Bridgewater Review

Volume 23 | Issue 1 Article 1

Jun-2004 Bridgewater Review, Vol. 23, No. 1, June 2004

Recommended Citation Bridgewater State College. (2004). Bridgewater Review. 23(1). Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/br_rev/vol23/iss1/1

This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. VOLUME 23 NUMBER 1 JUNE 2004 Bridgewater Review

BRIDGEWATER STATE COLLEGE

Oxygen

I open Merriam Webster’s, tenth edition, turn to I for inspiration, find the connection; what inspires me to pick up my steno book, my favorite pen, is what pulls air into my chest, pushes it out, allows for the rise and fall, the even exchange. Inhaled words, exhaled flow of ink, are elements of respiration, another way to breathe, survival itself.

Poetry by Margie Howe EDITOR’S NOTEBOOK SjdlejelgKklftj ljKko And weaveitforaseason intoitsown. Fly awaywiththeoffered bitofmy life Or softentheliningofitsnest To strengthen thewalls Use theartifactofhumancomfort Make offwiththesinglestrandinitsbeak Or dartingcardinal willfindit I liketothinkasparrow Pink-lobed leavesofanoak; Or clingtotheembryonic or wrapitselfroundapinebranch And landinapatchofgrass On themorningbreeze insweepingcircles Carried The wispwillfloat If Itugandpullitfree Tries toloosenandletgo From anedgeorseam Over therailandifathread Shake hard thebillowingfabric To thebackporch Warm fromthesun In springItakelaundered sheets Wisp Margie Howeis anEnglishmajor at Bridgewater State College

VOLUME 23 NUMBER 1 JUNE 2004

CONTENTS Bridgewater Review ON THE COVER INSIDE FRONT AND BACK COVERS Window, Olson House, by John Droege, Poetry Margie Howe Professor of Art. The Olson House in 2 Editor’s Notebook Cushing, Maine is widely known due to its impor- Knocking Those Old Walls Down tance in the Andrew Wyeth Michael Kryzanek painting, Christina’s World. Christina in the painting 3 Teaching and Learning in Cold Places was Anna Christina Olson. Ice Hockey at Bridgewater State College Andrew Holman

7 What’s Shakin’? EDITOR Earthquake Research at Bridgewater Michael Kryzanek Robert Cicerone Political Science 11 Boston Baseball Dynasties ASSOCIATE EDITORS Peter DeRosa Barbara Apstein English 15 Photography William Levin John Droege Sociology DESIGN 19 Discord of the Devil Donna Stanton The Pueblo Revolt, the Salem Witchcraft Trials and How the Spirit World helped Make America FACULTY PHOTOGRAPHS John J. Kucich Gary Stanton

23 News from CART ADVISORY BOARD (Center for the Advancement of Research and Teaching) Charles Angell Deborah Nemko English Stephen Levine 25 Book Review Theatre Arts Lascivious Grace: The Mechanics of Submission Mercedes Nuñez Art Charles Angell Thomas Moore Mathematics 26 Research Note: and Computer Science Musical Traditions in India Thomas Turner Salil Sachev History ______28 Cultural Commentary: The Bridgewater Review is pub- lished twice a year by the faculty The Art of Persuasion of Bridgewater State College. Barbara Apstein Opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not 30 Cultural Commentary: necessarily reflect the policies of When More is Better, and Then It’s Not the Bridgewater Review or Bridgewater State College. Letters William C. Levin to the Editor should be sent to: Bridgewater Review, c⁄o Editor, Department of Political Science, Bridgewater State College, Bridgewater MA 02325 ______Articles may be reprinted with permission of the Editor ©2004, Bridgewater State College ISBN 0892-7634 EDITOR’S NOTEBOOK MICHAEL KRYZANEK efforts tostopsame-se remain intheforefrontofpolicy agenda.National the religiousfaithful. displays orpre-game prayerscontinuetogalvanize challenges tocourtorderedremoval ofreligious to aconstitutionalamendment process.Andseasonal within thegover by thesecampaignstoestablishareligiousfoundation The listofpublicpolicyissuesthathavebeentouched into onethatislesssecularandmoreGod-centered. the casewithhistwopredecessors,W national daysoffastingandthanksgivingashadbeen astowhyPresidentinquiry hehadnotnamed Baptist AssociationinresponsetotheAssociation’s In 1802ThomasJeffersonwrotealettertotheDanbury doctrines inwaysthatwouldtransfor Executive toembracereligiousvalues,principlesand nized campaignstopressuretheCongressand faith-based movementsthathaveorga- denominations, interestgroupsand are, however, numerousreligious countries,there of someMiddleEastern foster anationalreligion,asinthecase national life.Whilethereisnoeffortto policyand dation ofgovernment religious principlesastheguidingfoun- to bringthosewallsdownandestablish American societyareworkingfeverishly and itisobviousthatsegmentsof Jefferson’s “walls ofseparation”letter It isnowovertwohundredyearssince ment ofreligioninthiscountry. might beseenasfavoringtheestablish- President astakinganyaction that nottoseeCongressorthe were correct that theframersofConstitution of separation,buthewasalsoconvinced ing hispositioninsupportofthewalls onism andpoliticaloppositionbytak- that hewascreatingthebasisforantag- conscious and state.Jeffersonwasvery importance ofa“wall ofseparation”between church Adams. InhisresponseJeffersontalked aboutthe receive fi initiatives toensurethatfaith-based organizations of supportforchurch-directededucation.Government allow vouchersforreligiousschoolshascreatedpock women’s reproductiverights.Judicialper partial birthabortionhasbeguntochipawayat tolimitor endabortionand quite familiarLegislation Knocking Those OldWalls Down nancial supporttoconductcharitable work Editor’s Notebook nment andwithinthecountr x marriages havebeenelevated x marriages by MichaelKryzanek ashington and m thiscountr mission to y isnow y ets lay claimtobeabeaconoffreedom anddemocracy. religious denomination,thenthis countr and prioritiesonthebasisofone religiousvieworone itslaws,regulations, values beginstoform government protections ofminoritiesandminority opinions.When itself onitsdiversity ly andlivedprivately. Americaisanationthatprides the F ter and allegiance.Religionhasalwaysbeenaprivatemat- andreligionstillremains worthyofrespect government advice ofJeffersononthewallseparationbetween gious beliefinwhatevermannertheysochoose,butthe Americans, ofcourse,shouldbefreetofollowtheirreli- lic policydecisionsordefinepublicvalues. intended tobetheprimar vital partofAmericanlife.Butno,religionwasnever tant totheFounders, andyesreligionwasviewedasa slowly slippingintoavoidwithoutanyvaluesorbelief rebirth ofreligioninAmericanlife.TheyseeAmerica the secularizationofAmericansocietyandcallfora commentatorslament of publicpolicy?Conservative and religiousbeliefsshouldbegrantedintheformation grapple withtheissueofhowmuchinfl We asanationhavecometocriticalcrossroadswe —Michael Kryzanek is Editorofthe —Michael Kryzanek , amatteroftheheartandsoulspirit.As ounders sawreligionitshouldbepracticedprivate national life.Yes, religionisimpor- aboutreligiondominating concerns more clearlythefoundingfathers’ Amendment cannotexpress any “God” appear, andtheFirst the Constitutiondoesword Ifyounotice,nowherein ernment. about linkingreligionandthegov- careful of theConstitutionwerevery Jefferson. Jeffersonandtheframers nance, itisinthewisdomofThomas in nationallifeandgover- over whatplacereligionshouldplay If thereisananswertothisquandary “mainstream.” current gious orwhosereligionisnotinthe the beliefsofthosewhoarenotreli- laws thatcontradictthevaluesand willleadto dom. Suchconformity mity thatwilllimitpersonalfree- slide intoakindofreligiousconfor- down Jefferson’swallAmericawill system. Liberalsfearthatbybreaking , itsrespectfordifferencesand its y guidepostusedtomak Bridgewater Review uence religion y nolongercan e pub - - Teaching and Learning in Cold Places Ice Hockey at Bridgewater State College by Andrew C. Holman

In the splendor of their royal blue, gold and white uni- participating in intercollegiate sport. Importantly, club forms, the fourteen members of the Connecticut sport also offers them an alternative site to engage in College team took the ice at Bridgewater Ice Arena in the real work of the university: teaching and learning. January 2004 to play a Northeast Collegiate Hockey I have been a part of this culture for the past six years as Association (NECHA) game against the local the coach of the Bridgewater State College Hockey Bridgewater State side. Their uniforms were taken from Club. It has been the best six years of my life. It has the design of the Charlestown Chiefs, the notorious fic- been so because coaching has taught me much more tionalized minor-pro hockey team in the classic movie about sport than playing ever did; because administer- “Slapshot,” the best parody of hockey culture ever pro- ing and fundraising for a fledgling (and often losing) duced. The humor of the likeness was not lost on the team has challenged my resolve and pushed me out into Bridgewater fans or players; happily, that was as far as parts of the community I would never have gone. And it the likeness went (there were no Hanson Brothers on has taught me more about teaching and learning than the Connecticut College team, and none dared to assert hours of lecture preparation, grading, pedagogical work- fistic prowess). But as interesting as were the team’s col- shops and seminar discussions ever could. ors was the word emblazoned on the uniforms’ crested front: “CLUB.” One word. That was all they needed to Today, college athletics in America faces difficult chal- identify themselves to the world. One word said it all. lenges, but to make that assertion is hardly to make a novel point. It is hard to argue with those commenta- In U.S. college athletics, this one word evokes a variety tors and critics who since the 1930s have lamented the of images and responses. Though they have been a part decline of the old gentlemanly ethic of university athlet- of campus life for almost as long as there have been ics. Before Red Grange’s defection to the money of the American colleges, club sports are alternatively tolerat- Chicago Bears (and all of those since who have “left ed and ignored, celebrated and denigrated. “Club sports” early”), before the push to recruit all-everything track is an omnibus term for a wide range of activity: from athletes from Africa and hockey players from Canada, ultimate frisbee, the martial arts and cheerleading to before the flood of commercial sponsorship, television competitive team and individual sports. Club sports hype, and the branding of sport, before Bobby Knight’s house athletic activities that are superbly administered tantrums and recruiting “favors” at the University of in some places and poorly run in others, but they do Colorado—in other words, before the push to win at all hold one attribute in common. Club sports are poor sib- costs and cash in—collegiate sport meant something lings to varsity athletics, the place where students and different. College athletics in the age of Princeton great alumni across America see their identities with their Hobey Baker (1911-14), John Davies tells us, “was ama- institutions represented in bold and stark tones. “Bowl teur in the pure sense of playing the game pour le sport.” Week,” “March Madness,” and the “Frozen Four” bring “Our primary concern” NCAA rules committee chair- out this sort of filiopietistic pride in clear and unsubtle man Louis Keller reminded his audience in 1952, “is in a ways. Alternatively, club sports operate under the radar. game that conforms to educational ideals and promotes Most club athletes, volunteers and coaches are resigned such attributes as sportsmanship, cooperation, respect to the fact they must make do with less: low budgets, for authority and the like.” Since those days, university poor practice times, and limited schedules. All of this is athletics has been lamentably permeated by the worst bearable, of course, because it is balanced by an impor- features of professional sport: greed, unwarranted adu- tant reality: any chance to play is better than no chance lation, violence, and cheating. The spotlight creates at all. Athletic departments that stretch their resources monsters, and perhaps because the spotlight rarely to offer club sports expand opportunities for grateful shines on club athletes, the train of abuses is commend- students to experience the pure joy that comes with ably absent. I am convinced that club sport continues a grand tradition and reflects the original intentions for

