Dog Park Design

Masters Report: James Melnick fresearch. of design atopic dogpark for made merealizethe feasability of and Hondo, dogsAngel for my current andallpastdogsthat not possible and this project would have been so enjoyable if this would have been not least, none of Lastly but certainly honest criticism. forthe very especially Herman Bri LehmanandBrandon the feedback they have given me along the way for allof Oscar Blazquez. NextIwould like tothankmy classmates Livingston, Roncommittee members Margaret Stoltz, and Iwould like tothankmy designand possible.book First off aremanypeopleIwouldThere likemaking this tothankfor Acknowledgements 2 480.760.5696 [email protected] By: JamesMelnick 3

Introduction Introduction - 1 Design - 76

Problem Statement Program Research Question Concepts Goals and Objectives Master Plan Focus Areas Literature Review - 12 Conclusion - 108 Understanding Dogs Dog Ownership Work Cited Dog Park Development Design Standards Case Review - 30

Approach Dog Parks Site Analysis - 62

Introduction to Site Site Context functional outdoorspace. a positivemaintain and design aesthetic while providing a or dogfriendly park increase the interactions between owners incident among dogs. research asks This how can adogpark, of risk the increase even can and with deal to difficult be can However,dog-friendlydesignedor park apoorly dogpark security themselvesfor theircanines.and ensure sense and aof the owners leash. Dogparksshouldhelpthe well-being of where little space is available for interactions with dogs off- Dog parksarebecomingareas increasingly inurban popular Abstract 6 7

Introduction Introduction

Problem Statement Research Question Goals and Objectives ground material touse. ground what water to inorder beutilized along with consideration of shade and requires any design to havein general plenty of Southwest The considered that seriously during construction. design aesthetic overalland functiontobe do notappear design, do existgood somedogparksthatmaintain While for dogowners. places and potentially dangerous while others areunderutilized follow.stand aboveparks Certain examples othersasshining guidelines to parksandassuch, donothave a lengthy set of of have long comparedtoothertypes not beenfor very around limited where they choose totake their animals. Dogparks Many people who love enjoydogs or dogs being aroundare Problem Statement 10 Goals and Objectives duetooveruse? suffering fromdamage design inthe without Greater PhoenixArea good examples of usable,ownerssocial spacedogsand andfor while exhibiting design parkfunction as asafe,How greater and canadogpark Research Question pleasing forowners 4) Create a space that is functional for animalsandaesthetically space toprevent overuse Objective:use optimal of and rotational for options Explore 3) Minimizephysical duetooveruse damage animals interactions among humanswhilesafetymaintaining for Objective: elements designed to foster social Construct forsiteusers 2) Createsocialopportunities fundamentally needs human oriented aspects, and understand what a dog views, techniques, waste management disposal, rotational sight Objective: Design should provide unimpeded line of spaces 1) Providedesignsafe,dog parkwitha a enjoyable,usable and Goals andObjectives 11 architecture landscape of field the throughout seen commonly standards design Objective: Maintainaspace that follows a set of

