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Ivory Towers on Sand: the Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America by Martin Kramer

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Ivory Towers on Sand: the Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America by Martin Kramer Ivory Towers on Sand The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America Martin Kramer THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2001 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 2001 in the United States of America by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kramer, Martin S. Ivory towers on sand: the failure of Middle Eastern studies in America/ Martin Kramer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-944029-49-3 1. Middle East—Study and teaching—United States. I. Title. DS61.9.U6 K73 2001 956'.071'073—dc21 2001046518 CIP Cover image © Corbis. Cover design by Alicia Gansz. The Author artin Kramer is editor of the Middle East Quarterly and past director of Mthe Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies at Tel Aviv University. His experience of Middle Eastern studies in the United States has been extensive. He earned his undergraduate and doctoral degrees from Princeton University, and another graduate degree from Columbia Univer- sity. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Chicago, Cornell University, and Georgetown University. On two occasions, Dr. Kramer has been a fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington. His authored and edited books include Islam Assembled; Shi‘ism, Resistance and Revolution; Middle Eastern Lives; Arab Awakening and Islamic Re- vival; The Islamism Debate; and The Jewish Discovery of Islam. Dr. Kramer was The Washington Institute’s Ira Weiner Fellow in 1999, when he began researching and writing this monograph. • • • The opinions expressed in this monograph are those of the author and should not be construed as representing those of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. Table of Contents Acknowledgments vii Preface ix Introduction 1 1 An American Invention 5 2 Said’s Splash 27 3 Islam Obscured 44 4 Misstating the State 61 5 The Beltway Barrier 84 6 The Cultivation of Irrelevance 104 Conclusion: When Gods Fail 120 Appendix 131 Index 133 To Sandy, Anat, Keren, and Adam, for all the absences Acknowledgments wrote a third of this study at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Ia third at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Wash- ington, and a third at the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University. Robert Satloff and Patrick Clawson at The Wash- ington Institute, and Robert Litwak at the Wilson Center, encouraged me at every stage. Without time off from my directorial duties, this study would have languished in a drawer, and I am grateful for the confidence of my Washington friends. I will not implicate my university-based colleagues who shared their thoughts with me on the state of Middle Eastern studies in America. Not only did they save me from error, but some also shared their personal files, where I found useful materials. I received a crash course in the complexities of Title VI, the U.S. Department of Education’s program for area studies, from these kind persons: Richard D. Brecht and Thomas W. Gething of the National Foreign Language Center, who are conducting a Department- sponsored review of Title VI; and G. Edward McDermott, the Middle East program officer at the Department of Education. The easy access I had to the Library of Congress through the Wilson Center proved crucial to several chapters, and I am indebted to librarian Janet Spikes for her guidance. I am grateful to two research assistants, Marie- Amélie George and James Perlin, who tracked down most of the sources for this study. Last but not least, I am beholden to Alicia Gansz, who performed the entire range of a publisher’s duties with consummate professionalism. Finally, given the subject matter and my approach to it, I feel obliged to underline the customary mea culpa, that only the author is responsible for the errors and opinions in this study. If there are errors, rest assured that no one else could have made them. As for the opinions, they are unmistakably my own. Martin Kramer vii Preface n the days immediately following the heinous attacks on the World Trade ICenter and the Pentagon, the American media turned to Middle East “experts” for over-the-airwaves analysis of the motivation, rationale, and ide- ology of the perpetrators—and, at times, for advice on what the United States should do in response. Not since the Gulf War a decade ago had so many academics been brought before the cameras and the microphones. Some were insightful, informed, and informative. Many, however, were superfi- cial, misguided, and wrong. As Martin Kramer argues in this courageous and path-breaking exami- nation of the state of his profession, America is ill served by the way in which the Middle East is studied and presented at institutions of higher education across the nation. The academic understanding of the Middle East is framed not by the realities of the region, but by the fads and fashions that have swept through the disciplines. Many practitioners are members of the “left- over left,” infused with third worldist biases. Many of the academics who hail from the region are still caught up in the passion of its discredited causes. There is a widespread sympathy for Middle Eastern radicalism and an abid- ing suspicion of America’s global role. As Dr. Kramer demonstrates, these biases have produced a distorted per- ception of change in the Middle East. If one had read only the analyses of academics over the last two decades, one would have concluded that Islamic movements were moderate forces of democratization, and that “civil soci- ety” was about to sweep away authoritarian regimes. Looking back, it is clear that the Middle East has completely defied the paradigms that have domi- nated the field of Middle Eastern studies. Americans who have followed the Pied Pipers of the academy have been surprised time and again by the real Middle East. The institutions of Middle Eastern studies—departments, centers, pro- fessional associations, grant committees—have become bastions of conformism, hostile to intellectual diversity. Advocates of other approaches have been pushed to the margins of the guild or out of academe altogether (often into the more open world of the think tanks). If this were not enough, the empire of error benefits from millions of dollars in federal subsidies, funneled through the Department of Education. ix The Washington Institute is pleased to publish this book. Speaking truth to power has been the prime mission of the Institute from its inception. Indeed, when the Institute was founded sixteen years ago, one of its objec- tives was to provide an antidote to the fallacies of the reigning orthodoxies of Middle Eastern studies, some of which had spilled over into Washington. We are especially proud to have commissioned Martin Kramer to under- take this study during his tenure as the Institute’s Ira Weiner Fellow. As Dr. Kramer writes in his introduction, he is an “intimate stranger” to the Ameri- can academic scene—a product and observer of American Middle East studies, but not a captive of them. More important, he is an accomplished scholar in his own right, recognized internationally for his ability to synthe- size the experience of Muslims in the modern world. Few scholars are as universally respected—in America, Europe, and across the Middle East—as Martin Kramer. In virtually all prefaces to Institute publications, we note that we present this work in the hope of informing the Washington policy community about an issue of critical importance to U.S. interests in the Middle East. This work is different. It is a veritable “consumer’s report” for the busy policymaker who needs to know about current Middle East affairs. This study is not about any one issue; it is about how Washington should process the information it receives from academe on all issues. And its message is straightforward: ca- veat emptor—let the buyer beware. Ivory Towers on Sand surely stands out as one of the most important studies The Washington Institute has ever had the privilege to publish. Fred S. Lafer Michael Stein President Chairman x Introduction re Middle Eastern studies in America in trouble? To judge from the A numbers, the answer would appear to be “no.” The Middle East Studies Association, known as MESA and founded in 1966, has more than 2,600 members. Across the country, there is an abundance of course offerings on the Middle East, and some 125 universities and colleges offer degrees or other programs on the area. Academics generate an endless stream of books and journal articles. New journals have proliferated. So too have new profes- sional associations devoted to individual countries and the advancement of Middle Eastern scholarship within specific disciplines. MESA boasts thirty- four affiliated organizations. Each fall, MESA convenes an annual conference that surpasses any com- parable gathering anywhere in the world. This conference meets every three years in Washington, in an effort to demonstrate the health of the field to the government that subsidizes it. And subsidies do flow. The U.S. Depart- ment of Education presently funds fourteen National Resource Centers for the Middle East, at leading public and private universities across the country (see the Appendix).
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