One such group in the context of examining logging impact may be epiphytes, which are likely to be sensitive to variations in microclimate and availability ofhost trees, both ofwhich could be expected to be related to logging history. The other group is exotic weeds, which may be expected to increase in abundance, at least temporarily, following logging disturbance.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 92 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 The main variables used for ordination analyses were derived from environmental data as follows: topo Topographic position, coded as l=ridge crests, 2=upper slopes, 3=mid slopes, 4=lower slopes and alluvial flats, 5=riparian or swamp.

rf Mean annual rainfall, provided by Simon Ferrier, NPWS, Armidale, estimated from climatic surface model from plot locations.

t Mean annual temperature, estimated as for rainfall.

ri ( Mean annual solar radiation, incorporating effects of cloud cover and topography, provided by Simon Ferrier, NPWS, Armidale.

fi Estimated intensity of most recent fire (field estimate), coded as O=no evidence; 1= low; 2=moderate; 3=high.

fage Estimated time since last fire (field estimate), coded as 1=1-2 yr; 2=3-5 yr; 3=6-10 yr; 4=11-15 yr; 5=16-20 yr; 6=21-30 yr; 7=31-40 yr; 8=41-50 yr; 9=>50 yr.

li Logging intensity, field estimate, coded as for fire.

lage Time since logging, field estimate, coded as for fire.

g Parent material, derived from 1:250000 geology series and provided by S. Ferrier from digitized maps, coded as g1=Quaternary sediments, g2=Quaternary alluvium, g5=granite, g6=leucogranite, g9=quartz sandstone, g10=high quartz sedimentary, gll=low quartz sedimentary.

PIoristic groups were defined by aggregating groups derived from classification as described in Tweedie etal. Ten groups were defined, and may be categorized broadly as rainforest (groups 1,2), wet sclerophyll forest (3,4,5), dry sclerophylll grassy forest (6,7,9) and heath woodland (8,10).

Aconstrainedordinationmethod (Canonical Correspondence Analysis (terBraak 1986, 1987), abbreviated as CCA) was used to investigate patterns of floristic composition in relation to environmental and disturbance parameters. This method maximally correlates the arrangement of species and sites along ordination axes, subjectto the constraint that the axis are linear combinations ofthe explanatory variables. Ter Braak (1986) fully describes the underlying assumptions and strengths of this method. The main assumption is that individual species response models are all similar and all ofunimodal, Gaussian form. Although it is doubtful whether this assumption is reasonable for all species, CCA has been shown to be robust to moderate violations of assumptions (palmer 1993) and offers a powerful method of revealing patterns of floristic composition in relation to environmental factors. It also has the advantage that the results are unaffected by correlations among environmental variables. A more recent development (ter Braak 1988) allows partial CCA in which the effects ofasubset ofvariables may be removed by using them as covariables, thus focussing attention on particular variables of interest. These methods are being increasingly and very effectively used in ecological investigations of this type (e.g. Borcard et al. 1992, McIntyre and LavoreI1994). In interpreting the ordi.nation diagram, environmental or other explanatory variables are represented by arrows, the length representing the strength of correlation between the environmental variable and the ordination axes (this indicates the degree ofimportance ofthe variable in influencing patterns as displayed on the ordination diagram), and the direction representing the direction ofmaximum change ofthe variable. Analyses were performed using programs written in Splus. Qasses of qualitative environmental variables (lithology, logging category) were transformed to a series of dummy binary variables as recommended by ter Braak (1987). The most strongly influential variables were then used as covariables in a partial CCA to examine patterns with respect to logging history. The statistical significance oflogging history parameters was tested by comparison with randomly permuted vectors oflogging history variables, following the Monte Carlo procedure ofter Braak (1987).

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTIl WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FORESTRESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 93 The combined total cover and frequency ofall native species, all exotic species, and all epiphytic species were separately analysed in relation to environmental and disturbance history factors using regression tree analysis (using the "tree" function in Splus).

RESULTS

Ordination

Figure 1is the ordination diagram showing the first two axes ofthe CCA for the 139 eucalypt forest plots, in relation to the full set ofenvironmental variables defined above. Fire history and temperature are the factors most strongly associated with floristic patterns. Lithology, latitude, rainfall and topographic position also provide strong influences, with logging history and radiation index having the least influence. 1\\ ·.· . ·... .\ \, fa 1

8 6 6 3

-:;;Jir-:::::---&--...... 66 6 % . """-ri le~5666 6 66 rf············ 36 5rl /6 666 6 9 3 6

...... ::>...... "" ..../ gJjf''''' 1/'/

Figure 1. First two axes ofCCA ordination for Urunga MA, wi th broad vegetation type plotted. Arrows represent variables as defined in the text.