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 3 TEACHING AND LEARNING IN COLD PLACES ANDREW C. HOLMAN I assentedquickly easily done.Whenthe6'2"Richloomedinmydoor by theCollege.Accomplishing thefirstofthesewas neglected todowasrecr tices, andevenboughtunifor students intoahockey group,booked gamesandprac- management majorGregRichorganizedtwenty-five grassroots studentinterest.InSeptember1998, universities, outofthepurestmotives— clubs begininAmericancollegesand College beganasmostsports Bridgewater State The Hockey Clubat tenants. among theremaining Club athletesare twentieth century. built intheearly Amos AlonzoStagg Winsor andChicago’s Har the housethat athletics haveleft colleges, varsity the nation’slargest and universities.At in America’scolleges athletic competition amicably resolved.Initiallyaself ing thecollege’sapprovalwasmorechallenging,but of yearandthefactthatbudgetshadbeensettled,gain regretted bothofthesefactsrepeatedly).Giventhetime commitment andwithoutconsultingmywife(Ihave the AmericanCollegiateHockey Association,aclub the HolyCross,andSpringfield College.Theybelongto as MIT, theU.S.CoastGuard Academy, WPI,Collegeof league thatincludesrepresentatives fromsuchschools dent athleteshavecompetedinNECHA,atwelve-team careers athighschool.For thepastfiveyears,thesestu- they didnotwanttoendtheircompetitivesports that but theyareableathleteswhohavedetermined skatersarenotprofessionalprospects, Bridgewater’s for theirschoolandrepresenteditinameritoriousway For sixyears,Bridgewaterstudentshaveplayedhockey their school.” by onesimpleanswer:“Becausetheywanttoplayfor credit andaftersomediscussion,sheseemedconvinced off-campus group?”onevicepresidentasked. To her can’ttheyjustplayasan independent, presence. “Why a passingfancyandhadpotentialforperennial to convincecollegeofficersthatthisclubwouldn’tbe funding theclubwasn’tanissue;biggertaskwas vard’s Ralph , withoutknowingthedepthofmy uit acoachandgainrecognition ms. Whattheyhad -fi nanced body , way - . presence ofthehock path;the members thattheyaretreadingawell-worn ey clubhavebeentheB er tradition.Amongthebiggestsupportersofhock also rewardedbythefeelingthattheyarepartofalarg participating incompetitivehock small ways,butespeciallyinthethrilltheyattachto commitment andrepresentationoftheCollegeinonly athletic event.Theseathletesarerewardedfortheir courage, poise, confidence, trust intheirteammatesand courage, poise,confidence,trust els oforganization.A play atBridgewaterState,andthemanydifferentlev- Teaching happensonallofthefields andlearning the listisinstructive. recr including varsityathletes.At theriskofmimickinga sorts ofthingsasanyoneengagedincompetitivesport, fromtheirsportingexperienceathletes learn thesame some fairlytenableconclusions.Inonerespect,club gle theirschedules,andtreatoneanother—Icandraw themselves,jug- student athletes—thewaystheycarry exercise, todetailthis.ButIthinkfromwatchingmy inthis presumptuous forme,oneofthe“instructors” fromtheirexperience?State Collegeactuallylearn Itis So whatisitthenthathockey playersatBridgewater college hasnotforgottenthem. ey alumnithatevenafterthevarsityteam’sdemise, the “F There isaninterestingreciprocityhere:thepresenceof for theCollegewhenitwasavarsitysport,1970-80. uiting spiel,I’llbebrief. Eveninabridgedversion, riends ofB organization thatshadowstheNCAA and,like it, sponsorsanannualnationalchampionship their end-of-the-week celebrationswithan their end-of-the-week tournament. Theclub’stwenty-gametournament. schedule involvesroadtraveltosuchlocales as L Albany NY. With thrice-weeklypractices yndonville VT, NewBritainCT, and SC Hock more studentsinterestedinprefixing ey club,Ithink,remindsB thletes atBridgewaterStatelearn tilt willbringoutahundredor SC alumniwhoplayedhock ey” informs the current team thecurrent informs ey” ally aThursdaynighthome that commenceat10:00 attend, thoughoccasion- PM ey , theclubisnotfor the marginallydedi- . Arguably family andfriends cated sportsman. A other than t home games, few spectators , theyare SC hock ey - - - trust in their own abilities. They learn to set goals and Club athletes also learn lessons about the world out plans with which to achieve them, and they learn about there and the labels we regularly generate for others. price that is paid for not following plans. They learn the Insularity is an unfortunate characteristic among most merits of versatility and flexibility; of independent of our students and getting them out of southeastern thinking and action; of changing aims and methods in Massachusetts makes this plain. The hockey club puts mid- stream. They learn how to fit individual talents, students “out there” as representatives of the college tasks and tactics into a master strate- gy. They learn the benefit of sheer shoulder-to-the-grindstone hard work —and more. If these outcomes sound familiar to my fellow instructors at BSC, it is because they know them well. These are some of the most important attributes that we seek to instill in all of our students. They are the attributes that we detail in our own individual course outlines and they are the ones in which we strive to demonstrate achievement to our state and national accreditation bod- ies. Sport is no academic discipline, to be sure, but it can be a useful tool for the sorts of lessons we want to teach. But if organized and administered well, club sports can extend the list of teachable values. These are many, but all of them are connected to identity: who students think they are, and how others see them. Club athletes at Bridgewater State learn humility, the Coach Holman and Club Founder Greg Rich. sort of humility that comes not only with losing sea- sons and goals unachieved, but the humility of being a and its broader reputation, unprepared for a sometimes member of a team that is “just Club.” It is a phrase that hostile environment. These students are, after all, gets repeated often, by varsity athletes, by opponents, emblems of what U.S. News and World Report calls a by referees and by fellow students. Are you “just Club?” fourth-tier regional service institution. When the club or “still club?”: it reflects the wider notion that club ath- plays in Burrillville RI against Bryant College, chants of letes mean less and it reflects an expectation that some “safety school” routinely fill the air. A few years ago day—perhaps soon and if the team does exceptionally when we traveled to Hanover NH to play Dartmouth well—they will be able to escape that purgatory and College, Bridgewater players were incredulous that they join the ranks of the officially sanctioned, NCAA- were taunted as “trailer trash.” Class matters, even on anointed. But if by humility we mean the willingness to the rink, and what amazes me is the transformation recognize one’s status, own it and then make it better, that takes place among students when they realize this then humility is certainly something we should be fact. Some players who as freshmen and sophomores teaching our students. Connected to this is pride. Club looked forward to facing off against the “smart kids” athletes are pushed to be proud of things of which oth- from Harvard and MIT, UNH and Bates, begin by their ers might not be. They are proud of their counter cul- junior and senior years to see them instead as “privi- ture; proud to be part of an entity that is sometimes leged.” And when officiating favors the private schools seen as tangential to the school’s formal athletic mis- we play over us, it is hard for students to attribute that sion. And they are intensely proud of each other. systemic pattern to any factor other than class. These are necessary lessons, but they are painful ones. My pedagogical challenge is to encourage these students to

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 5

TEACHING AND LEARNING IN COLD PLACES ANDREW C. HOLMAN Teaching onice. dously richwithmeaning. seys oftheConnecticutCollegehockey team,istremen- four is aclub;“justclub”tosome.Butmethatsimple take place.TheBridgewaterStateCollegehockey team rinks, wherethatmission—teachingandlear sites, onandoff-campus, inclassroomsandoncoldice for meabeliefthatthereareandmustbevarietyof ubiquitous isthemissionofcollegeanditconfi Club sportshaveprovidedmeaperspectiveonhow showed thatheunderstoodimmediatelywhatImeant. statement tomyAthletic Director, whoseresponse Imadethesame fortable pause.Notlongafterwards, quizzical “Oh yeah?,”aponderous look,andanuncom- academic officerattheCollege,whoseresponsewasa unguarded candor, Ioncemadethis statementtoan important thingthatIdohere.Inamomentof at BridgewaterStateCollege,butitmaybethemost Club hock cold places. bring. Andthatiswhywecontinuetogothose with theprecisionorgravitythattheseon-icelessons never teachabouttherealityofsocialclassinAmerica ment orpettiness.Inmyhistor recognize classandtoresistrespondingwithresent -letter word,thesameoneemblazonedonjer —Andrew C.HolmanisAssociateProfessor ofHistory ey ishardlythemostimportantthingwedo and afor y classroom,Icould mer varsityathlete. ning—can r - ms -

What’s Shakin’: Earthquake Research at Bridgewater by Robert D. Cicerone

We are all very familiar with the phenomenon known as identified with a German meteorologist named Alfred an earthquake. Whenever a catastrophic earthquake Wegener, who proposed a theory of continental drift in occurs in a densely populated city, we are inundated the early part of the twentieth century. It wasn’t until with news coverage showing scenes of destruction and the 1960s that scientists had accumulated enough geo- human suffering. Indeed, earthquakes are among the logic evidence to support the theory. most devastating geologic hazards. Fortunately, destruc- The basic idea of plate tectonics is simple. The earth’s tive earthquakes are relatively rare events. outer layer is relatively thin (about 100 kilometers, or 40 A great deal of scientific and engineering study has miles thick) and is referred to as the lithosphere. The been conducted to develop strategies to reduce the lithosphere is actually broken up into about 14 “plates.” consequences of earthquakes. However, earthquakes A good analogy for the lithosphere would be a cracked are also important scientifically from a different per- eggshell. These plates are all moving with respect to spective. Much of what scientists have learned about each other, so there are places where the plates collide the internal structure of the Earth comes from the study of earthquakes. If we look at a map showing the distribu- tion of earthquakes in the world, it is readily apparent that earth- quakes are not ran- domly distributed, but tend to occur in well-defined belts (see Figure 1). In fact, about 90% of the total amount of energy released by earth- quakes occurs in the area around the Pacific Ocean. This area is also where most of the Figure 1. World Seismicity, active volcanoes are 1963–2000. The dots represent located and is commonly referred to as the “Ring of the locations of earthquakes, and Fire” by scientists. This is not a coincidence, but a the heavy black lines represent the boundaries of the major plates. manifestation of the fundamental mechanism of [From Understanding the Earth, how the Earth works. This mechanism is known 3rd edition, by Frank Press and as plate tectonics. Raymond Siever, W.H.Freeman and Company, 2001]. Plate tectonics is a relatively recent theory in the earth sciences, having only gained widespread acceptance in the 1960s. However, the basic ideas of the theory date back to the 1600s, although they are most commonly