Introduction Literature Review

Understanding Dogs Dog Ownership Development of Dog Parks Design Standards maintains many of its predatory and solitary natures. andsolitary itspredatory maintains manyof the rationale is that this wild ancestor hybrids. Part of wolf seen are today withmanystates outlawing peopleowning thislineage original the Dog, 1995, p. 6). Few remnants of of ” Encyclopedia The (Fogle, by modified the wolf ago years lupus familiaris, known asdog,issaidtocome from “12,000 Canis this was notalways the case. now of existent The lineage but protection, to provide bred specifically dogs to lapdogs Today there are manydifferentfromsmall breeds ranging our societyhowever, alongtime ago. began of Berkeley interesttheseaspart in animals in1979. area The a recent phenomenon, with the first dog park being built in the for the day are in anamusement park.Dogparksinparticular dogs up, take them tonice restaurants, andcaneven rentthem society. in current portrayed companions People dress their commonly seenastoday. Dogsdidnotalways out asthe start throughout the years and their development into what they are played have dogs that role the understand first to important T Dog History Understanding Dogs nesadtehmnne n eino dogparks, it is o understandthe human need and design of 14 The Crusades to World War II as fighting companions. As companions. fighting as II WarWorld to Crusades The Dogs have beendescribed in historicalevents from ranging and inextremecaseskillinglivestock. communities; impregnating orkilling the more docile breeds packs thatareproblematic for are alsoknown toform They ownership is the most expensive hobby, “in 1974 Americans in extreme cases pet loss. InDogCrisis itisnotedthatdog dogs can lead to an increased overall cost in pet ownership and diseases in cancer,many otherdiseases. and result of The can lead to such issues as hipdysplasia, arthritis, atrophy, similarly direeffects. breeding Improperandnaturalfactors thesamediseases that peoplecan contract, with to manyof associated with their development. are subject They history Dog health is a complicated issue dating back to the long Health many differentbreedsexisttoday. andisthereason whymajor so history throughout most of breeding persisted and selective breeding. type of This dogs intheirintended and achange originaluse was careful not ascompanions.explosive reallyledtoan What in growth to new lands, as they were often used for attack and purposes weren’t30). There always positive aspects dogs to bringing p.1995, Dog, the (Fogle, court” his of Encyclopedia and The the king inthe king’sgame pleasureof forestthe for sporting trailing andhunting dogs, which were used to pursue large in and upto 800 scent- Medieval Europe, 20) “royalty kept packs of p. 1995, Dog, the of Encyclopedia ofIsrael” The (Fogle, the tribes of flocks the guarded dogs that know Dogssays,testamentthe old “fromwe Encyclopedia of The 15 consider aresearching forhiddenitems, laserlight chasing mental stimulation tokeepthem happy. Activities to lot of a also needmentalexercise. Breeds suchcollies asborderneed others. ratethan their heart Assaidby DailyScience, “dogs work and exercise,up to run prone more are assomeanimals Letting a dogoff-leash does not necessarily mean it will get training areasfordogsandeven dog-designedtreadmills. particular the circumstance owner.of There are specific agility exercise in many different ways onthe location and depending depending on your individual pet” (Daily, 2009). Dogs can get twice daily for exercise. Times may from 15-60 minutes, vary Dr. out SusanNelsonrecommendsthat dogs should“get disease,dogs aswell.applies for the sameprincipal and certain off fight and lifestyle healthy a maintain to order in person exercise is recommendedeachfor minimumA amountof dog health relating to their stimulation andmental well-being. In additiontothe physical neuralhealthissues,and thereis total annual ownership cost. the medical costs, with each being75%, 66%, 55% and of these costs recurring is healthinsuranceand of portion major A Costs,2012). (PetCare $875 $695, $580, respectivelycosts owningdog asmall, medium, and large that the annual cost of (Nowell, country” pet costs notes 1978, p. 99). Amorerecent breakdown of the in child and woman, man, each for on pets.dollars spent 3.9billion amountedto$18.57 This

Literature Review and a surface that is not harmful tothedog.and asurfacethatisnotharmful drinking), and off cooling (for water available readily shade, is advised that an owner should seek out areas that provide lead toissues for the owner.to avoid Inorder these issues it heat in the Southwest where extreme temperatures can also the summer not feasible totake adogoutinthe middle of exhaustion, dehydration, andotherissues. paddamage, It is in hot climates where temperature extremes can cause heat exercise. Dogsneed physical activity even timingand of location chosenThe activities onthe geographic also depend in ordertobehealthy andhappy. mind, dogsneed to bestimulated both physically mentally and human the Like 2009). (Daily,tasks” special completing or 16 Vcoi Silel Pstvl, 02. te pol whom people Other 2012). Positively, Stillwell: (Victoria undesirable,dog shouldinsteadberewarded a its behaviorfor punishment for doingsomething wrong or that instead of training. isthenotion This waydog isthepreferred a for of It’s Dogbelieves The Meor that positive reinforcement of should achieve this with different viewpoints. VictoriaStillwell upon way amount. But there is no set or agreed adog certain companionship, it is believed that a dogneeds to betraineda friendship and forthere In order to be a longlife o f more difficultthey’llbetotrain”(P&G Pet Care, 2012). they’ll havetraining, the longer badbehaviors, to learn andthe and your without structure home. they go And the longer behavingoutside inside and appropriately they’ll sooner start com website trainingyour “the sooner youpuppy the start most dogs’ lives. As said on the iams. of beginning stages during the methods as undesirablebehaviors arecurtailed training in social scenarios. Puppiesfocus areamajorof bond adogneeds to behave way, in anacceptable especially scenario,there fortobeasuccessful inorder human-animal the behavioralissues due to theirpast.Regardless of of range need to be housebroken, while a rescue dog may have a wide in dogs. A young dog will need simple obedience training and training aremanydifferent advocates of There wide arange for Suggested Training o pe,mkn oho you happy” (P&G Petyou upset, Care,making both 2012). of knows what you expect from him he’ll be less likely to make adogat a dog parkPut simply “when your puppy success of and fighting with other dogs; all issues to crucial the individual away includes issues suchas biting,running their owner, from actions arestoppedbeforethey become issue.an This training,undesired that dogs are trained. Through important whichmethod owners choose, itremains Regardless of method. who havetrainers training adoptedthisstyle as theirpreferred training. thinkingand workshops are There and waymajor of histelevision show, this remains a but due to the popularityof 2007, p. Peltier, approachmay 11). This seemheavy-handedmore & (Milan behavior” unstable or dominant showing leadership over your to compensate by dog, your dogwill try you’recan have pack mentality. an ingrained not asserting If “Dogs book, Cesar’s in states it As 95). p.(Bradshaw, 2011, punishment” physical of use the and theory “dominance the made famousby whobelieves DogWhisperer hisshow in The the training issue there is Cesar Milan, On the otherside of punishment” (Bradshaw, 2011,p. 95). physical use of around rewardsthe andabhorunnecessary who like Stilwell, emphasize thattrainingshouldbebased Prior, are Karen Patricia McConnell, andJean Donaldson believerewarda thattrainingshouldbebasedon system 17