Overall, there are two clear gradients which are largely mutually orthogonal (independent). The heath woodland plots (broad groups 8 and 10) are strongly associated with higher temperatures, more northerly latitudes, high-quartz sedimentary substrates and lower rainfall. They all occur within a fairly narrow

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 94 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 range of fire histories. They are characterized by the following species: Eucalyptus baileyana, E. planchoniana,E. tindaliae, Lambertiaformosa, Boronia ledijolia, Lepyrodia scariosa, Epacrispulchella, Ptilothrix deusta. The gradient from the wet sclerophyll groups (1-5) to grassy forest group 6 is most strongly associated with fire history. Species most strongly associated with long fire-free periods include Akaniabidwillii,Arthropteris tenella, Pothos longipes, Baloghia inophylla, Sloanea australis, Ripogonum discolor, Microsorum scandens and Heritiera actinophylla. Those most strongly associated with recent (and probably frequent) fire include Persoonia sericea,Jacksonia scoparia, Entolasia stricta, Trachymene incisa, Kennedia rubicunda, Hardenbergia violacea and the exotic herbs Sigesbeckia orientalis, Cirsium vu/gare and Bidens pilosa.

• 0 0 0 • ~ • Cb o 0 .. • SJ 0 0 0 0 0 0

o

Figure 2. Partial CCA with respect to logging history, using rainfall, radiation index, temperature, lithology, topographic positio~ and fire age as covariables. Open symbols represent unlogged plots and closed symbols represent logged plots.

There is a very strong floristic gradient associated with broad groups 8 and 10 which tends to dominate obseIVed ordination patterns, and these groups represent forest oflow commercial value which is generally subject to low logging intensity. For these reasons, they were excluded from subsequent analyses in an attempt to refine the examination of patterns related to logging history. The resulting data matrix comprised 117 plots and 299 species. The broad effects of logging only, with the effects ofphysical environmental factors and fire history removed as covariables, are shown in Figure 2. For simplicity of display, species are not plotted on this diagram, but an ordered matrix ofspecies abundance by plot fo~ the species which are most strongly associated with one or otherlogging category is given in Appendix 1. The

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION, NSW 95 majority ofspecies are clustered around the centre ofthe plot and are thus apparently insensitive to logging category, at least within the limits sampled in the present survey. Relatively few species appear at the extremes and thus show atendency to be associated with particularlogging history parameters. Individual species within these extreme groups occur mostly at low frequency and in most cases the observed distribution has a fairly high probability of occurring by chance. Collectively however, these extreme species represent a suite which is strongly associated with logging category. Although logging category contributes relatively little to the overall variation in floristic composition (about 10% ofthe total variation accounted for by all measured variables), the contribution is highly statistically significant compared to a randomly pennuted vector oflogging categories (p<0.001).

lage

66 6 6 5 4 7 56 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 5 6 56 8 5 6 5 5 4 4 ~ 5 5 ~ 5 3 33 6 4 2 ~43 5 2 5 5~ 4 4 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 33 i 6 2 1 3 3 22 2 22 2 1 3 3 1 32 3 2 3 2 4 1

1

1 3 3

Figure 3. Partial CCA for logged plots only, using rainfall, radiation index, temperature, lithology, topographic position and fire age as covariables. Logging age is plotted, coded as 1=1-2 yr, 2=3-5 yr, 3=6­ 10 yr, 4=11-15 yr, 5=16-20 yr, 6=21-30 yr, 7=31-40 yr, 8=41-50 yr.

From Appendix 2 there appear to be fewer species which are associated with unlogged plots than are associated with logged plots. Most ofthose which evidently favour unlogged plots can be placed into two categories. Species such as Lomandra spicata, Dendrobium aemulum, D. gracilicaule, Capparis arborea and Cuttsia viburnea are typically associated with rainforest and may represent species which, in the study area, occur marginally in eucalypt forest. The other group, represented by species such as Cheilanthes distans, Jacksonia scoparia and Monotoca scoparia, typically occur in drier woodland habitats. The apparent association ofthese with unlogged areas is more likely due to their tendency to occur in areas of low commercial value which are less likely to be logged, rather than to a real sensitivity to logging. More frequent species which are most clearly associated with logged plots include Tristaniopsis laurina,

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 96 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION. NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 Ceratopetalum apetalum, Trimenia moorei and Rhodamnia rubescens. These, and the majority ofother species which are grouped at the logged end ofthe ordination diagram, are species ofmoist habitats, often typically occurring in rainforest. It could be inferred that they are moist forest species which increase in abundance following disturbance. Species of drier forests are notably infrequent in this group. This indicates that logging effects are likely to be greatest in moist forest and least in dry and grassy forest.