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 7 WHAT’S SHAKIN’? ROBERT D. CICERONE earth isneeded. ofthe structure detailed knowledgeofthesubsurface in engineeringandenvironmentalapplicationswhere more recently, hasbecomeanimportanttechnique sources isroutineinexploring foroilandgasand, the useofearthquake, orseismic,wavesfromartificial oftheearth.Infact, structure model oftheinternal anaccurate physical have beenabletoreconstruct of theearth,scientists to differentpointsonthesurface By measuringhowlongittakes thesewavestotravel called seismometers. emerging wavesoninstruments the earthquake source.Scientistscanrecordthesere- farawayfrom the earthandre-emergeatsurface large earthquake. Thesewaves alsotraveldeepwithin thattypicallyaccompaniesa leads tothedestruction oftheearth earth. Thisgroundshakingatthesurface causing thegroundtoshak to waves.Thewavesthenpropagatethroughtheearth, betweentheplates,andsomeisconverted the surface some oftheenergyisactuallydissipatedasheatalong converted tokineticenergy, causingtheplatestomove, Some oftheenergythatisreleasedbyearthquake is that wecallanearthquak accumulated strainenergy, producingthephenomenon causingasuddenreleaseofallthis of thesurface, there isasuddenmovementoftheplatesoneitherside asperities byscientists)tobreak.Whenthishappens, toas forces orcausesoneoftheseroughspots(referred energy buildsupthatiteitherovercomesthefrictional Eventually,rocks oneithersideofthesurface. enough motion, sothatstrainenergybuildsupovertimeinthe and thefrictionthatexistsresists onthesurfaces betweentheplates move, theroughnessofsurface plates thatmakesto thingsinteresting. Astheplatestry and thereisalotoffrictionbetweentheinteracting uneventful. It’sthefactthatboundariesarerough interaction betweentheplateswouldberelatively If theboundariesbetweenplatesweresmooth,then about themlater). that don’toccurnearplateboundaries,butwe’lltalk ingly, nearplateboundaries(therearesomeearthquakes notice thatmostoftheearthquakes occur, notsurpris- plates thatmake uptheearth’slithosphere.You should map alsoshowstheboundariesbetweenvarious ing thelocationsofrecentearthquake epicenters,the Let’s takeLet’s anotherlookat where interestinggeologiceventsoccur. slide pasteachother. Itisattheseplateboundaries from eachother, andstillotherplaceswheretheplates with eachother, otherplaceswhereplatesmoveaway e. Figure 1 e near the surface ofthe e nearthesurface . Inadditiontoshow- The term prediction problem,thestudyofearthquake precursors. invested intothestudyofoneaspectearthquak In recentyears,therehasbeenagreatdealofeffort gency measuressuchasevacuation. toaidinemer- tolocalgovernments ful information earthquak earthquake hazardresearchistheabilitytopredict quake hazardproblem.Oneofthemostelusivegoalsin research relatedtoseveraldifferentaspectsoftheearth Over thepastseveralyears,Ihavebeeninvolvedin fi been serendipitous.F ofearthquakenomena, andobservation precursorshas nately, therehasbeennosystematicstudyofthesephe- andchangesinseismicactivity.deformation, Unfortu- sions, changeingroundwaterlevels,localized This includeselectromagneticfieldemissions,gasemis- oftheearthquake.indicate theimminentoccurrence nomenon thatoccurspriortoanearthquake thatmay cur system. Morerecently, however, Japanesescientistsare by electrictrainsoftheSanF deployed tomeasureelectromagneticnoisegenerated byamagnetic-fieldsensor quake California innorthern P I havebeenworkingwithacolleagueatBostonCollege, earthquake precursors. This isasignifi astating consequencestothemetropolitanT great earthquake isexpected tohitandcouldhavedev- precursors intheareaofT through theearth. tion, oftheenergyinseismicwavesastheytravel attenuationreferstothe dissipation,orreduc- The term and sur attenuation, withspecificapplicationtoNewEngland involves astudyofthemechanismsseismicwave A secondareaofresearchthatIhavebeenpursuing models oftheprocessforthisparticularearthquak ates themagneticfieldandtodevelopmoredetailed to supportamodelofthephysicalprocessthatgener- Bridgewater Summer UndergraduateResearchProgram at Gonsalves, whohasreceivedagrantfromtheATP quake withanundergraduate student,Kathleen magnetic fieldprecursorsfromtheLomaPrieta earth- ing efforthereatBridgewater tions ofearthquake precursors.Aspartofthiscontinu- rofessor JohnEbel,tosystematicallycompileobser elds wererecordedpriortothe1989LomaP rently installingnetworkstostudytheseearthquak rounding areasintheUnitedStatesandCanada. earthquake precursor es onshortenoughtimescalestoprovideuse- . Thegoaloftheresearchistofi cant advanceinthesystematicstudyof or e xample, anomalousmagnetic rancisco BayAreatransit , Ihopetostudythe okai Gap,wherethene refers toanyphysicalphe- nd evidence ok rieta earth yo area. e. va xt e- - e - - Figure 2. Bridgewater State College’s seismic recording instrument. The importance of a bet- ter understanding of seis- mic wave attenuation can best be illustrated by an example. Imagine an earthquake of a given magnitude occurring in California. The area affected by the earth- quake depends on the nature of the rocks in the vicinity of the earth- quake and how effective they are in dissipating the energy released by the earthquake. California is relatively young geologically and the rocks are fairly bro- ken up, so that the ener- gy from earthquakes dissipates rapidly. Therefore, even though California is very active seismi- the upper part of the earth. This mechanism does not cally, the affected area from any one earthquake is rela- actually dissipate energy, but it is a geometric effect that tively limited. redistributes energy in the earth, creating an apparent In comparison, an earthquake of the same magnitude in attenuation effect. Our initial results indicate that scat- New England or any part of the eastern or central tering is the more important mechanism in New United States would affect an area about five to ten England. In addition, the effect appears to be most times as large as the same earthquake in California. This prominent in the shallowest part of the earth, possibly is due to the fact that the rocks in the eastern and cen- due to either fractures in the rock or due to the topogra- tral parts of the United States are much older geological- phy of the surface of the earth. ly and have had a longer time to fuse together, so that Another area of research that I have been pursuing they are very efficient at transmitting seismic waves involves a study of what scientists refer to as the magni- with little loss of energy. Therefore, even though earth- tude-frequency relationship of earthquakes. If we look quakes are more infrequent in the eastern and central at the distribution of earthquakes over time in large United States, the affected area from any one earth- areas, we find that there is a relationship between how quake can be very extensive. often an earthquake occurs and it magnitude, which is a I have been working with colleagues at the Earth measure of the size of the earthquake. Simply put, small Resources Laboratory at MIT to determine the attenua- earthquakes occur much more frequently than larger tion characteristics of New England and adjacent areas ones. In general, there is a ten-fold decrease in the fre- using earthquakes recorded on the New England quency of occurrence of an earthquake for every unit Seismic Network. New England experiences approxi- increase in magnitude. For example, earthquakes of mately ten earthquakes per year, with magnitudes usu- magnitude 6 occur ten times more often than earth- ally ranging between 2 and 4. These earthquakes quake of magnitude 7 and one hundred times more obviously occur away from any plate boundary and are often than earthquakes of magnitude 8. This magni- examples of what scientists refer to as intraplate earth- tude-frequency relationship is referred to as the quakes. Our main objective in this study is to estimate Gutenberg-Richter (GR) law, named after the two sci- the relative importance of two different mechanisms of entists, Beno Gutenberg and Charles Richter (the same attenuation. The first mechanism involves the actual Richter of Richter magnitude fame), who first discov- dissipation of seismic energy as heat by internal friction ered it in the 1950s. This law has been an important within the rocks. The other mechanism is scattering, component of most earthquake hazard studies. where the seismic energy is reflected by irregularities in

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 9 WHAT’S SHAKIN’? ROBERT D. CICERONE I havebeenworkingwithacolleague todevelopsoft tudes, butthedistributionoffault sizesintheearth. describes notthedistributionofearthquak teristic earthquake model,arguing thattheGRlaw 150 to200years.Manyscientistsadvocatethecharac duce anearthquak segmentoftheSanAndreas Faultsouthern shouldpro- of time.So,whenappliedtooure the samemagnitudeoveraregularly generating faultstendtoproduceearthquakes ofabout earthquak distribution ofearthquak modeltodescribethemagnitude-frequency alternative to proposean has ledscientists This discrepancy ment ofthefault. activity onthisseg- minor seismic there hasbeenonly has nothappened: and soon.Y of magnitude5, 1000 earthquak tude six,about quakes ofmagni- one hundredearth magnitude 7,about earthquakes of quak F sincethe interval San AndreasFault shouldhaveproduced,inthetime segmentofthe If theGRlawisvalid,thensouthern California. southern “Big One”thatmanyscientistsbelieveisimminentin quake isbetween150and200years.Thistheso-called developed). Theestimatedrepeattimeforthisearth- hadbeen beforeseismicinstrumentation 8 (itoccurred The estimatedmagnitudeofthisearthquak toastheFort1857 andisreferred Tejon earthquake. major earthquake tooccuronthisfaulthappenedin F cific example:segmentoftheSanAndreas thesouthern similartoeachother.tend tobevery lookataspe- Let’s ring onthatfaultdonotgenerallyfi duces earthquakes), weseethattheearthquakes occur- we lookatasinglefault(afractureintheearththatpro- begins tobreakdownastheareastudiedgetssmaller Recently, scientistshavediscoveredthattheGRlaw ware tocalculateearthquake hazardmapsusingboth ort T justeastofLosAngeles.Thelast ault inCalifornia e, aboutten ejon earth e model.Thismodelstatesthatearthquak et this es - e ofmagnitude8appro - es calledthecharacteristic xample above,the t theGRlaw, but -repeating inter ximately ever e magni e wasabout - val e- - . If - y and 3 quake-recording or instrument, in seismology. Thecollegehasalsoinstalledanearth- institutionsundertakingresearch ties andgovernment Institutions forSeismology),aconsortiumofuniversi- for membershipinIRIS(IncorporatedResearch earthquake research.Thecollegehasrecentlyapplied activein Bridgewater StateCollegehasbecomevery model assumptions. earthquak ard maps.We areinterestedinthedifferences use thesecatalogsasinputtogenerateearthquake haz- assumption. W tory, orcatalog,ofearthquakes usingeithermodel computer simulationtogenerateasynthetictimehis- of earthquak the GRmodelandcharacteristic-earthquake model basement oftheConantScienceBuilding( pate withBridgewaterinthisfascinatingendeavor great benefi quakes hasprovided,andwillcontinuetoprovide,a not understoodaboutearthquak earthquak ). The instrument isconnectedtoacomputerand ). Theinstrument e hazardmapsthatresultfromthedifferent es occur. However, thereisstillmuchthat t tosociety. Itisaprivilegeformetopartici- e occurrence. Wee occurrence. havealreadydevelopeda e arepresentlydevelopingsoftwareto —R obert D.CiceroneisAssistantP of EarthSciencesandGeography Figure 3. seismometer, es. Thestudyofearth how andwhy understanding progress in great dealof tists havemadea century, scien- and, inthelast cal phenomena complex physi- Earthquakes are earthquakes. from individual storing data recording and and iscapableof data inrealtime of earthquake tinuous display provides acon Figures 2 in the rofessor . - - Boston Baseball Dynasties 1872–1918 by Peter de Rosa

It is one of New England’s most sacred traditions: the ers. Wright moved the Red Stockings to Boston and obligatory autumn collapse of the Boston Red Sox and built the South End Grounds, located at what is now the subsequent calming of Calvinist impulses trembling the Ruggles T stop. This established the present day at the brief prospect of baseball joy. The Red Sox lose, Braves as baseball’s oldest continuing franchise. Besides and all is right in the universe. It was not always like Wright, the team included brother George at shortstop, this. Boston dominated the baseball world in its early pitcher Al Spalding, later of sporting goods fame, and days, winning championships in five leagues and build- Jim O’Rourke at third. ing three different dynasties. Besides having talent, the Red Stockings employed innovative fielding and batting tactics to dominate the new league, winning four pennants with a 205-50 DYNASTY I: THE 1870s record in 1872-1875. Boston wrecked the league’s com- Early baseball evolved from rounders and similar English petitive balance, and Wright did not help matters by games brought to the New World by English colonists. taking his team on a tour of England and Ireland in the Town Ball was the dominant form of these in New middle of the 1874 season. Besides the Boston problem, England until the New York game, modern baseball’s direct ancestor, overtook it in the 1850s. Players competed through amateur clubs formed by social or occupational organizations, thus making baseball in theory a sport of gentlemen. As the sport spread, the clubs orga- nized the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1858 to stan- dardize rules and competition. Clubs began skirting the rules by paying players covertly or through patronage jobs. In 1866, Harry Wright, an English cricket player, formed the Cincinnati Red Stockings and made them openly professional two years later. In 1869, his club toured nationally, going 56- 0-1 and turning a grand profit of $1.25. Cincinnati toured again in 1870, running its 1868-1870 record to 120-0-1 before losing two games. Boston dugout during the 1903 World Series. These losses hurt Wright’s team as a gate attraction and Cy Young is seen standing at far left. his financial backers withdrew. Still, more clubs copied his model and professionalism spread quickly. Courtesy of Boston Public Library Print Department. In 1871, the NABBP reconstituted itself as the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, baseball’s first professional league and one controlled by the play-