Literature Review wolf, but (Bradshaw,the domestic dog itself 2011, p. 1). Dogs and understand the today is nottotry the domestic dog of nature shows. Asoneauthorputs it, the key to understanding and films in wolvesdepicted often of packs wild roaming the as seen longer no are they but 1) p.(Bradshaw,wolves 2011, with their genes animals. Dogs may share 99.96 percent of As written previously, dogshave not always been companion Psychology ofPetOwning Dog Ownership 18 f ua aue Basa,21,p 4) I sbcueo of because is It (Bradshaw,p.149). nature” 2011, human of inanimate objects like rivers mountains-is intrinsic part andan human creatures to phenomena such asthe weather and even humancharacteristics to is described as, “the attribution of petstheirowners.from Anthropomorphism of adoration is another reasonthere is the usual undying Anthropomorphism lost friendandhero“(Nowell, 1978,p. 19). welcome is received youthe wife, from asalong the dog greets Whatever then stumblinghome again. hoursand couple of downconquering new lands simply by to the pub fora going triumphantly to Romereturning after to be warrior a roman what it felt like dog ownersome idea of here), “Every can get put to Important magazine? book, what (in Crisis Dog in put matter what you didatworkhow or you live your life. Asit is lives. you with the same unconditional love Adogwill greet no people’s many of part crucial a are and fill usually people that Animals and dogs in particular are fulfilling the emotional needs her’; ‘He’s thechild Inever had’(Nowell, 1978,p. 18). the family’; ‘I couldn’t‘He’s live without just like amemberof substitutes. describing their dog people commonly say, When As onesourcesays, asready-made human “pets serve well. many peoplenowemotionallevel ontheman on depend as theiruse, sniffers,racetrack and commodities. Regardless of noware owned ascompanions, seeing-eye helpers, bomb intentions by the dog” various (Ryan, 2010), communicate is sometimes to inherent in a used be “can and emotion”, an of to asthe “outwardexpression as itis referred or Aggression, ownership. protection and physical attributes, not for ease of for dogs bred purposely havePeople 171). p. 1978, (Nowell, species with German Shepherds to produce a fierce guard dog” wolf breeders who crosscertain unscrupulous number of pets, certain asevidenced by the of the increasedirritability Dog Crisisitstatesbreedingisresponsible for In that“poor upon. touched be briefly will that issues of myriad a for responsible Between People and Pets, 1981, p. 295). Pets Interrelations can add stress and can be (Fogle, succeed” not does dog and reasonswhy the relationship between man are anumber of other words, there parenthood, or marriage “aswithfailuresin attacks each year that take a financial and physical toll. of In problems beforethey become issue.a major areanumber There friendmeans recognizing certain owner and good a good attribute to dogs, there are various problemsaswell. Being we traits anthropomorphic and benefits the all to addition In Conflict Resolution timeandmoneyisspentkeeping themhappyandhealthy. of deal sometimes great this thatdogsaretreateda as peopleand 19 destructive behaviorincludes gnawing bitingor atpaws Self- 4). p. 1975, (Campbell, behaviors selfdestructive doing will begin pacing,whining, and dogs with toomuch energy lead to excessive barking, shaking, and peeing. Sometimes can bemisunderstood.smallerdogsexcitability Among can this aggression of children. this may While not be aform among the elderly and younger then this can cause injury the dog islarge a dogwill often jumpuponpeople, andif and add unneeded stress for owners. By being too excited Extreme excitability can leadtodebilitatingdogs fear among issues such nervousness. asscratching, barking,andgeneral the owner’son constantattention creates leads to thisand and can be detrimental to a dog and its owner. A dependency same way.anxiety toasseparation iscommonlyreferred This attention and inextreme cases destructive; a dogcanfeel the p. 1). Much like a personcanbecome restless from alack of 1975, (Campbell, another” to not but animal one to stressing for hourswhile the owners workapartment may be unbearably dog owners. “A situation where a dogmust be alone inan is also aserious issue among dogs and Stress and nervousness dogs, orwhy dogsaremisunderstood. are eitherfearfulof whyreason areamajor manypeople aggression acts and of onacase changes by a problem. This case basis but dog attacks issues while otheranimalsmay never haveinherent aggression withissues.breed while otherdogsareborn Somedogshave