Attempts to examine the more subtle patterns associated with time since logging were masked by the relatively stronger contribution the logged I unlogged contrast. To examine these patterns in more detail, the analysis was repeated with ~11 unlogged plots excluded, leaving amatrix of102 plots and 276 species. Figure 3 shows the result. A weak gradient in relation to logging age is evident, but is not statistically significant (p>O.2), so that any inferences in regard to individual species are very tentative. The ordered data matrix for the species most strongly related to this gradient is shown in Appendix 2. Species which may favour recently logged areas include Duboisia myoporoides, Ozothamnus diosmifolius, Lepidosperma laterale, Plectranthus parvijlorus, Cayratia clematidea, Andropogon virginicus, Sigesbeckia orientalis, Rubus rosifolius and Rubus hilli. Species which may preferolderlogged areas include Oxylobium ilicifolium, Beilschmiedia elliptiea, Endiandra erassijlora,Plaryeerium bifureatum, Callitris macleayanus, Asplenium australasieum, Austrobuxus swainii and Daviesia arborea. These patterns may reflect later colonization ofdisturbed areas by species ofthe second group, or may represent chance occurrences simply associated with the distribution oflogging in time and space.

Floristic richness and abundance of weeds and epiphytes

The regression tree analysis indicated that the total number ofnative species per plot was primarily related to fire history. Amean of38 species perplot was recorded in plots burntless than five years priorto survey, compared to 49 species per plot for plots burnt less recently. This reflects the distinction between wet sclerophyll forest and dry sclerophyll or grassy forest, which is also primarily related to fire history. Logging history had no influence on native species richness for dry forest, and only avery minor influence for wet forest plots. Recently logged wet sclerophyll plots had higher native species richness (52 species per plot) than olderlogged plots (47 species per plot). The major distinction was at ten years since logging, suggesting that short-lived colonizing species invade the site following disturbance, but decline in abundance within about 10-15 years.

There were 34 weed s'pecies and 32 epiphyte species recorded in the survey. The regression tree analysis using numberofweed species perplot as the dependent variable split initially on logging age as the primary variable. R~cently «10 years) logged plots had a mean of 2.3 species per plot compared to 1.1 species perplotfor olderlogged plots. The result for total weed cover was very similar. This pattern is very similar to that for all native species in wet sclerophyll forest, but for weeds it occurs across both broad types. A similar analysis for epiphytes suggested that logging history was unimportant in determining abundance ofepiphytes. The most important factors were fire age, rainfall and temperature, with a greater number ofspecies and higherabundance ofepiphytes in less recently burnt (> 15 years), higher rainfall (>2176 mm) and lower temperature areas «18.7). Itis possible that the survey has underestimated the abundance and number of epiphytes in unlogged forest, as they may occur in taller subcanopy trees and thus be more difficult to detect.

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS. NORTHERN REGION,NSW 97 DISCUSSION

The analyses reported here potentially offer a powerful means of separating floristic patterns associated withlogging history from those which are apparently due to logging but are actually aresult ofinteractions between logging history and other measured factors. As a simple hypothetical example, unlogged plots may be concentrated at higher altitudes and an apparent logging impact is actually a climatic effect. CCA canseparatethe relative influence ofthese factors. However, interpretation ofthe data reported here is very much limited by the lack of pre-treatment data and thus possible confounding effects of unmeasured factors. The species which are associated with logging history based on the above analyses may include those which are genuinely sensitive to logging, those for which an apparent pattern occurs purely by chance, and those for which the apparent pattern is due to unknown or unmeasured factors which are correlated to spatial distribution of logging but not necessarily causally linked. It is not possible to determine from the data the relative magnitude ofeach of these classes ofspecies, or their composition. This is especially limiting in the study area, because the area has along history oflogging, most accessible stands have been logged and there is thus alack ofunlogged sites which could potentially provide suitable controls. There are no extensiveunlogged areas, and unlogged patches are usually surrounded by generally logged forest Unlogged stands are often those which have been avoided because ofsome unusual feature. This will exaggerate the apparent impact of logging, because unlogged stands may be of different composition regardless oflogging pistory. It will also make any real logging impacts difficult to detect, because there are few suitable unlogged controls with which to make comparisons. Two otherfactors may compensate for this to some extent and tend to make unlogged samples appear more similar to logged samples than might otherwise be the case. Firstly, unlogged patches may have been affected by disturbance in the surrounding forest. Secondly, older logged stands may have no physical evidence of logging disturbance remaining if the logging was of low intensity and no stumps are evident in the immediate vicinity of the sample plot. Thus, some older logged stands may have been recorded as unlogged.