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 11

BOSTON BASEBALL DYNASTIES PETER DE ROSA nants ineightyears.Theseteamswerer Beaneaters, recoveredits1870sglor In allthischaos,theNL’s Bostonteam,nowcalledthe trolley series. winner toplayinthepostseason,costingBostona that league’stitletoo,butcouldnotenticeBoston’sNL Series butitwasabletomovetheAA in1891.Itwon course e and beingoneofthefewprofi onlypennant, team inbaseball,winningtheLeague’s destroyed thePL.ThePL ensuing laborwardecimatedtheNLandA andtheAmericanAssociation.The National League launching thePlayersL Players, anearlyplayersunion,openedthedecadeby The NationalBrotherhoodofP Cup seriesthatmanythoughtwasrigged. 1890s), andapointlessfour-year postseasonTemple team (tr games out),ownerswithinterestsinmorethanone itive imbalance(the1899ClevelandSpidersfinished84 1892 to1900.Thistwelve-teamleaguefeaturedcompet standingfrom leagues leftonlytheNationalLeague solidification ofsegregation,costlywarswithother ball, butagoodoneforBostonnonetheless.Besidesthe By anydefinition,the1890swereabaddecadeforbase- DYNASTY II:THE1890s dynasty wouldnotcomeuntilthe1890s. Boston tookanotherpennantin1883,butanew Providence Grayswhothencapturedthe1879title. ended whenGeorgeWright boltedtothe andO’Rourke After winningsixpennantsinsevenyears,thedynasty seasons, and1878. ing gamesandthefirstofthreeTommy Bondforty-win nants in1877,helpedbyfourLouisvilleplayersthrow- stands andfightfansforfoulballs),Wright wonpen- cheap owners(playerswereorderedtogointothe but missedthe1876pennant.Despiteworkingfor took thedecimatedRedStockingsintonewleague player gambling,andstabilizedclubfinances.Wright NL standardizedcontractsandfranchiserights,banned Baseball Clubs,afterfirstraidingBostonforplayers.The the owner-controlled ofProfessional NationalLeague Stockings (today William Hulbert,theownerofChicagoWhite players gamblingongames. finances, unevenschedules,vanishingfranchises,and the NAsufferedfromcontractjumping,abysmal K a seven-timethirty-game winner, catcherKing colorful Association. Hebuiltapowerhouse aroundKidNichols, including EastonoftheNewEngland Baseball Selee whohadmanagedseveral minorleagueteams, elley, andoutfielderHughDuffy. The1891 team had x usts weretherealAmericanpastimein cluded fromtheBrooklyn-LouisvilleW ’s Cubs)savedbaseballbyorganizing eague incompetitionwiththe ’s BostonRedswerethebest table teams.Itwasof rofessional Baseball y , winningfivepen- un byF A, and rank orld - Henry Killilea of Boston and Barney Dreyfuss of KillileaofBostonandBarney Henry games asBostoncoastedtothe pennant.Owners Dinneen, andTom Hugheseachwonatleasttwenty snaring CyYoung amongothers.In1903,Young, Bill the Irishcommunity Collinsasmanager,They recruited thuswinningover instant successandoutdrewtheBeaneatersheavily. Opening onP property University End GroundsonwhatisnowNortheastern built theHuntingtonAvenue GroundsneartheSouth onship. Thenewteam,usuallycalledtheAmericans, tion worsethaneighty-six years withoutachampi- without ateamforovercentury, objectivelyasitua- Buffalo ALfranchisemovedtoBoston,leaving cities.In1901,the directlyinfive National League markets intolargerones,eventually challengingthe in 1900,hisstrategyinvolvedmovingteamsfromsmall When CharlesComisk INTERL owning thetown. ping, leavingthenewBostonAmericanL once andforall.A With littletorecommendit,theTemple Cupideadied for Bostonchargingreportersadmissiontothepark. Baltimore inapoorly apathetic Bostonlostthe1897Temple Cupseriesto k Billy Hamilton.F tion ofthirdbasemanJimmyCollinsandoutfielder Seleemen camebackin1897and1898withtheaddi Baltimore tookthenext threepennantsbutthe records still. both Duffy hit.440whilehisteamscored1221runs, 60'6". Thischangebenefitedhittersgreatly. In1894, ing thepitchingmound’sdistancefromhomeplateto took anotherpennantin1893,ayearnotedforchang- sweeping Clevelandwitha5-0-1record.TheBeaneaters part. Bostonshoweditstr coasted whiletheClevelandSpiderstooksecond onship series.Bostonwonthefirsthalfeasily, then 1892, withthewinnersofeachhalfplayingachampi in The newtwelve-teamNLusedasplit-seasonformat mostindustries. ruled with abaseballmonopolyinanagewhenmonopolies thereby killingtheA Boston thenignoreditsAmericanAssociationneighbor, games toBostonafterleavingitsbestplayershome. and clinchedthepennantwhenNewY permission, doubleheaders withouttherequiredLeague teen-game winningstreak.TheBeaneatersplayedfour the mostcontroversialfi ey players,relegatingthatteamtosecondplace.An UDE . : 1903 atriots Dayin1901,theAmericansfound inancially fter A andleavingtheNationalLeague , andraidedNLteamsfortalent, -attended contestknownmainly wards, theBeaneatersbeganslip ey formed theAmericanLeague ey formed nish despitealateseasoneigh- ue strengthintheplayoff, -strapped Baltimoresoldoff ork droppedfive eague entry - - -

Bill Dineen of Boston talking back to a Pittsburgh cop during the 1903 World Series. Behind him, with cap cocked at a wise-guy angle, is second baseman Hobe Ferris. Members of Boston’s Royal Rooters, led by one “Nuf Ced” McGreevey, whoop it up in the back- ground.

Courtesy of Boston Public Library Print Department.

Pittsburgh agreed to play a World Series, deciding on won the pennant by fourteen games behind Smokey Joe nine games to maximize gate receipts. The series nearly Wood’s 34-5 record, and outfielders Tris Speaker, Duffy aborted when the Boston players struck for more Lewis, and Harry Hooper. The Sox faced the New York money, finally getting a better deal just before the series Giants in what is arguably the best World Series ever. opened. Killilea’s woes increased when he too charged Boston went 3-1-1 in the first five games, three of them reporters admission and suffered the obligatory bad one-run decisions. Then Jim McAleers, Boston’s owner, press. After the series, he sold the team to Charles ordered manager Jake Stahl to pitch Buck O’Brien Taylor of The Boston Globe who needed a job for his instead of Wood in Game 6. O’Brien lost. Next the son John. Royal Rooters, John “Honey Fitz” Fitzgerald’s Boston Pittsburgh featured Honus Wagner and Fred Clarke as booster club, caused more trouble in Game 7. Somehow its stars, and pitching led by Deacon Phillippe. It had their seats had been sold to others and they rioted after won three straight pennants and was favored to defeat finding this out. Wood’s arm tightened during the delay the Americans. Pittsburgh took two of the first three and he lost 11-4, tying the Series at 3-3-1. games in Boston, winning the third game under odd cir- Still holding a grudge, the Rooters spent the next day cumstances. Boston had oversold the game, leaving marching and urging fans to boycott Game 8 in an early thousands of fans standing in the outfield before the version of the sports talk radio mentality. They missed game started. They mobbed the field until the police, an incredible Boston comeback. With New York leading using hastily-grabbed baseball bats, restored order. Most 2-1 in the bottom of the 10th inning, Sox shortstop of these fans remained in the outfield throughout the Clyde Engle flied to Giant outfielder Fred Snodgrass who game. Pittsburgh then benefited from a ground rule then dropped the ball. This went down in history as scoring any ball hit into these fans as a double. The Snodgrass Muff, and was even duly headlined in his Boston then rallied, winning three out of four in 1974 New York Times obituary. Despite Snodgrass’s bril- Pittsburgh. The clincher came in Boston as Bill Dinneen liant catch on the next play, Boston rallied to win the won his third game of the series. Boston took a second game and the series. pennant in 1904, but John McGraw refused to let his Injuries hurt the Sox’s 1913 and 1914 efforts, but the NL Giants meet the Americans afterwards. Injuries and 1914 Miracle Braves consoled Boston. They went 68-19 age afflicted the Americans over the next few years and to win the pennant after being 15 1⁄2 out in July, then Boston fell out of contention until 1912. swept the Philadelphia Athletics in the World Series. The Red Sox stormed back in 1915, this time relying on pitching from Rube Foster, Dutch Leonard, Babe Ruth, DYNASTY III: THE 1910s Ernie Shore, and Wood. Bill Carrigan’s team beat the The third Boston dynasty began with the opening of Philadelphia Phillies 4-1 in the Series even without using Fenway Park, the oldest park today, which stabilized the Ruth and Wood. team’s finances. Now called the Red Sox, the 1912 team

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 13

BOSTON BASEBALL DYNASTIES PETER DE ROSA ocse LRb es 808 AgriculturalCounty Ruby 1880–82 Legs, Messer StreetGrounds SpringfieldTrack NL noteambuthostedNA Worcester Grays,1878–85 NA Mansfield ClubGrounds Springfield NL Providence Mansfields,1872 New Haven CongressStreetGrounds NA Middletown Reds,1890 Hartford PL Boston Boston otnA oest,10– HuntingtonAvenue Somersets,1901–2 AL Boston SouthEndGrounds Parks RedStockings,1871–82 NA Nicknames League Boston Team New EnglandTeams NA " DarkBlues,1876–77 NL NA A U LBaetr,18–96" (plusCongressSt. " Beaneaters,1883–1906 NL A A Unoffi New havens,1875 (T Dark Blues,1874–75 Reds, 1891 Unions, 1884 e o,10–Fenway Park after1912 Unoffi " Braves Field 1914–15 Red Sox, 1908– Americans, 1903–7 SouthEndGroundsto1914 Unofficially knownastheNationals,RedCaps,Reds, " Braves Field, 1915–52 " Fenway Park, 1914–15 Braves, 1912–52 Rustlers, 1911 Doves, 1907–10 and theNo-Names. games asaneutralsite moving toBrooklyn) Hartford in1877before Pilgrims, PlymouthRocks,P Seleemen andTriumvirs. eam playedonegamein cial nicknamesincludedtheBrownStockings cial nicknamesincludedBeaneaters,Collinsmen, Brewster Park Hartford BallClubGrounds " Union P Grounds—1894) and Dartmouth uritans, andSpeedboys. Fair Grounds Street Grounds Baseball Grounds ark andCongress with theowners.Good,iffl What didtheseteamsdoright?First, start CONCLUSION ever sinceforarematch. the Cubs,andbothteamshavebeenwaiting In theW the draft,helpingBostonedgeoutCleveland. bought severalplayerstoreplaceoneslost by W inaseasonshortened manager EdBarrow camein1918under title. Thefinalglory went 4-1againstBrooklynforafourthSeries won theleaguebytwogames.Bostonthen career. theteamandit Pitchingagaincarried salar Tris Speaker wastradedtoClevelandaftera The leastlikely titlecamethefollowingyear. different matter. Whether thatwouldbeagoodthingis reappear, couldarise. anewdynastry strong ownership,managers,andpitching dictable results.Shouldthecombinationof sized hittinginsteadofpitchingwithpre pitching. Subsequentteamshaveempha- F stratosphere, allcouldr winners hadnomanagersintheWright-Selee and thebrilliantF in thedevelopmentofprofessionalbaseball, Wright,Stockings hadHarry aseminalfigure competent fi reviled F contributed totheseteams.Eventhemuch- reigned since.Secondly Conversely, ineptorbroke ownershave before hisfi inally, theseteamsallfeaturedstrong —Peter L.deRosa isVisiting ofHistory Lecturer Bridgewater StateCollegeonOctober28,2003. “When BostonHadDynasties:EarlyLeague “When y dispute,andinjuriesendedWood’s orld War Frazee I.NewownerHarry razee playedaconstr orld Series,Bostontriumphedover This articleisbasedonalecture entitled for the Clement C. Maxwell Library at for theClementC.MaxwellLibrary nances sanktheteam. eld managers.TheRed rank Selee.WhileRedSo Championships, 1871-1918,” , theyhade un ateamwell. inty uctive role , owners xtremely - x