Literature Review fault andothertimesitwill betheowner’s fault. owner notbeingresponsible. Sometimes this may be the dog’s their definition can become short-lived due to one bad dog or of theysecurely are enclosed. Off-leashregardless areas if no unleashed animals except when otherwise designated or the each maintain same idea; on jurisdictionbutthey generally depending restrictions and vary public places. exact rule The exercise. Inmost places dogs are notallowed off-leash in there to beaplace where an owner could safely let their dogs dogs in urbanenvironments, it became more desirable for of selective breeding and the overabundance With the success of Background Parks Development ofDog seemingly smallproblemcanleadtootherissues. this notcorrected various areas. If excessiveand licking of 20 dog themedelementsinmind. with off-leash be legally can dog a where area an as defined thisresearch,is being dog park a is.park Forthe scopeof dog true whata of the locationwithdifferent interpretations As mentionedpreviously, thewording on depending changes able to provide socialization with other dogs and peoplealike. dogs.”.other with be “socializing should phrase design the A is importance particular Of Tucson, 2012). of (City owners” by freely socializeand withotherdogswhile being supervised area is a fenced designated public area that allows dogs to run the dog inmind.AsPima County, Az states, “An off-leash dog are designed primarily with Most dogparkswhen constructed grass, dirt, or an artificial turf when dealing with dogs. Each dogs. with dealing when turf artificial an or dirt, grass, is whethernottouse many parks or for concern area of An water. is theavailability of otherthingthat peopleuniversallyis need on foot. The agree dogs a the bottomof on pads this canleadtodamaged and heat uptoextreme temperatures thesummer months during as heat exhaustion andpaw injury. Concrete and asphalt can dog sucha extreme for heat canleadtoproblems Arizona of issues. For example, many parts in numbera on of depending sources and varies Design comes from awide variety of that isuniversally followed. guidelines unappealing dog parks, but there is no oneset of initial problemtothis is that not onlyarethere many visually possibleelements to incorporate. The a listof and standards to lookatdesign designing a dogpark,itisimportant of leashinapublicplace. thinking When be off a dogcanlegally Forthis research, will adogpark beconsidered a place where andregulations.existing rules of leashregardless many peoplesimplytake their dogoff while leash, off running animals for made specifically and off dogparks. are areasthat are fenced There inadvertent result of can be a driving people together, force to andthisget is an life. Dogs of socialization, especially the stages in younger and literature believebehavioralMany experts thatdogsneed 21 that may reside in it” (eHow, 2011). Mulch also needs to be to needs also Mulch (eHow,2011). it” in reside may that should besterilizedsanitized by or the heat to kill anytoxins used as asurface material inapark,then it that “if suggested treated, as untreated mulch canbe poisonous to a dog. It is mulchis the how is (eHow,consider to thing Another 2011). but contains theobromine, which cankilladog seem harmless cocoabeansmay in particular. Cocoamulch fromthe shell of mulch iswhat kind it is aspect of 2009). Anotherimportant (huckleberry,cost” the on down cuts it but entrance the near park community to rake the piles that are typically dumped in the websitedoggies.com “this requires little work by the dog work free mulch.with localtree trimmers toget Asmentioned parks andisalow cost alternative. Municipalities can often the surface material fordog of Mulch canbeused as part material. are clearadvantages andtrade-offsforeach typeof There grass. artificial and grass granite, decomposed mulch, the commonly used surfaces for dogparks are cost. Some of surfacesdictate and the eventual certain users can damage Ahighamountof construction. affects the eventual cost of factorthat major a are dog park a surface materials of The Surface Materials discussed inthesubsequentsection. be will that disadvantages and benefits clear own its has one