In this study area, comparisons ofstands ofdifferent logging ages may be more reliable than comparisons oflogged with unlogged plots, although still confounded to some extent by logging patterns which are not interspersed and not evenly or randomly distributed among habitat types. In this respect, the data suggest avery weak (and statistically non-significant) gradient. The lack ofastrongergradientcould suggest either that there is little impact ofinitial logging in unlogged stands, and therefore little subsequent change, or that an initial change does occur, but further change in composition overthe range oftime periods sampled . is minimal. Ifthe apparent differences evident in figure 2 are real and not just a sampling artefact, then the second of these scenarios is most likely. In this case, it should be noted that all except five logged samples are less than 30 years since logging. Thus there is insufficient evidence from the present survey to indicate whether the composition of logged stands would tend more towards unlogged stands over periods exceeding 30 years.

From the ordination analyses it is clear that logging history contributes relatively little to overall floristic patterns, which are primarily determined by fire history and climatic factors. The majority ofspecies occur independently oflogging history. However, unlogged plots do 'appear to differ to some extentfrom logged plots in floristic composition, and there is a weak gradient in floristic composition associated with time since logging. Due to complicating factors related to the historical patterns of logging and the small number of potentially suitable unlogged samples, it is not clear that the differences are actually due to logging. Ifthese observed patterns with respect to logging history are actually causally related to logging, then the impact is strongest in wet sclerophyll forest and differences are due to the occurrence ofrelatively few species.

FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 98 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 REFERENCES

Borcard, D., Legendre, P. and Drapeau, P. (1992). Parttalling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology 73: 1045-1055.

McIntyre, S. and Lavorel, S. (1994). How environmental and disturbance factors influence species composition in temperate Australian grasslands. Journal ofVegetation Science 5: 373-384.

Palmer, M.W. (1993). Putting things in even better order: the advantages of canonical correspondence analysis. Ecology 74: 2215-2230. terBraak, C.J.F. (1986). Canonical correspondence analysis: a neweigenvectortechnique formultivariate direct gradient analysls. Ecology 67: 1167-1179. terBraak, C.J.F. (1987). The analysis ofvegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis. Vegetatio 69: 69-77. ter Braak, C.lF. (1988). Partial canonical correspondence analysis. pp. 551-558 in Oassification and related methods ofdata analysis. ed. H.H. Bock. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Tweedie,T.D., Chapman,W.S., Bruskin, S. and Heyward, R.W. (1995). Flora surveyofthe Coffs Harbour and Urunga Management Areas, Northern Region, NSW. SFNSW Forest Resources Ser. In press.

STATB FORESTS OF NEW soum WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES,NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 99 Appendix 1. Occurrence of species in sites for Urunga data, ordered by logging category (O=unlogged, l=logged). Only the extreme 20% of species associ~ted with either category are listed. Abundance in the table is cover abundance score. Species are coded as first four letters ofgenus name plus first four letters ofspecies name.