Photography by John Droege

Ferns

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 15 PHOTOGRAPHY JOHN DROEGE BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 Sturbridge Dory, Moon, Clockwise fromLeft: 17 PHOTOGRAPHY JOHN DROEGE that toowouldgivemeenjoyment people mayenjoywhatIsee,and and enjoyment,and…maybeother “Photography givesmegr Sturbridge 3 Left: Ol Above: son Barn —John DroegeisP eat pleasur rofessor ofArt . ” e Discord of the Devil: The Pueblo Revolt, the Salem Witchcraft Trials and how the Spirit World Helped Make America by John J. Kucich Spiritualism in America is generally said to begin in ing, and served to unify the pueblos in resistance to 1848 with the Rochester Rappings, when two teen-aged Spanish cultural domination. Pueblo spiritual leaders farm girls, Kate and Margaret Fox, claimed to have spo- soon sparked a rebellion. In 1680, having contacted ken with the ghost of a murdered peddler through a Pueblo guardian spirits, a medicine man named Popé series of knocking noises heard throughout their small convinced most of the Rio Grande pueblos to join cabin. The religion they started, with its séances, trance speakers, spectral music and ouija boards, is usually regarded as a marginal movement created by and for a credulous fringe of whites. Yet spiritualism in America long precedes the first European contact, and extends far beyond the religious movement that briefly flour- ished in the Fox sisters’ wake. Regular communication with a spirit world features prominently in Native American cultures, and Europeans and Africans brought spiritualism with them to America’s shores. As impor- tant as it was to each cultural group, spiritualism also helped shape the terms by which these cultures inter- acted from the earliest days of contact to the present. Spiritualism announced its presence in colonial times in spectacular fashion with two contemporaneous events almost a continent apart. The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 are vivid exam- ples of the range of spiritualist discourse present at least since the beginnings of European colonization in America. They inform American culture down to the present as moments where spirituality and politics were from the beginning inextricably intertwined and as models for how movements and beliefs cross the social together in revolt, killing or driving out the missionaries boundaries that make up our nation. living in the pueblos and, after several weeks of bloody fighting, forcing the entire Spanish colony out of New PART 1: NUEVO MEXICO Mexico. The phrase “discord of the devil,” used by one of the friars to describe what Popé had unleashed, illus- By 1680, the Pueblo Indians and Spanish colonists had trates how, in the narrative battle of the Pueblo Revolt, fought over control of the upper Rio Grande for genera- a principal goal was to control the spiritualist terms of tions. From their first contact, political conflict was the conflict. mediated through religion, with the front line located between the Pueblo kivas and the churches built by As the Pueblo Indians rebuilt their traditional sacred Catholic missionaries. Pueblo culture survived the first structures, their kivas and estufas, from the remains of century of Spanish conquest. The Franciscan friars Catholic missions, the Spanish commander, Antonio de never completely erased native religion, and by the mid- Otermín, and his fellow settlers huddled in a ragged fort dle of the century, mixed-race New Mexicans, or mesti- at El Paso, gathering supplies and courage for an zos, often formed a bridge between underground native attempt to reconquer New Mexico in 1681. His effort, ceremonies and official Catholic ones, participating in with all its Spanish implements of war and its Catholic both and subtly transforming each. Yet a Spanish crack- rhetorical armaments, drew on Pueblo spirituality as down on Pueblo medicine men in the 1670s showed surely as his army drew on the manpower of Pueblo that Spanish tolerance of Pueblo spirituality was wan- converts. Nothing illustrates this more clearly than the

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 19 DISCORD OF THE DEVIL JOHN J. KUCICH Charles Hack smallarmy.Otermín’s (Thistestimonyiscollectedby mants whoappearedbeforethescribestravelingwith Mexico and Otermín’s AttemptedReconquest, 1680-1682 Mexico andOtermín’s was calledCaudi, anotherTilini, andthe otherTleume.” the extremities oftheirbodies,andthatone ofthem Copala.” Popé then “sawthesefiguresemitfirefromall said “theyweregoingunderground tothelake of of Indianswhonevercameout oftheestufa,”andwho PopéSpanish narrative. insteadcontacts“threefigures ing inTaos, devilwon’t remaintiedtothe butNaranjo’s together theirnar sourcesthroughwhichtheSpanishpiece primary Juan’s testimonyisshapedbyP These twodetailsindicatehowmuchof the numberofdaysuntilrevolt. maguay fi word, too,ofthecordmadefromsacred with thedevil.”Juangavefirst Spanish inquisitorsasonewho“talks describing themedicinemantohis as JuangavethefirstaccountofPopé, member oftheTegua pueblonamedonly A ture intheinterestofmaterialsurvival. the spiritualistrhetoricofadominantcul- zo position,acolonizedpeopleaccedesto people inOldTestament Inthismesti- terms. ofanIndian rhetoric toretellthestruggles that seamlesslymarshallsCatholicspiritual oftherevolt mestizo position,fashioninganarrative outa Spanish scribewhorecordedtheirtale,carved Some membersofthepueblos,nodoubtaidedby rain ofspiritualismthroughoutAmericanhistory. that wouldbeusedtonegotiatethecross-culturalter oftheiridentityprefiguresthevariousstrategies terms and“coyote.”Moreover,zo” overthe theirstruggle occupied betweenSpanishandIndiancultures:“mesti inflections ofPueblo spiritualism)forthepositionthey (andcompeting mony revolvesaroundcompetingterms tak Deciding whattocallthesemembersofvariouspueblos P is moredeeplyrootedinChristianity. According toJuan, said tohavecommunicationwith thedevil”whilehid Catholic spiritualism.He,too,mentionsthatPopé “is baptized Christian,resiststhegood-vs.-evilrhetoricof an eighty demonstrates thisdifferentpossibility. Pedro Naranjo, culture, andastatementtaken thedayafterJuan’s Spanish-speaking IndianwhoremainsalliedtoP “coyote” tosignifya tures. Juanhimselfusestheterm “middle ground”locatedatthejunctureofmultiplecul- Other Indians,however, usedspiritualismtocreatea understood onlyina“God-Satan” binary. only withthedevil,andnativespiritualitycanbe to plantonlymaizeandbeans.For Juan,Popé canspeak toforsweartheCastillianlanguage,and and marriages, Catholicicons,torenouncetheirChristiannames burn much betterthanGod opé proclaimed“thatthedevilwasver es ustothecoreoftheirimport.Muchtesti- -year-old memberoftheQueresnationanda ber andknottedtosignify ett in rative oftherevolt,nativeinfor- R evolt ofthePueblo IndiansofNew ” and thattheIndianswereto ueblo spirituality y strongand ueblo . Y et it .) - - - Naranjo, theyrepresentanIndianspiritualismir poised betweenPueblo andSpanishspiritualisms.For These threeareneitherdevilsnorgods.Theyfigures Oter tion ofPuebloaccount, difference.InNaranjo’s bentonreconquest toarecogni- to leadaSpanisharmy culture notreducedtoSpanishter Naranjo opensaspaceforthearticulationofPueblo twin positionsofmestizoandcoyote.Unlike Juan, here toforgeanar Naranjobegins ownterms. engage withthecolonizer’s autoethnography, anattemptbyacolonizedsubjectto fi accessibletohisSpanishaudience.Here,forthe in terms ducible toSpanishrhetoric,butdescribednevertheless between European andIndianpeoplesinNorth America so strongarecord ofIndianspirituality, contact ism. Whilefew records ofEuropeanconquest preserve ness. Itwaslesssingularinits marshalling ofspiritual America. ThePueblo Revoltwasuniqueinitseffective- which emergedahybridspirituality uniqueinNorth and Indianssettledintoanuneasy har in 1696failedtodriveouttheSpanish, bothSpaniards reconquer thecolonyadecadelater. After anotherrevolt wasableto underamoremoderategovernor army the Pueblo coalitionthatPopé hadfashioned,aSpanish had neithertheforcenordiplomaticskilltobreak WhileOtermín with thenatives.”Theyprovedcorrect. because theyweresonsofthelandandhadgrownup that theSpanish“mustcomeandgainkingdom ground. Thislattergroup,accordingtoJuan,argued death, butothersweremorereadytoseekamiddle forcestothe Indians werereadytofightOtermín’s ofPopébinary Juanreportedthatmany andOtermín. establish apositionlocatedbetweenthespiritualist The coyotespiritualityofpeoplelike Naranjohelped them. thatsurround the politicalstructures wildly, unfixingestablishedmeaningsanddestabilizing signs areanythingbutstableandfixed—they figure self-consciously exclude thosewhoaren’t.Yet such nal bondsamongthoseintheknow toaselectgroup,strengthencommu- cate information ciphers—objects like themaguaycordthatcommuni- page. Suchspiritualistcrossingsarefull,too,of who appearwieldinglanguagefullofparodyandslip- rst timeindocumentsoftheSpanishreconquest,isan spirituality. physical cultureinseparablefromitstraditional out ofthelake atCopala”—anexpression ofa always desiredtoliveastheyhadwhencame Pueblo RevoltbeganbecausetheIndians“had mín canatleastbegintounderstandthatthe The wrestlingofJuanandNaranjoovertheterms of theiridentityandthenaturePopé’s beliefs illustrate thatspiritualism,especiallyinits cross-cultural manifestations,isadiscourse of theborders.Itmak strange, privilegesthosespaces,suchas and foregroundsfigureslike coyote, rative traditionlocatedbetweenthe the mountaincavesofNewMexico, farthest fromthecentersofpower ms; instead,heseeks , and es thefamiliar mony outof re- - , would be marked by competing and hybrid spirituali- ties to the end of the “Indian Wars” at Wounded Knee and beyond. Yet while the culture that emerged in New Mexico was remarkable for the durability of its spiritual synthesis, the Pueblo Revolt is merely one of the earliest episodes of cross-cultural spiritualism that would recur through- out American history. Indeed, a dozen years later and almost a continent away, Massachusetts would be embroiled in a spiritualist upheaval following hard on the heels of an Indian revolt, King Philip’s War, very nearly as successful as Popé’s. Though markedly differ- ent in its spiritualist referents and less overtly shaped by all-out intercultural warfare, the Salem Witchcraft Trials nevertheless offer striking, indeed, at times, uncanny, parallels to the spiritualist world of the Pueblo Revolt. Opposite: Spanish Cavalry. Above: Witch signing the Devil’s book.

th PART 2: SALEM The witchcake was baked on February 25 , 1692. On February 29th, warrants were issued for the arrest of Witchcraft in Salem Village began with girls in the Tituba, Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good on charges of household of the village minister. In the winter of 1692, afflicting the four girls. The accused were examined the Elizabeth Parris, the minister’s nine-year-old daughter, next day. Sarah Good at first denied the charge of witch- Abigail Williams, the minister’s eleven-year-old niece, craft, but then abruptly accused Osborne of tormenting and two neighbors a few years older began suffering the children. Osborne also denied the charge, but from a mysterious ailment characterized by hallucina- accused no one in turn. At this point, there had been cor- tions, trance-like states and pinching sensations. Samuel roboration of the charge of witchcraft, but only from Parris soon exhausted nearby medical resources, and a Good, who, though she acted the part of a cross and neighbor, suspecting witchcraft, had Parris’ slaves, John spiteful witch before the court, had neither confessed and Tituba, bake a witchcake using the afflicted girls’ nor provided any convincing details. Tituba was then urine. According to English folklore, the cake, when fed called before the judges. (Her testimony is collected in to a dog, would reveal the name of whoever cast the Paul Boyer’s and Stephen Nissenbaum’s Salem Witchcraft spell. Though the mechanism remains unclear, the girls Papers.) The examination is a remarkable example of a quickly accused three women of tormenting them in person at the very bottom of society playing a very dan- spectral form. Two, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne, gerous verbal game with a powerful questioner, Judge were middle-aged white women of low status, typical of John Hathorne: the people who had been fingered for witchcraft in New England. The third was Tituba. (H) Titibe what evil spirit have you familiarity with (T) none Where exactly to place Tituba is one of the most endur- (H) why do you hurt these children ing controversies surrounding events in Massachusetts (T) I do not hurt them in 1692. Scholars argue with equal and opposite certain- (H) who is it then ty that she is either African or Caribbean Indian when (T) the devil for ought I know the dominant lesson of Tituba, it seems to me, is her eth- (H) did you never see the devil. nic ambiguity. Like the Indians who mingled Pueblo and (T) the devil came to me and bid me serve him Catholic elements into their testimony before Otermín’s (H) who have you seen scribes, Tituba’s intervention in the Salem Witchcraft (T) 4 women sometimes hurt the children Trials is not simply Yoruba or Arawak; it is at once both (H) who were they? and more. Tituba’s background (she was born in the (T) goode Osburn and Sarah good and I doe not know Caribbean and sold to Samuel Parris in her teens) suggest who the other were Sarah Good and Osburne that she was familiar with both African and Native would have me hurt the children but I would not American folklore. Her testimony proves she was cer- shee furder saith there was a tale man of Boston tainly familiar with English folklore as well. If it has that shee did see proven difficult to pin one distinct identity to Tituba, it And on it goes, with Tituba a half step (and only a half is all the more important to keep several in mind when step) ahead of Hathorne’s questions, giving short assessing her role in Salem. Like the “native informants” answers to his most probing questions, then elaborating of the Pueblo Revolt, Tituba’s borderline status is more in response to his follow-up questions. Like Naranjo’s significant than the term we use to identify it. description of Popé, Tituba’s is a classic narrative of the