Literature Review to be reseeded and off limits in order to grow back limitstogrow in ordertoideal to be reseeded andoff needs it circumstances most In 2009). (huckleberry, liability and the areadeveloping barepatches and beinganaesthetic these to Due activities, itneeds frequent maintenance to prevent damage 2012). Technologies, Country (Hill die and excess to yellow compoundswhich causes nitrogen the grass fecesand that arelefteventuallyaround decompose and leave can persist dogfeces and can be hidden fromview. Dogurine Veterinary in (Program becomes tootall,then bugs grass BehavioralMedicine). If climate arid southwestern the in It requires constant watering andmaintenance, especially Grass is another commonly seen surface material in dog parks. exposure (BestDogPark intheWorld, 2004). dogs after prolonged of periodically needs to be dusted off it is not assoft on the feet for dogsasothermaterialsand overuse seen in other materials. disadvantage is that The of foot traffic and doesamount notof suffer from the same type Dog Parkthe inWorld, 2004). DGcanalsowithstand a large not need water except during high wind and dog activity (Best 3/8 inch indiameter and does size from sandy to upwards of surface. It varies in as, stable and durabletype of is a very to DG asitiscommonlyreferred or Decomposed granite, isanotheroptionindogparks.Decomposed granite pleasing park. regularly maintained in ordertokeep aclean and aesthetically 22 shoes. revealed that the surface thermometer Aninfrared people’s blisteringon feet even through was theresult of field practice football their on turf artificial the that revealed the surfacetemperature.study Young AatBrigham University water to be healthy, types need to be watered certain to lower inhighertemperatures.be harmful Despite it notneeding may and mind in dogs with designed is grass artificial all Not 2011). (Hall, $20,040” back you set would yard back of patch foot $12 a square foot installed. Atop-of-the-line, 1700-square- product itself. costs $8to Onemanufacturer’s the website says “the turf and installation of cost the is grass artificial of certain circumstances (huckleberry, 2009). hasbeen A current drawback grass Artificial pet turf. engineered to withstand heavy use canevenand berecycled in artificial or field the in XGrass andK9Grass, companies both major selling point of spots duetooveruse.about bare draw isthemain and This Being artificial, there is no need to constantly reseed and worry but there are some common characteristics between them all. companies of variety a by made grass artificial of types many cover material thatcanbeused asground parks. in are There another is astroturf, as to referred sometimes grass, Artificial temperatures. surface high it doesnothave thecommonlyseenof problem turf, artificial of types certain or grass artificial Unlikelevels. your that bite to MCACC. dogbites a person,you must report dogbites.Revised Accordingtothe Arizona Statutes, “If of A majorissue across alldog parksandoff-leash areas isthe risk concerns, which willbeaddressedlateron. safety design elements that can minimizecertain are certain regulations, and risks before entering such anarea.There and users alike. People are advised to understand the rules, Behavioral Medicine). Dogparksarenotrecommended for all dogs Veterinary in (Program users” park the with as community as well with the surrounding harmony of in terms developingmanaging off-leash anddogparksthataresuccessful that needtobetaken intoconsiderationwhen information states, California “there are manyperspectivestypes andof Davis, at study a As experiences. first-hand and sources of refer to. Instead, these recommendations come from avariety upon literature that designers dog park, but there is no agreed creatinga for suggestions recommendations and general are aboutdogparks.this case; in suchliabilities and is true There As withoutdooruse any parkorthere are inherentrisksand Safety Concerns the day (Willieams & Pulley,at that time of 2002). natural turf hotter than higher then asphalt and86.5 degrees 37 degrees thewasturf, twenty minutes after irrigation, temperature of 23 reasons you take –socialmixing yourdog gathering dog toa infections from socialareassuch asdogparks. very “The Owners and dogs are at risk forreceiving diseases and other and finesinextremecasestheanimalmay beputdown. severe from removal and range fromapark,impoundment, punishments for anuncontrolled animal are Legislature). The your dog under control and properly train him” (Arizona State keep to Remember fines. and time, court citation, a receive Yourdestroyed. dog will bequarantinedand/or You may