DAVIUMBE ...... 2 2 1. . CORDRUBR. 2 ..1.1. . LEPTPOLY ...... 1. 1. 1. 2 . OREOPINN •.132 . POLYCUNN 2.2 ..32 . OZOTRUFE ...... 1. .2 1 . CALATRIP ...... 2 1. 1. . IllBBVEST ...... 2 2 2 . ORITEXCE 3 ..3.4 1. 1. . TRISLAUR 21. 2.2..2 ••2 2 . ACACFALC ...... 2 2 2 . ACROAGGR .31.1. . POTHLONG .....2 1. 1 .. 1 ..1. 2 . LINOMONO 12 32 1. 2 . ABROORNA ...... 22 2 1. 5 1. 1. . CERAAPET 4223224 3 33 3 . CALLMACL .5..2 3 2 . TRIMMOOR 221. ..2 ..522 •.1. •• 1. 2 1. . SLOAAUST .•1..43 2 4 2 . MACLCOCH ...... 1. 2 1 1 1. 1. 2.1. . TOONCILI ...... 2 2 2 ..1..3 1. . CORYACON ...... 1 2 2 . OMALPOPU · .. 2 1. 1. 1. 1..1. 1. 21. 1. . ENDICRAS ..2 ..22.2 2 1 . ACACFLOR ...... 1. 2 2 . GAHNMELA ...... 2 1.1 . PASSEDUL ...... 11 •• 1. 1.1. 1 11 . PULTRETU ...... 2 2 1 1. 1..2 . RHODRUBE · .2 1. 22 .•.32242 2.4.12222..2.2.2.•3.32.2 .. 2.311.14 .21. .2 32 2 .. 2 ..2 . ACRAEUOD 2 2 2 . DENDTERE .....1 1. 2 . BEILELLI •••••.•1. ..••••••••••••.•.•.. 1. ...•.2 ••••••••••••••••••• 4 •• 4 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ELAEOBOV .....1 1. 1. .1. . COMMCYAN ...... 1 2 3 . PARSFULV ...... 1. 1..1. 2 . AMYLDICT ...... 1 1. 1. 1 .. 1. . BLECPATE .....22 2 . RAPAVARI 22 1 .. 12 1. 1.2 1. . ACACBINE .... 4 2.2.2212 3 .. 3 2 23 3 2 2 4 . DAVAPYXI ...... 1. 2 •.. 1 1. 1. 1. . ACACIRIR · 2 1 2.23 1 2 3 5 3.2 22 ..1.2..1. ..2.1. 2 , . DORYSASS 2.22.31. 1. ..2 1. 2 . SYZYOLEO .1. 2 1. . DIGIDIVA ...... 2 1. 2 2 . MAYTSILV ••...••1. •...••••••..•...1 ••••••2 .•..•...... ••. 1. •.••••...•...... •..... 1. •...... ••...... •.... PERSCORN ...... 1..2 1. 2 2 1. . PHYLGASS ...... 2 1. .. 11 .. 2 .. 1. 111. 1. .1.2 1. 2 .•..2 2 1. 1. ..• 1 . MACRFAWC ...... 2 1 2 2 2 2 . DRYMMOOR 2.2 ..2 1. . PERSLEVI · 2 1.21.1 1.1. 1. 2 1. 2 2 2 22 .2 1. 2 11 . ANOPMACL 2 ..2.2 1. 1 4 2 . GOODLOTI ...... 1 1 1. . ASTRLATI ...... 1. 3 3 2 . CRYPOBOV .....32.1. 1. 1. 1 1. 1. 2 .•.1.3 2 . ANGOCOST ...... 13.3..1.122..1. ..3 ..3 1.12 4 2 2 ••2 .. 22 2 3 2 . GOMPFRUT ...... 1..2 1. . GONOOREO ...... 4 1..2 1. 2 2 1. . PILIGLAB 212.2.3.•••••. 2 ••••.. 2 2.22 .. 2 ..2. 1 ...... •..•. 1 ..•...... ••...... •...... • POLYSAMB · 2 •• 12.2.1.1 .. 12 .. 2 12 ..1.2.. 22.2.22 2.2 ..• 11 .. 1.22..1.2 1. 1 2 ..2 2 11 . ELATRETI .....2 2 2 . FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW sourn WALES 100 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 ENDISIEB • .. 2 1.2 1. •••2 ..1. ••3111.1..1. 3 2 ••12 . LASTACUM ...... 2 2 1. 2 2 1. 2 . PELLPARA ...... 