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 21 DISCORD OF THE DEVIL JOHN J. KUCICH with theOther. cross-cultural spiritualism,tobe alien,hostile,andlaced wasrevealed, thoughthis craft—to whiteobservers recognizable—Catholic spiritualityorEuropeanwitch- European listeners.Whathadappeared tobefamiliarand tur zone betweencul- istic ofthecontact inquest, ischaracter- before Otermín’s the Pueblo Indians like thetestimonyof Tituba’s testimony, witchcraft. field ofEnglish Caribbean intothe ments drawnfromtheheterodoxspiritualismof Indian shiftintheevolvingnarrative,aninsertionofele- that appearnowhere else.SuchelementssignalaWest thingitgoesuprightlikeaman,” and “anotherhairy thing withaheadlikewoman2leggsandwings” to ratswolves,andanumberofbizarre figures, like“a mals appearinhertestimony, fromdogstohogsbirds mony heard before thecourt.SignificantpartsofTituba’s testi- a devil’sbook,andappeared throughoutthetestimony from witchesridingstickstosecr well withinthediscursivefabricofEuropeanwitchcraft, accusers ingoodimprovisationalfashion;otherswere most notoriouslytheyellowbir cultural difference. SomeelementsofTituba’s testimony, expectations andunusualenoughtohighlightTituba’s giving thembackinaformfamiliarenoughtomeethis middle ground,takingsuggestionsfromHathorneand unheimlich can onlybe(tousetheGermanversionofword) spiritualisttestimony Mexico, Tituba’s andNaranjo’s uncanny. Incross-culturalsettingslikeSalemandNew norms andexpectations.Suchdisruptionsare, inaword, cultural spiritualism,however, disruptthefamiliar details ofdomesticity. Thecreative adaptationsofcross- for example,wastypicallysuffusedwiththepetty ordinariness—the discourseof NewEnglandwitchcraft, within amonoculturalcontextisoftenstrikinginits accounts ofwitchcraftinNewEngland.Spiritualism able, more alien,andmore thanearlier terrifying iars madeheraccountofwitchcraftatoncemore believ- imps andanimalfamil vivid descriptionsof involvement, andher hint ofupper include Boston,her of thesettingto ence. Herextension ing themwithdiffer culture whileinfus- ments ofadominant es; itadoptsele- , however, standapart.Anunusualnumberofani- , “un-home-like”or“un-settling,”totheir -class - - d, were pickedupby et meetingstonamesin Tituba tellingW est IndiantalestotheSalemchildren. European settlersconsolidatedtheirholdonAmerica, English colonistsskepticalofwitchcraft,andas with Indianculture. Yet theexcessesofSalemmade wasvirtuallysynonymous as fortheSpanish,deviltry closely linkedtocolonialdispossession—fortheEnglish Witchcraft inMassachusetts,asNewMexico,was her cooperationwithlife,andsoldtopayjailfees. herself provedtoovaluabletohang:shewasr the mainlandcoloniesresulted inasmanydeaths.Tituba and nineteenofwhomwere hanged.Few slaverevolts in of whomdiedinjail,onewaspr the judicialfrenzy thatleft156peopleimprisoned,four political unconsciousofPuritan NewEngland,fueling compelling accountofoccultactivityunleashedthe the systemthatenslavedheranymore effectively. Her woman aspowerlessTituba havesabotaged couldn’t an actofghostlysabotageagainstthecolonialsystem.A Such apotentuseofspiritualism,indeed,canbeseenas American stage. role innegotiatingculturalconflictonthisvastlylarger of onenation,andspiritualismwouldagainplayakey pings. By1848,NewMexicoandEnglandwere part where theFox sisterswouldheartheirmysteriousrap- circuitous path,tothefarmhouseoutsideofRochester trances andspeakingoftongues,wouldlead,thougha direct spiritualcontactandtheirreligious theaterof revivals oftheGreat Awakening, withtheiremphasison occultism. Thoseelements,combinedwiththereligious Ghostly Communion:Cross-cultural Spiritualism —John J.Kucich isAssistantProfessor ofEnglish in 19 th This articleisdrawnfromthebook University Press ofNewEngland. Century AmericanLiterature Century forthcoming thisfallfrom mor and fragmentsof European folklor with other witchcraft mingled wher lower classes, confi local andgenerally but episodeswere the nextcentur accused wellinto Englanders were Scattered New wholly disappear. Witchcraft didn’t inhabitants. its aboriginal spiritual beliefsof to demonizethe they hadlessneed essed todeath e elite ned tothe e thelor ewarded for e of y, e , News from CART (Center for the Advancement of Research and Teaching)

The Center for the Advancement of Research and Teaching (CART) offers grant support for both small and large- scale faculty research projects, as well as for travel to professional conferences. Deborah Nemko, Assistant Professor of Music, was among the recent grant recipients.

MY WORK WITH THE “GRAND DAME OF BELGIAN PIANISM”

In the summer of 2002 I had the pleasure of studying the piano works of Zoltán Kodály with Madame Diane Andersen in Belgium. An internation- ally known pianist who has lived a most colorful life, Andersen is also an Honorary Professor at the Royal Brussels Conservatory. Among her other accomplishments are numerous awards for her recordings, including a “Grand Prix du Disque” (Belgian Radio). Currently masterful musi- cians like Boston-area composer Diane Goolkasian Rahbee continue to write music for Andersen to perform and record. Andersen can also be considered a pri- mary source for information about both composers Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály. For many years she was married to Andre Gertler, the friend and duo-partner of Béla Bartók, and she knew Bartók well. As collec- tor and champion of the folk music of eastern Europe, with Zoltán Kodály, Bartók is seen as one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century.

Diane Andersen and I met in the International Prague Piano Master Classes during the summer of 2000. Deborah Nemko

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 23 NEWS FROM CART DEBORAH NEMKO Seven Pieces forPiano, Op.11 with MadameAndersen: studying twoworksbyZoltánKodály Workshop forPianists,practicingand was notteaching,intheInternational Bartók. Ispentmostofmyhours,when and analysisoftheworksZoltánK lady. Myprojectinthesummerof2002wasstudy gifted up someofthemusicalwisdomfromthisvery the opportunitythroughaC smallandIamgratefultohavehad may guess,isvery Class thatAndersendirects.Themusicworld,asyou teach andper result ofmystudywithAndersen,eachsummerInow of herworkandthepianistbehindmusic.Asa and immediatelyfeltaconnectiontoboththevitality impressedwithherpianism,styleandgrace I wasvery Piano workslik byhiscontactwiththese “new” materials. informed compositions,like Bartók’s,were folk music,Kodály’s work. Anaturalconsequenceofhisassociationwith vided Kodály withinterestingmaterialsforhisown As aclassicalcomposer, thecollectionofthismusicpro- andstudy.scribing themusicforlaterperformance Europe usingearlyrecordingequipment,andalsotran- recording examples oflocalitiesinEastern inthefield trained musician,actedasarchivistforthemusic, sidering itprimitiveandsimple,Kodály, aclassically was resistanttothisstyleofmusic,con- Though theclassicalmusicworldatfirst devoted toitspromotionandpreservation. music, therebybeginningalongcareer K and rhythmicalvarietyofmusicheheard, peasants. In1905,inspiredbythebeauty tivated music”—thefolkmusicofthe interest inwhattheyconsidered“lesscul Germany, spokeandhadlittle German classes maintainedstrongtieswith political andculturalupheaval.Theupper wasaplaceof In theearly1900sHungary folk musicofHungar his pianoworks,refl variouscompositions,including Kodály’s finepianopieces. very ofhis tolearn it hasbeenagreatdiscovery educator andethnomusicologist,forme Kodály ismostlyknownforhisworkas of Marosszek”(1930).WhileZoltán for Piano, Op.11 dances uponwhich theclassicalworkwasbased. work echothespirit andspontaneityoftheoriginal styleofthe The rhythmicalenergyandimprovisatory folkdance andfolk-tuneinadecidedly classicaltexture. of Dances ofMarosszek,”onefinds theinterweaving respect andreverenceforHungarian folkmusic.In“The odály begancollectingHungarianfolk form in Belgium in the International Piano inBelgiumtheInternational form e “The DancesofMarosszek”andthe e “The (1921) and “The Dances (1921) and“The ect hisinterestinthe y , hisnativecountr The SevenPieces reflect thecomposer’s ART summergranttosoak odály andBéla y - . to usall. edge ofthewealthamazingmusicwhichbelongs to bebetterpianistsanddevelopanevengreaterknowl- most proudtosay studentsplayedbeautifully,torium. TheBSC Iam she conductedaMasterClassintheHoraceMannaudi- ty toworkwithMme.AnderseninMarch,2004,when recently to mystudentsandtheBridgewatercommunity. Most her visitBridgewaterStateCollegetogiveaworkshop States. A and alsobroughtDianeAndersenclosertotheUnited Hungarian language,shestressed,helpsonetounder folk-music. Inaddition,anunderstandingofthe associatedwiththe similar totheoriginalinstruments lush sonority like andatothertimesholdingthepedaldownfora speech- the pedalinmomentswheremusicisvery music wasalsover Andersen’s discussionoftheusepedalin pianopieces.Inaddition, referenced inKodály’s tone colorsrelatedtothefolkinstr Mme. Andersentaughtmemuchabouttheunusual , Bridgewaterpianostudentshadanopportuni- fter my week in Belgium we arranged tohave fter myweekinBelgiumwearranged —Deborah Nemk , onecancreatearichvarietyofsounds , andwalk y enlightening.Byrapidlychanging heard K works withsomeonewhohas or mentation, itpaystostudy standing andpracticeoforna- tradition dictatedtheunder- Baroque musicwheretheoral practiceof in theperformance prevalent inthemusicand,as is the work.Ornamentation of and authenticperformance one ingivingamoremoving and Hungariancultureassist an understandingoflanguage are writtenforpiano,clearly Though theworksIstudied of theHungarianlanguage. the naturalrhythmandflow the musicalphrasethatreflect Hungarian, explained pointsin Andersen, whospeaks music. lation ofKodály’s stand thephrasingandarticu- of musicbyK me agreaterunderstanding The summerof2002gave the pieces. o isAssistantP namentation inKodály’s ed awayfeelinginspired odály himselfperform uments whichare odály andBartók rofessor ofMusic - to visit “a woman I’d known Book Review: twenty years before.” Frost’s “yel- low wood” becomes a “blanket of Lascivious Grace yellow smog.” The speaker travels north into the smog instead of The Mechanics of Submission south and “clearing skies” but realizes that at some future point Phil Tabakow “I’ll probably be telling this with a by Charles F. Angell guilty shrug/to some high-priced shrink.” Guilt replaces conscience. “I took the road less travelled Phil Tabakow occupies the office adjacent to mine; we by/and never saw my friend talk often, mostly in prose, about office politics, the joys again.” The speaker by his act of teaching, his kids and mine, the usual. I’ve heard Phil submits himself to a featureless read his poems on more than one occasion and watched and sprawling landscape. over the past several months as he’s prepared his new By happy coincidence I was reading Mary Karr’s essay collection for publication, but only since its appearance “Against Decoration” where she decries contemporary this past March have I had the chance to engage with poets’ tendency to obscure the particular features of any Phil’s work as a reader. Reading Phil’s collection, I could- felt experience with formal decoration of metaphor and n’t help recalling James Lee Burke’s remark about one of language. Karr quotes lines from Wallace Stevens’ his characters: “his mind was a neighborhood he didn’t “Esthetique du Mal” in which want to walk around alone in.” I mentioned this wise- crack to Phil who quickly recalled for me the first The greatest poverty is not to live premise of reading and teaching literature: “Don’t In a physical world, to feel that one’s desire confuse a poem’s speaker with its author.” Is too difficult to tell from despair. Perhaps, Still, the reader can’t help but wonder about this dis- After Death, the non-physical people, in paradise, junction when reading the title poem of Phil’s collec- Itself non-physical, may, by chance, observe tion. The Mechanics of Submission pits “magazine needs” The green corn gleaming and experience for inoffensive and innocuous —“no overtly philosophi- cal, fuzzily pontificating,” etc.—poetry submissions The minor of what we feel. . . . against “my muse,”—an insatiably vulvaic concentra- For Karr Stevens’ “non-physical people” “looked down tion/camp matron from a postwar/German art film, and envied in me the very passions that caused me diffi- dimly recalled—.” This muse “jackboots” the poet into culty.” For me they provide a palimpsest for Phil’s “Sex submitting to her unarticulated landscapes where mag- After Death” where “It doesn’t exist./ “That’s why it’s azine poetry editors, themselves moralistic jackbooters, so good,”/ say the dead, “so good!” Like Stevens’ “non- refuse to travel. Indeed, these timid poetry editors are physical people,” the dead in “Sex After Death” have sex descendants (let’s hope not progenitors) of “H. “always at the tips of their tongues/or nibbling at their Schwartz, Head Architect,” the speaker of “Addendum toes.” They live in “parallel universes without feeling” to the Final Plan,” the poem immediately preceding where “The living are unable to fathom/such states of “The Mechanics of Submission.” Here, in language ecstasy.// And the dead know it.” The poem articulates entirely sanitized, the Schwartz persona delineates how the inability of the living to understand states of ecstasy by adhering to the revised rules operators can improve in themselves or imagine that such states might exist the “overall efficiency” of the concentration camp death among the dead. The poem then imbues the dead with chambers. Paradoxically, the poet’s muse, the “seig-heil- knowledge about states of ecstasy on which they are ing, fascist woman warrior,” compels the poet into lin- unable to act. Parallel universes know but cannot touch guistic acts of subversion that expose and defy the one another. complacent morality and terrible amorality of editors and operators. The poet must submit to linguistic Phil Tabakow’s The Mechanics of Submission offers explorations of an inchoate landscape. numerous delights of the sort encountered in the few poems I’ve mentioned. Just as in “Ars Poetica” the sun Phil’s “Two Interstates Converged” uses a familiar high- ignites the coppered/rooftops on the Kentucky shore,/ way landscape to suggest that pain avoided may in the and transforms decrepit old Covington/into the long end be more painful than pain confronted. The poem sought for city of God,” so The Mechanics of Submission begins “two interstates converged near some suburban illuminates an all too familiar moral, emotional, and sprawl,” a witty and obvious echo of Frost’s familiar spiritual landscape in which none of us want to walk “two roads diverged in a yellow wood.” For Phil’s speak- around alone. er, the choice lies between taking the interstate south to comfort a friend dying of melanoma or traveling north —Charles F. Angell is Professor of English