Literature Review to be all inclusive or be the definitive recommendation source. MakesWhat Dog Park. aGood document is not meant This and recommendations intheirdocument titled information Pet Dog Trainers of offers awide range Associationof The whole.reference guideasa uponorbook with nooneagreed offers theirpreference on elements,and advocacy group owner dog Each area. the define that those especially park, to a dog are many recommended elements and parts There Included Elements Veterinary MedicalAssociation). infections,fungal and various water-borne diseases (American infected by and roundworms, cryptosporidiosis, hookworms beyond (Nowell,bites injury 1978, pp. be can They 134-135). thePeopleanimal. diseases arealsoatriskforand death of treated diagnosed andimmediately, almostalways leads tothe heartworms. and areaserious infection for adogthat unless Heartworms heatstroke mange, and fleas toas ticks parvo), referred (commonly parvovirus influenza, canine to; these diseases and ailments include but are notlimited of vaccinations.shots and those without for theproper Some toadog, especially can bedangerous dogpark managed improperly An Association). Medical Veterinary (American risk” at them put can that thing same the is – dogs other with 24 incident. an element dogs topreventfor water the risk of isacrucial the form, pond fordrinking andswimming. Regardless of dogs, a large and spraying for downcooling off or hose itself bucket located next to a hose providing drinking water, the there aremultipleArizona ways toprovide water. isa There water over another.Dog Park AtCosmo in Gilbert, type of one and adogdoes not usually showand forms, preference of Pet Dog Trainers). Waterof can be provided in manyshapes drinking and cooling off, such as a pond or bucket (Association water isnotreadilyavailable for to heatstrokeexhaustion if and playingcan easily istiringanddehydratedog. a canlead This both dogsandtheirowners. for is important Running and watershade, and especiallytheSouthwest.in Drinkingwater Another element usually included isdrinking in dogparks (Best DogPark intheWorld, 2004). the park, orintothe designated area other lets the dogs out of exit areas, is an entrance into this waiting area,andthe one gate entranceand designForfashion. double gate these types of is designed in the traditional the gate when outside the park if together.small area loose Italsoprevents running dogs from Trainers). Dog without being forced in a allows dogs This to come and go Pet of gates(Association exit and entrance the main things that fenced dog parksneed is a separate One of au fapublicspace, socandogwaste. value of up. Just aslitteringis frowned can lowerand upon the aesthetic picking it dog waste, there is also the responsibility moral of everyday contact. Besides the medical reasons forcleaning up disease from their dogs through through the spread of users. certain can also affect humans This smell can drive off the and Association) Medical Veterinary (American parasites can leadtoundesirablesmellsdiseases and such asintestinal in anydesign. Dogwaste cans arealsoencouraged garbage Materials forcleaning up after dogs such asbagsforwaste and safe” (Weaver, 2012). dog the same way thatyou treat yourself, itshouldalsobe youremain safetreat and healthy.your says CesarMilan “if climates, and dothe same to in order warmer a dogwilltry blocks out the sunlight. Just as ahumanbeingseeks shade in that material with tensile structures,awning, an any type orof the aforementioned strenuous activity. Shade can be provided where theycooldowncan by laying down from relaxing or the winter”(Weaver,multiplebe needs to areas There 2012). and during the country evenof canhappen This incoolerparts dogs areputinsituations that arenotsafe due to temperature. watch over theirdogs. Assaidby “year-round,Cesar Milan, place for the ownersthe dog and provide to a comfortable alike. tokeepdown thebodytemperature of Itisimportant the daypeople anddogs for Shade iswelcomed inthe heat of 25 Ascaino Pet DogTrainers). (Association of fatal” be can which it, shake and up it pick and animal prey they can play they too rough,or may see the small dogasa the smaller dogs, dogsmay notmeantohurt “the large but ownersdogs and tosocialize. Assaidby reference,a dogpark dog like aBull Mastiff. alsoallows moretimid a placefor This their smaller dogs, such as aChihuahuaplaying with a larger parks. with Not allowners are comfortable requirement of dogs arealsousually a areasforsmallandlarge Separate