1. 2 2 1. 1. 1. 2 ••...• RUBUPARV • ••• " •••••••••••••••••••• 2 1. •••2 •••••1. 11.2 .1.1. .1. •••• 2 ••22 •••2 1. ••1. •• 1. .2. PITIUNDU • 1 1. ..2 ..2 2 3 ..1.1..1. 2 1. .2 1. 2.232 . ADIAFORM .....2 2 2 32 " 2 2 ..•2 •.• PTERTREM ...... 2 1 2 2 . TIIEMAUST • 3 2 ••• 4 •••••3 2 •• 42.2.3.24.54.4 •• 4353.433.34254.5.5.433.2'.••55 •• 332.555 RIPODlSC ...2.2 2 3 1. 3 2 . SOLASTEL ...... 2 1. .2 2.2 1. 2 1. 12 . AMORWlllT ...... 2 ••2 2.21. 2 1. 1. 2 •• 2 3 3 4 . LOMAMULT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2 ••••2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••2 •••••••••••••••1 •••••.••••• 1 GOODHEDE ...... 2 2 •• 2 1 2 ••1.1.1. 22 •.•11 1 ALLOLITT .4 2 1. 3 . PLECGRAV ...... 2 2 2 . TETRNITE ...... 2 1. 2.1. .. 1. ••1. 1.1. 1. •• 2 1. .• 2 •.. RAUWLEIC ...... 1. 1. 1. . SCOLBRAU ...... 1. 1. 2 1. 1..1. 2 1 . ELA1NERV ...... 1 1. 2 3 . MALLPHIL ...... 1. 3 .. 2 •• 1. 1. 1.1. 21..2 . GOMPLATI ...... 2 2 1. 1. ...• 1 SOLAAVIC ...... 1.2 1. 2 . DENHCELA ...... 2 2 1. .1. 1. 1...... •. 2 ..• 1. . CRYPEREC • 1. 1 1. 1. . PLATSUPE ...... 1. 1. 11 1. 2 2 ••. JAGEPSEU ...... 1. 2 1 1..1. 1. 2 ..• EMBEAUST • ..1. .2 21. 1. 11 1 1 1. .2••1. 1..1. 2 1. ..2 ••• 2 2 . ALOCMACR ...... 1. 2 2 2 1. •• VIOLBETO ...... 11 1. . OXYLILIC ...... 2 1. 2 2 2 2 3 .••2 ...• 1 PYRRCONF ...... 1.2 1. 2 2 1. 1. 1. 2 ••. 2 2 ••• ARCHGRAN ...... 1. 1. 2 2 1 2 . DYSOFRAS ...... 1. 1 1. 1. 1. 1. 3 1. .. EUPOBENN ...... 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. •. PLECPARV ...... 1. 2 2 11.1.1. 1. .• 2 2 2 12 .. 1. .2 2.1..2. CROTVERR ...... 1. 2 2 2 2 . ACACCONC ...... 2 2 2 22 2.4 •• EXOCSTRI ...... 1. 1. .3•. 2 1. 2 .•2.1 CUPAANAC ...... 1. 1· 2 2 3 . PARAPRUI ...... 1. 1. 2 2 2 . RHODPSID ...... 11 2 1. 2.2 •• 2 3.2 . CLERTOME ...... 1..1. •••••••1. •••••1. 1. ••••••••••••••••1. 1. 1. •...•12 •••...• HELIELAT ...... 2 2 2 3 . N01EVENO ...... 2 2 121. . SYZYAUST ...... 1 1. 2 •••. 1 . AMYECORO ...... 1. ••• 1. 2 ••• 1. 1. . BANKIN1E ...... 2 2 ••••••••••4 •••••••• CHEISIEB ...... 1..1. ••••••••••••2 •••••••1.. CUTIVIBU ...... 1. 1. •.••••••••••••2 1. 4.2.2••••••••••• CAPPARBO ...... ' 2 1. 2 1 2 . BANKSPIN ...... 2 1. 3 . MONOSCOP ...... 2 1. 1. 2 JACKSCOP ...... : 11 2 2.2 2.2••• 3 ARAUCUNN ...... 1. 1. 1. •• DENDEXCE ...... 1. 1. 2 1. ••4 ••• TRISCOLL ...... 2 1. .•••••2 2 . DENDAEMU ...... 1.11. 2.2.2..• 12 1.. DENDGRAC ...... 2.1. ••••••1. •• CHEIDIST ...... 1. 1. 21 LOMASPIC ...... 3 •••• 2 •••••1.