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 25 Research Note: Musical Traditions in India Salil Sachdev

In summer 2004 I will be traveling to New Delhi, India, (the Conductor of the Delhi Symphony Orchestra) for a for a period of three months after having received a period of four years, after which I was prepared and able Rotary Grant for University Professors. My intent in to pursue my graduate studies in music composition in traveling to India is based on a two-fold purpose. First, I the United States. By having the ability to contribute in want to share my experience and skills in an area of my this area now, I would be able to help students studying expertise, music theory, at the Delhi School of Music, western music in India, to solidify an area of their back- and second, I am eager to continue working on my long- ground so necessary to having a well-rounded founda- term project of documenting the traditional folk music tion in music. of India on video and audio recordings. My second reason for going to India is to further inves- The Delhi School of Music is one of the only 2 institu- tigate, and as well to continue documenting, the tradi- tions in India dedicated to teaching Western classical tional folk music of India on video and audio recordings, music, the other one being in Mumbai. Based on a high- a project that I started two years ago. India is one of the ly credible and strong reputation, it is the only place in most diverse nations in the world—a “museum of peo- North India where young people can study Western ples.” Comprised of 26 states organized on a linguistic CHDEV classical music in a formal setting. However, the empha- basis, the country consists of people with a multitude of sis of study has always been on instrumental perfor- different ethnic identities and backgrounds as well as mance. There has always been a strong need for philosophical and religious beliefs. Hence, there is a pro- teaching in music theory, a need that remains largely fusion of distinctly different kinds of folk, religious and

SALIL SA unfulfilled due ceremonial to the lack of music vibrantly teachers spe- alive in all parts cializing in this of the country. area. Perhaps While the univer- the most sal emphasis on appropriate studying the example of this classical music of dire need India has proved would best be to be highly illustrated by fruitful on its my own experi- own accord, it ence as a stu- has in the dent of music process over- composition in shadowed the New Delhi. At abundance of the time that I folk music reso- was pursuing nant with every- my studies in day life in the music in India, country. Long in there were only two people in New Delhi who had the its history and beautiful in its melodic form and expres- necessary background and training to adequately pre- sion, Indian classical music is one of the oldest unbro- pare students in advanced Western music theory. I was ken musical traditions in the world. Many scholars and fortunate to be able to study privately with one of them researchers from around the world have found them- selves drawn deeply into the classical music tradition of India. While this continues to be a highly worthwhile RESEARCH NOTE: MUSICAL TRADITIONS IN INDIA Opposite: Backwaters of Kerala. Below: Chenda Drummers.

effort, overlooked in this emphasis is the rich cultural heritage of the abundance of folk music existent in India in different parts of the country. These profound musical artistic traditions have co-existed with Indian classical music for centuries. However, being the music of the “average” people and rural areas, their place in research, study and documentation has not been given as much stress as their classical counterpart. Thus, the signifi- cance of this project lies in discovering and documenting artistic traditions which have proven to hold their dignity and integrity in the face of continual change, and constant demands for modernization, transformation and threats of extinction.

Among the many possibilities of research popular Indian film music. It is certainly one of the in folk music are work songs in south India. These most interesting and fun filled sights to see this very include harvest songs, hunting songs, boat songs and common phenomenon in the country. weavers’ songs, all meant to alleviate the the monotony of everyday chores and labor. As well in south India is I plan to travel to various parts of India, particularly one of the most mesmerizing drum ensembles, consist- rural areas, and record the folk music of various regions ing of Chenda drums, accompanied by a bell and cym- on audio and video. The video documentary will include bal. The Chenda drum is a hollow cylandrical drum street performances and interviews with practicing made out of soft wood with the ends covered with musicians, as well as the cultural and geographical his- cowhide. It is one of the most important percussion tory of the regions. Additionally, I plan to document instruments played in temple festivals. The certain festivals where folk music is an integral part Thyambaka, a renowned drum ensemble in the state of the event. of Kerala, features several Chenda players playing The outcome of this effort will contribute to not only some of the most exciting and vibrant music that can the visual and aural documentation of traditional folk be heard anywhere. musical practices in India, but will also serve to stimu- Commonly found in parts of North India is the one- late and encourage further research and study in this string fiddle player, walking around in different neigh- enormous area. Since there is such an astounding vari- borhoods with a bunch of fiddles delicately balanced on ety of folk, religious and ceremonial music in the many a basket placed on his head, while playing the fiddle at culturally diverse regions across India, it will require an the same time. This fiddle, made out of a piece of wood, effort of a lifetime to document them thoroughly. small gourd and one string, comes alive in the hands of Ultimately, it is my intention to document all of the this street vendor, trying to sell his instruments with major streams of folk music existent in the country his exquisite “walking performance.” (and the associated festivals) in a multi-volume video and audio anthology. This continually growing antholo- Brass bands, with their blaring and vibrant sounds, are gy would serve as a valuable resource to music schools, commonly found in all parts of India and are an impor- libraries, researchers and scholars, and students of arts tant part of many wedding celebrations. Composed of and humanities all around the world. trombones, trumpets and various other instruments, they reflect the English influence on India from the colo- —Salil Sachdev is Assistant Professor of Music nial period. The music they play, however, is mostly

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 27 CULTURAL COMMENTARY BARBARA APSTEIN professors presentstrict,no for example, theissueofabsences andlatepapers.Most kinds ofpersuasionusuallyoccurincombination.Take, Where student-facultyrelationsareinvolved,thethree private sphere. suasive appealsfromadvertisersandpoliticians,orthe years agoinhis Aristotle analyzedtheartofpersuasionalmost3,000 students lik myself hadoccasionallywaivedther to payhistuitionandcarinsurance.Irealizedthat needed toholdtwojobsinorderear Or hemightevok reveal alife-longloveoftheworksof, say, JamesJoyce. some compellingreasonsforjoiningtheclass:hemight spark toclassdiscussion.OrperhapsJeffwouldpresent articulate youngmanwhowouldaddsomeintellectual was fullyenrolledmightsizehimupasanintelligent, sion. Icouldeasilyimaginethataprofessorwhoseclass good talker; hehadbrighteyesandananimatedexpres- I triedtoimaginewhathismethodsmightbe.Jeffwasa I havemymethods.” persuasive. closed.” Hepausedandsmiled.“Icanbevery can usuallymanagetogetintoclasseseveniftheyare “I knowIshouldhavecomeearlier,” Jeffreplied,“butI screen, “buttheclassesyouwantarefull.” totellyou,”Isaid,glancingatthecomputer sorry week latetoregisterforspringsemesterclasses.“I’m Jeff, oneofmyadvisees,appearedinofficeabouta Logos in otherwords,theappealtogoodreasons. of provingatr appeal toemotionandsharedvalues. theemotionsofone’shearers,” power ofstirring Americans ofthe21 that Aristotle’scontemporariesneverimagined, are talkingaboutthepublicsphere,where,toanextent worthy. Thisanalysisremainsusefultoday, whetherwe mak powerofevincingapersonalcharacterwhichwill er’s e hisspeechcredible,”mak , theoriginofEnglishword e him. uth bymeansofpersuasivearguments,” Rhetoric Cultural Commentary: Cultural e sympathyby st century areswampedwithper- century , distinguishingthreecategories. -nonsense policiesontheir e himorherappeartr The ArtofPersuasion xplaining thathe logic ules forpersuasive Ethos n enoughmoney , is“thepower is “thespeak- P athos is “the ust- by BarbaraApstein good reason. what constitutesagoodreason: In someinstances,studentsandfacultymaydisagreeon good reasonsformissingclass: note,” andsoforth.Inpractice,however, therearesome “absences duetoillnessareexcused onlywithadoctor’s “latenesswillbeconsidered anabsence,” permitted”; handouts:“onlycourse information threeabsencesare P likely thanonewithaweak tobetrusted ethos convince. Unlessthestudenthasestablishedacredible Even agoodreason,however e dent illnessesandfamilydeaths increasessharplyat and itisgenerallyacknowledged thattherateofstu- Of course,agoodreasonisnot necessarilyatr friend’s sistertriedtocommitsuicide.” days werespentmostlyinthehospital,asmyboy- would bebestifIwenthomeafterthat.Thenext few ever through myclassesandthengohometosleep.How- would bebettertojuststayawakeandmake andtry it I didnotgetoutofworkuntil3:00 Tuesday wehadamajorcomputer failureatmyjob,and missing ourscheduledappointmentonWednesday. On “Please e following note: to believethatanyonewouldmake themup,asinthe it’shard Whentheproblemsareoverwhelming, trust. reasons formissingaclassoranassignmentcompels obviously upset.Andsometimesthesheernumberof student withastrong his orhere ing assignmentsinontime,anddoingwelle athos xam time.Althoughthechances ofbeingfoundout , Ifellasleepinmy8:00classanddecidedthatit by attendingclassregularly also comesintoplay x I wenttoDisneyW I hadtogomycat’sfuneral. I hadtodrivemyaunttheairport. I hadadentistappointment. I wassick(mostfrequently, thefluorstrep throat). room. I hadtotakemyroommatetheemergency I hadtoappearincourt. I wasinanaccident. start. My carwouldn’t I hadtogoafuneral(orwake). cuse myabsencesfromyourclassandfor x cuses maybegreetedwithsk ethos , especiallywhenastudentis orld withmyfriends. and ask , maynotbeenoughto , beingattentive,hand A etchy reasonismore . M . I decidedthatit epticism. A ethos ue one, and a xams, -