Literature Review p. tobetterthesummer temperatures, 25).order adapt In (Miller,1978, elements” the from protection for environment man canlive in relative without relying on a built comfort Environment, “there are few places in the worldwhere adogpark.InDesign in the Desert especially in the case of Creating livable in design, microclimates are important sunshineperyear(MaricopaCounty, 2012). 300days of of Fahrenheit respectively. Inthisaverage countyan there isalso average maximum temperatures are 104, 106, and 104 degrees extremely hot temperatures. DuringJune, July,August and the 72degrees, thesummermonthscan see daily temperature of County Maricopa has anaverage While annualare important. sunshine days of Extreme temperatures and the number of p.(Miller,1978, 16). months” 11 sevento for rain without go to the desert of an uncommonexperience in the drier parts the time, as“it isnot recognize be anyprecipitationforextended periodsof and elements specific inbetween temperature the range seasons. alsomay not Their on capitalize that Designing in the Southwest requires distinct design principles Designing intheSouthwest Design Standards 26 them. or fences around damage, trees sometimes need tree grates from dogsanddogurine. to Inorderprevent bark androot few months (Miller, 1978, p. 62) which may require protection established, new plants must be closely monitored for the first for consideration. Inorderto be use plants areimportant low droughttolerantand wateris without restraint, certain Unless water the desert. adapted to the extreme conditions of more are types specific but important, vegetation is only Not unwanted glare(Miller, 1978,p. 37). lowering limiting and this regard, in can help theheatgain cooler areasmake it more suitable for use. Even groundcover microclimates and its placement dictate all the creationof and vegetation of choice The p. (Miller,1978, 37). year” the these same areas duringthe underheated period of sun warm the year while letting the winter during the hottest period of right tree in the right locationcanshadethe house patio or and helpingregulate temperatures isusing vegetation. “The creating microclimates waymajor orientation. Another of shade structures, placementlow withina site and lyingarea, climates through the use of cooler andmorecomfortable elements need to be built. Specifically designed sites can create fthought outclearly andthoroughlyby design, it should If itwants tosee continued use. should followpark that a if guidelines general the Within samesource list there isaof year” (Forsyth &Musacchio, 2005). aday,can occurweek,sharing over season, or the course of such different for activities,and multiple if groups particularly the way towardenabling spaces tobeused by some of can go uses. Asthe Designing book SmallParks says, “careful design planned and designed if correctly can lead to fewer conflicts in spaces, socialspacesshouldbededicated to this. Socialspaces and interact at parks andpublic In orderforpeople to gather Social Spaces 27 Francis, 1998,pp. 90-91). & Marcus (Cooper animals and plants, people, other watch due to the solitude that people sometimes want to inorder movablechairs are desirable more Even 1994). (Hutchinson, to facilitate and “arranged conversation and personal contact” areas arealsodesirableandshouldbeplacedinshady Seating uses. of conflict a prevent and users of range wide a Francis, 1998, p. 90). Something like this will accommodate & Marcus (Cooper mobility” of levels different with others physicallengths to encourage activity among the elderly and use as well. Such athingis walking paths, “with different loop areevenThere simpledesign facets that canprovide ease of useandactivity users. different typesof development area, each areaneeds to beableaccommodate when spacing is tight and there is not anunlimited amount of should bedesigned with differentaswell.uses mind in Finally, area eachAlso, Musacchio,2005). & (Forsyth year a even to in different activities people throughout can participate aday succeed. First it says that parks shouldbelaidout so that