Logging category 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 011111110 101010000001000000000

STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION, NSW 101 Appendix 2. Occurrence ofspecies in sites for Urunga data, ordered by logging age vector, coded as 1=1-2 yr, 2=3-5 yr, 3=6-10 yr, 4=11-15 yr, 5=16-20 yr, 6=21-30 yr, 7=31-40 yr, 8=41-50 yr. Only the species associated with the extreme ends ofthe logging age vector are listed. Abundance in the table is cover abundance score. Species are coded as first four letters of genus name plus first four letters of species name.

DIGIDIVA .32.22....••••••1. . PHYSMINI .2 1. 1. . PULTVILL 2.2 1. . PARAPRUI ...... 2 1. 1. . DUBOMYOP ...... 231 ..2 ..2 . ARTH1ENE ...... 2 1. 1. . ELA1NERV ...... 1. 2 1. . CORYACON 2 1 2 . ACROOBLO ...... 31. 2 1. 1. 1. . GOODLOTI ...... 1. 1. 1. . DAVIUMBE •• 12 2 ..••...... ••...... ••.•••.•...... •••.•...... •.••...... PARSFULV ...... 2 1. 1. 1. . SOLAAVIC .2 1. .1. 2 . PERSCORN 2.21 1 2 . MELIHAYE •.••••••••••..• 1. 1. 1. 1. .•....•.•.. 2 ...... •...•..... 1 ...... •.••. PTERTREM •.•.•.•••.•2.1. .••.••••...•...... •2 ...•.....•...... ••...••..••...... ••.•...... ACACCONC •• 22 .•.2 •••••••••••...... •••••••. 2 .•..•...... •...•..•••...... •...•. , ...... • SPORAFRI ••••• 2 •••..• 2 ..•.•.••.••••••••...... •.....••...... •...... •...•2 .•••.•.•...... •... ALOCMACR ...... 2 2 1. . DOD01RIQ .. 1. 2 .. 11 1 1. : 1. .. 2 . PTERSP ...... 1. 2 1 . CHRIDENT .....1. 1. 1 2 . OZOTDIOS ....12.221.11.2212.2.12..2 .. 1.2 12.1. .21. .2 •.1..2.21. .. 1. 1. 1. . PUL1RETU 1..1. .. 2 2.2 1. . CUTIVrnU ...•..1. ...••2 •••.••.••••••..••••••.....•..•.•• 1 .•••••••••.••••...... •...••..••.••.•.•..••.• 1. ..•• LEPILATE 2.21. ..13 1.2 22 2 ..1.12 2 1. 1. .12 1. . MACRFAWC 2.2 2 1. 2 . CORDRUBR ...... 2 1. 2 1 LASTACUM ...... 2 , 2 2 1. 2 . SOLAMAUR .2 2 1. •• 1. 2 1. 1. . MACLCOCH ...... 2 ..1. 1. 1 1. 2 ..1. 1. . PLECPARV .2 11 ••••1. .2.•2.1. 2 11 .. 2 2 1. .. ALPHEXCE 2 1.1. 2 12 2 ..1. 3.3 11 ..1. 1. 12 2 2 . HIBBVEST ... 2 2.2 . FLAGINDI ...... 2 12 1. . PIT1REVO ...... 1. 11 12•.1.2..21. .•11 ..1. .21. .2.•1. 12.1. .. 1. 1. 11. 1. . PENNCUNN ...... 1. 1. 1. . SENEAMYG .2 2 2 2 2 2 .••.2 1. . ACRAEUOD ...... 2 2 2 . CAYRCLEM .2 •• 1.1. 212 1. 2.1. 21. 1. 1. . HIDIHETE ...... 2 1..2 1. 2 2 . ANDRVIRG ..22 2 2 1. 3 2 . ANGOFLOR 2.3 2 .• 2 112 ..12 1.2 1.1. 1.. TOONCILI ...... 3 2 2 2 1. . SIGEORIE .5 ••2 .••.. 222 •••2 •• 2 •.•. 1. •• 1..1. 2 ...... •••2 12 •.•••...... •...... , ....•. RUBUROSI .2 2 2 ..22.1.2.1. 1. .2 1. .2.2.3.1. 2 1.1. 1. . RHODPSID •• 1. ••• 2 •.•• 1. .•.•••2.2....•••••...... 1...... •...... •..•...... •.. PASSSUBP ..... 1. 2 1. 2 2 .. 1. 1. 1. : . RUBUHILL .2 .•. 231121.13 1.1. .. 11 ••.2.21. .2..3 312.2 •... 232 3.2 21. 3 2 .. 1. 1. •...••....•. DENHCELA ...... 2 ...... ••.••..... 1...... •..1. ..•..22 ....•.•..1...... •..•...... •.••.. PASPDILA ••••• 2 •••••• 1. .•..•....•.•... 2 ••••.•••.•••••••..••••••••••••.••••••.••..••••.••.••••..•••••..•.•.•..•• COMMFRAS ...... 2 2 1. 1. . DYSORUFU ...... 2 1 11.1. . EUROFALC ...... 1. 211 1.1. 2 1.1. 1.1. 1. 2 2 . CRYPGLAU ...... 1. 24 2 1. 21.2 1..1. 2.2 2 2 24 . LINDLINE •• 1. •.•••••••.•...... 1. ..••...•...... •...... •. 1 1.