Rembrandt’s portrait of Aristotle (1653). may seem remote, occasionally a “bereaved” student is caught lying. A colleague recently reported that Susan, a student in her Writing I class, after the sudden, unex- pected death of her father, had composed a touching tribute to him, for which she had received a high grade. The paper had been late, unavoidably, as the funeral and mourning process had taken their toll. A few weeks later, at a dinner party, the colleague was introduced by mutual friends to Susan’s parents—both very much alive. Persuasive appeals play a role in other kinds of student- faculty interactions. The growth of the internet and its vast assortment of online documents has made plagia- rism an enormous problem in the academic world. The fact that professional writers occasionally make the news by plagiarizing their articles doesn’t help. On college campuses, an accusation of plagiarism usual- ly leads to an awkward and unpleasant confrontation. The accused student almost always appears shocked to discover that someone else’s paragraphs have appeared in his or her paper. The persuasive effort begins with good reasons, generally involving computer malfunc- tion or careless error: “I don’t know how that got in there!’ [staring in disbe- I couldn’t think of anything to say. lief at the offending passage]. “You see,” she went on, “the thing is, when I read some- “I cited the source of that -- didn’t I? I meant to.” thing, it sounds so good. I can’t think of any way to change the wording. The author’s wording is perfect. “That was in my notes, but it wasn’t supposed to Maybe I should just put the whole paper in quotes?” be in my final paper. I must have printed the wrong file by mistake.” Who could make this up? By not even pretending to have a “good reason” for plagiarizing, Debbie established However, occasionally this process is inverted and a stu- a credible ethos; I believed her. Her sense of helplessness, dent actually succeeds in being persuasive by producing the confession of plagiarism addiction, also created a bad reason. Debbie, a student in my Writing II class, an element of pathos, a sympathetic desire to help submitted a research paper consisting largely of chunks Debbie learn how to explain other people’s ideas in of text which had been cut-and-pasted from various her own words. internet sources. I was not looking forward to con- fronting Debbie, and I had prepared a speech explaining Successful teaching, too, depends on the art of persua- “fair use” of other writers’ work, the seriousness of acad- sion. Teachers must try, from the very first day of class, emic dishonesty and the penalties she was likely to to establish a positive ethos: we must convince students incur. However, she surprised me. that we are trustworthy as well as being knowledge- able; that our assignments and tests are fair and reason- “How much of this essay did you write,” I asked in a cen- able; that we are committed to their learning. We must sorious tone. provide good reasons (logos) why our subject is impor- “Not much, to tell the truth,” she replied. “Most of it I tant, worth the time and effort they will need to under- took off the internet.” stand it—a particularly challenging task in required courses. Perhaps most difficult, but found in the best No excuses; this was unusual. However, I persevered: teachers, is the element of pathos, the ability to stir emo- “Do you know what plagiarism is?” tion, to communicate enthusiasm for one’s subject and to convince students that they can succeed. “Oh, yes,” Debbie responded. “I do it all the time. I can’t help it. Several teachers have spoken to me about it…” —Barbara Apstein is Professor of English and Associate Editor of the Bridgewater Review “But…but…”

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 29 CULTURAL COMMENTARY WILLIAM C. LEVIN looks like this. we callalinearrelationship,andingraphicter wrongdoing increaseslevelsofobedience.Itiswhat relationship betweentwovariables.Punishment for As anacademic,Iwouldnowdescribetheideaasa would nothavecometosuchasadend. and hadhebeenproperlydisciplinedwhenyoung, knew whathemeant.CousinRollohadbeenpampered, parents topayforhislossesatthetrack.We kidsall a cousinwhohadbeencaughtstealingmoneyfromhis complexsum upanotherwise familydiscussionabout for hispithypronouncements.Heusedthesayingto the firsttimefrommyuncleGeorge,whowasfamous I haveheardthatexpression usedmanytimes,Ithink pered, “Sparetherod,spoilchild.” behind mewhoshr dignity ofourshoppingaisle.Therewasawomanright see whohadheardthis.Ithinkfeltembar “m.”) Iwasprettymuchhor for the#*!&*,itstartedwith“G” andendedwith “ scar atthewrist,twisteditintoa mother grabbedhisarm P ping cart,reachedouttograbfromtheshelfabo shop- about 6yearsold,whowassittinginhismother’s I wasshoppinginmylocalsupermarketwhenachildof justyesterday.something thatIobserved by was remindedofthedangerthissorterror of therelationshipbetweenaspecificcauseandeffect.I else. Anotheristhetendencytooversimplifynature poor communicationbetweenspouses,andofnothing would befoolishtoimaginethatdivorceistheresultof ior withasingleunderlyingcause.For example, it nations. Oneistheattempttoexplain ahumanbehav- a numberofwaysthatwecanoversimplifyourexpla- professionals canfallpreytothetemptation.Thereare cy forpeopletooversimplifye present somechallenges.For example, thereisatenden- about beingpaid.Butabsorbingasitis,thetaskdoes we whodoitforalivingshouldprobablyfeelguilty Attempting toexplain humanbehaviorissuchfunthat Y oppy ou putthatbackorI’llbreakyour#*!&*ar y shape,andshriek -P uffs Cereal.Beforehecouldpullinthecatchhis Cultural Commentary: Cultural ugged hershoulderstomeandwhis ed intohisfacethethreatthat by WilliamC.Levin rifi When MoreisBetter, andThenIt’s Not xplanations, andeven ed, andlook rassed forthe ed aroundto m.” (As ms it x of - FIGURE 1 the in story objective. (Thislastonewastaken fromtoday’s greater likelihood wewillhave ofachievingmilitary that themoretroopswehaveavailableforaconflict, inhighschooland drive downacademicperformance more hoursoftelevisionviewingcanbeexpected to career incomes,thatnutrientsaidplantgrowth, quality goods,thatmoreeducationwillyieldhigher grades), thatyouhavetospendmoneygethigher (such asstudying)yieldsgreatersuccesshigher e the relationshipsbetweenvariablestakeFor thisform. should increase.Infact,mostofourstatementsabout for wrongdoing,thelevelofobediencebyyourchild The ideaisthatasyouincreasethelevelofpunishment the childwasnotobeyingher with thewomaninsupermarket, itisapparentthat expected toaccomplishintherearingofchildren.As will revealthattherearelimits towhatdisciplinecanbe pool, drowning indeependofthediscipline-obedience cussion withparents,atleasttheoneswhoarenot discipline produceper duce raisedlevelsofobedience,willinfiniteamounts obedience inachild,andthatsomedisciplinewillpro- thatatotallackofdisciplinecanleadtodis- may betrue illogical, butthattheyareoversimplifi The problemwithsuchstatementsisnotthattheyare that make itseemlinear. statements above,therelationshipisstatedinterms number ofAmericantroopsinIraq.)Ineachthe xample, wenor level of obedience by child Boston Globe Medium High Low Low about perceivedneedtoincreasethe mally hearassertionsthatharderwork fect obedience?Evenabriefdis level ofpunishment Medium , thoughshehadalready cations. Whileit High - ratcheted the punishment and threat levels to high lev- are just a few articles from a number of professional els for minor offenses. It would probably not surprise journals that illustrate the value of being able to think you to know that just a few minutes after that little in curvilinear terms about relationships between boy had been so severely disciplined by his mother, I variables. saw him grabbing for more verboten goods when his What is the relationship between hours of television mother wasn’t looking. viewing by high school students and their performance So a more complex relationship between variables on math tests? If it is linear, you would imagine that would need a more sophisticated depiction. A straight the relationship should be that the more television chil- line relationship is too simple. We need to be able to dren watch, the lower their math scores tend to be. This consider that relationships between variables can be would be an example of a negative, but still linear rela- curvilinear. Here is one such depiction. tionship. In a study conducted in 2000 in the journal Quality and Quantity, a researcher (e-mail me for com- plete citations to any of the following articles) found FIGURE 2 a clearly curvilinear relationship between the variables. Here is the relationship in graphic terms. High

FIGURE 3

High

Medium all students ance level of obedience by child m Medium

Low

Low Medium High math perfor level of punishment g students low-achievin

Low

In this case, a complete lack of discipline is associated 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 with low levels of obedience, low and moderate levels of hours of television viewing per day discipline increase obedience levels, but at some point acts of discipline begin to be less effective. This “point of diminishing returns” is typically expressed in the The data showed that in a sample of high school child’s response of “yeah, yeah yeah.” If levels of disci- seniors, students who watched no television on an aver- pline increase further, it is possible that discipline will age day had good scores on math tests, but that stu- have no effect at all (the flat top of the curve), and if lev- dents who watched an average of one hour per day had els of discipline go higher, the consequence may be even higher math scores. After that point, increasing rebellion by the child such that further discipline actual- hours of television viewing per day was associated with ly drives down obedience. This is the dreaded response proportionately lower math scores. This is not the most of “If you hit me more and harder, I’ll make you pay.” complicated sort of curvilinear relationship, but it is that the little boy in the cart seemed to have reached. clear that an assumption of linearity is wrong here. As for why kids who watched one hour of television per The more I study human interaction, the more I come day did better on their math tests than any other stu- to the conclusion that linear relationships are the excep- dents, your guess is as good as mine or the author of the tion rather than the rule. They may be useful for begin- articles. Much of his discussion of the data is taken up ning discussions, but they quickly fade on thoughtful with speculation as to the reason for the finding, with examination of the probabilities, and after data is col- the possibility that these kids are watching educational lected to explicate relationships between variables. Here television being my favorite. Interestingly, this same author found a clearly linear relationship in the same set of data, showing that among poor performing students, there was a positive

BRIDGEWATER REVIEW JUNE 2004 31 CULTURAL COMMENTARY WILLIAM C. LEVIN jour religious institutionsbegantodecline.In2001,inthe neighborhood gottoohigh,supportfor ed. However ber ofreligiousinstitutionstheneighborhoodsupport- that thepoorerneighborhood,greaternum- published inthejour neighborhoods usedthemtheleast.In2000researchers ing hospitals,whilethoselivinginmiddle-income wealthiest neighborhoodsweremostlikely touseteach- ed thatelderlypatientswholivedinthepoorestand lishing inthe more examplesIn2002researcherspub- inshortform. letmegiveyouafew Now thatyouseethepattern, FIGURE 4 more the figure.)Makes nosense,huh?Whyshouldwatching math per and linearrelationshipbetweentelevisionviewing children. Infact,researchersfoundinthe game usewouldbeassociatedwithgreaterweightin should bealinearrelationshipinwhichgreatervideo about thisrelationship,mystudentsagreedthatthere and theiruseofvideogames.Asked tohypothesize What abouttherelationshipbetweenchildren’sweight weakest ofthestudents?Gofigure. per games very littleorthemost.See thefigurebelow.games very ately, whilethelightestchildrenhadplayedvideo who weighedthemosthadplayedvideogamesmoder- Adolescence weight of child formance, eventhoughthesewereacademicallythe formance, Medium nal television havebeenassociatedwithhighermath High Low Cur formance. (Thisisshowninthedottedlineon formance. Low in 2004thatthechildrentheirsample rent Anthropology , oncethelevelofpovertyin Journal of General Internal Medicine ofGeneralInternal Journal nal video gameuse Sociological F Medium , astudyofrisk-taking orum orum Journal of Journal the fi High nding report- by those who had drunk inmoderation. by thosewhohaddrunk most alcohol.Theleastviolentattackswerecommitted the perpetratorswhohadconsumedleastand found thatthemostviolentattackswerecommittedby they foundflippedtheirpredictionupsidedown.They curvilinear, butasthefigurebelowshows,curve were righttopredictthattherelationshipwouldbe or agreatdealwouldhaveemployedlessviolence.They little amounts ofalcohol,andthatthosewhohaddrunk found amongtheattack hypothesized thatthemostviolentattackswouldbe lence heemployedinhisattackonvictim.They tionship betweenhowdr Women one to end with. In 2002 in the journal one toendwith.In2002inthejournal herders werethemostrisk-averse.Andhere’sascar amongthe nomic risks,whilethemoderatelywell-off and wealthierherdersweremostwillingtotake eco- herders livinginP among certainSouthAmericanpeasants(Aymara limit ourabilitytoimaginethe morecomplex world. the easier, shorthandviewthatlinearityofferswewill that weallowourselvestothinkandspeakemploying bowls, andbecomestiresomeafterthat.To theextent the pleasureofitstastecertainlydiminishesafterafew thinking incur be overdone,thenweautomaticallyopenthedoorto in mindthateventhingshavedesirableeffectscan theideaon itshead.Ifwekeeption, thoughitalsoturns ideal thatallthingsshouldbeexperienced inmodera- This lastfindingsuggeststhelanguageofGreek FIGURE 5 violence used in assault Medium High Low , the researchers had predicted a curvilinear rela- , theresearchershadpredictedacurvilinear Low and AssociateEditor vilinear terms. Ilovechocolate,though vilinear terms. —W eru andBolivia)foundthatthepoorer eru

illiam C.L predicted by predicted level ofalcohol found inthedata ers who had drunk moderate ers whohaddrunk unk arapistwasandthevio-

Medium authors of the evin isProfessor ofSociology Bridgewater Review Psychology of High y