FLORA SURVEY, URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR STATE FORESTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES 102 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION,NSW FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 ARACARIS ••••••2 2 12 2.2 2 .. 2.2 1. 22.2 33.4 3 4 2.3 ••••2 2 CLERFLOR ...... 1. 1..2 1. 1. 11 •••••••••• GOODHEDE 2 2.1.1. 1. 2 1. 2 2 •• CLAOAUST ••••• 11 1. •• , .11 2 1. ••• 1. •••• 112••••• 22.1. ••••••• " •••••• 12•••••••.•• SARCSTIP ...... 1. 1..1. ••1. •• 12 2.2.1. 2 .2•••• 2 ••••• 12•••••• 1. 2 ••3 LINOMONO •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 ••••••• 2 ••••••••••• 21 •••••••••• 3 PERSLEVI ••••••• 2 ••••••••••1.2.2•••• 1. 2 1 2 1. •• 2.2 1. ••• 1. •••••••2.2.1. 1..2 1. • ACACLONI ...... 2 1. .1. 1. 11 . PITIUNDU ...... 1. 2 2 12 1 2 •• 11 1.13.2 . LOMASILA ..2 2.12.. 2 2.1. ••2. CERAAPET ...... , 3 ••••••••2 ••••• 3 ••• 4 •••••3.4 ••• 2 ••••••• 2 ••3 3.2 •• 2 DRYMMOOR ...... 2 2 .• 2 LITSRETI ...... 1 2 2 1. 1. .2 2 •• 2 ARCHGRAN ...... 1. 2 1. ••• 2 •••••••••• EXOCSTRI ...... 2 1..1. 1. 3. SYZYCREB ••••••1. 1. 1. ••••• SLOAWOOL ...... : 2 1. 11.1. 2 ••.•• 2 1. ..3 DORYSASS ...... 2 2.1. ••.• 1. .••••••••2 ••••••. 1.2 •• 3 GONOOREO ...... 4 1. 21. 2.2 . TETRNITE ...... 1. 1.1. 212.1. 1. ••••••••. PELLPARA ...... 1. 2 1. 2 1. . PYRRCONF ...... 1 2.1. .. 11 2 2 '" CITRPAUC ...... 1. 2 1 1. 1 1 .. 22 1 2 2 DAVIARBO ...... 33 2 2 3 3 •••245 2.3•••4. AUSTSWAI ...... 1 3.2 3 2.2 4 .•• ASPLAUST ...... 1..2 12 2 2 2 POLYCUNN ...... 2 2 2 .. 3 LOMAMULT ••••••••• 2 2 2 . CLERTOME ...... 1.1. 1..1. •••••••1. •.••1. •••••••.•.•• POTHLONG ...... 1 1 1. .••2 1. 2 CASSFLOR .....1. 2 2 . EUPOBENN ...... 1. 1. 1. . MELIMICR ...... 2 1 2 . DIOSAUST ...... 1. 1. 2.2 2 2 2 . PELLFALC ...... 2 •• 1. 1. . CALLMACL ...... 2 2.5 ••3 . SOLAINAE .2 1. 2 1. 1 2 2 CALATRIP ...... 1 2 ••••••••••1. ••• CROTVERR ...... 1. 1. 2 2 . ACACFALC •• 2 2 ' 2 . PLATBIFU ...... 1 1. 1. .2 1. .2 1.2 1.12•••. 1 ..1.2.2.2 .•1. .••12 ENDICRAS ...... 2 2 2 2 .. 2 JACKSCOP ...... 1 2 1. 2 2 •...... • SARCFALC •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 •••• 1 ••••••••••.••••••••••••••••.••••.••••••••••••••.•••••••• 1 •.••••• 12 ••• 2 ACROAGGR ...... 1...... 3 1. •• AMYLDICT ...... 1. 1. 1. 1. •. 1. . DIOSPENT ...... 1. .•1. 1..1 3 CISSSTER ...... 1 1. 1. . LEPTPOLY ...... 1. 1.1. 2 •••••••• BEILELLI ...... 4 .' 41. 1.2 '" OXYLILIC ...... 2 2 •• 2 1. 32. CUPAANAC ...... 1 1 2 . ELAEOBOV ...... 1. 1 1. 1 VERBBONA ...... 1. 2 2 •••••• POALABI ...... 2 1. 2 . DENDTERE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• " •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• " •••••••••••• 12••• 1

Logging age 1133113222323433114232213231333313262526322236324353344 54 26455645565354756553 54 534 66457356566867566548

STATB FORESTS OF NEW SOUTII WALES FLORA SURVEY. URUNGA AND COFFS HARBOUR FOREST RESOURCES SERIES NO. 33 MANAGEMENT AREAS, NORTHERN REGION. NSW 103 The Research Division produces publications in Technical Paper, Research Paper and Forest Resources Series.

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Publications Officer Research Division State Forests ofNSW NSW PO Box 100 Beecroft NSW 2119

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