Literature Review rvnaiemaue oso h rwho mosquitoes. preventative of measurestostopthegrowth its success. It needs to cleaned on occasion and have the right for this water is also important control andregulation of The 237). p. 2009, Garmory, & Tennant, (Vernon, well. as pipe overflow,an case of in and liner a drain theirwillneedtobea lake pondsthen or there must there be is constructed 237). If p. 2009, Garmory, & Tennant,(Vernon, bodies water formal appearance, natural and lakes, lakesof ponds and constructed that water bodies fall intothree main types; natural-based Landscape Architects included. The Pocket Book suggests parksmay also wantCertain amanmadewater feature completion pointsandlandmarks orientingdevices, includingvisible -A setof manysizesanddifferentages of -Spaces forsocialinteractionamonggroups -Defensible, visiblespaceforsafety challenges -Safe andgraduated -Accessibility fromoutsideandwithinthepark limited to; & these include not but are Musacchio, (Forsyth 2005, p. 79). Someof below following list the with play, to ways and optionsforactivity also need Children tohave avariety of 28 viewers. to considerthe plantingtrees it is important When activities from shield certain the nextor areasfrom certain trees canact as screens to distinguish in particular Plants and and away from undesirableareas. the capture viewersplaces and focus the eye certain to certain can attention of Accents 50). p. 2002, (Austin, materials” plant of which is“avisualbreakinasequence pattern or plants such asaccents, are alsovisual characteristicsThere of to restfulnessandrelaxation”(Austin, 2002,p. 36). stimulate,or conducive whilesubduedcoolcolorsaremore or Planting Design, “bright colorstend to excite by Elements of the visual senses as said canhaveColor morethananeffect of the plant inthe design. toconsideristheof color Important choice anddesignissuitedforthespace. whethernot the or planting and manyelements will determine sameprinciples still apply The its seeds are ingested. dogs if is extremely deadly to palm pictured on the opposite page dogs, the plant palette is quite limited. For examplethe sago poisonousplantsfor coupled with the extensiveWhen list of public space. a the designof for the Southwest, important are plantings,Appropriate the section asoutlinedinDesigning in Plant Choices each onacaseby depend casebasis. many plant considerations for aparkwith such limitations, and damaging itatits established urinefrombase.and are There canprevent when being This the roots frombeingdamaged dog activity urine,and smallfencing may bethe best option. due to to being trampled or damaged a plantis susceptible If 2002, p. 75). (Austin, space” landscape a into corridor visual a provide or a landscape space” while others can “screen undesirable views can “frame a special view into or awayaccent. A shrub from enframement, screening, and consider when choosingshrubs; planting design. Assummarizedthere arethree things to any of are anotherpart Shrubs elements on the ground. cases create or conceal a hazard maintenance and incertain leaves) or seeds drop litter can be a burdenfor lookslike. Leaf and what its form will it (whether tree the of makeup 29

Literature Review Case Reviews

Approach Dog Parks specifically looked at the condition of said surface materials surface said of condition the at looked specifically artifical material.I other type and of grass, decomposed granite, grass, dirt, as such material surface of types of mixture Surface material deals with whether nottheirisanappropriate or a breakfromthesun. or a tree that providesshade whether it is a physical structure and refers to the inclusion of explanatory Shade is rather self 6. Design 5. SafetyConcerns 4. Water 3. SocialSpace 2. SurfaceMaterial 1. Shade to as. elementsarelistedbelow: These concerns,criteria asitisreferred or rankeda list basedonof them were evaluated and theirlocationeach of Regardless of andoneinNewYork California, in Northern City. located theSouthwest themarein while twoare parks,of four these seven seven different dog parkswere examined.Out of understand dogparksandparkdesign, In ordertofurther Approach 32 rtra ad “/” o te rtra o big appropriate being given theparkornotprovided. not criteria the for “+/-” a and criteria, the missing for “-” a criteria, this having for “+” a given and criteria and concerns Each parkwas examined using this list of whether ornotIthinkitwas successful. day. Inthis case design also means time of what use of of be an aesthetically pleasing orfunctional design regardless whether not itwouldDesign looksattheasawholeandor park looked at. fromafar,judge comments onlinereviews personalandwere accidents or incidents from happening. this is hard to While fencing, signage. andotherelements in place that may prevent addresses whether nottheirisadequate or Safety concerns my designissituatedintheSouthwest. as important particularly is This dogs). and humans both (for whether nottheirisadequate or water provided drinking for butoftenoverlooked. explanatory Inthiscase Water isself to gather. people of groups large shaded areaswithfor or enoughroom and socialize. This specifically looks atgroupgathering spaces people togather areasfor Social spacemeansthe inclusion of and evaluated thesitebasedonhow well itisholdingup. Material Surface Design Safety Social Space Shade Water Cosmo Park + + + + + - Dog Park Heritage + + + + + + Jackass Acres + + + - - - Monica Santa 33 + + + - - - Duboce +/- +/- Park + + - - Shawnee Park + + + - - - Tompkins Square + + + - - -

Case Reviews covered seating with close access functional to themajor Shade isprovided throughout the with and park ramadas groundcover andshrubs. and plantings have not matured andthere is adistinct lack of the trees to the dog. Being a relatively new park, manyof K-9 police dogs. aspect was Every designedrelate to helpor Gilberts in dogs first the of Cosmo,one honored that park a create to wanted Design and Engineering J2 area. first dog a this make shower” “dog and hydrant, fire lake, a including itself.throughout thepark Numerousdogthemed elements site and trailsystem connects the park to locations off larger Cosmo Park with 4acres designated off-leash for dogs. A Project Summary Cosmo Park Location Gilbert, AZ Gilbert, Approximate Size acre larger parksystem acre larger 4 acresfordogpark,16 34 Major Amenities stacles, multi-use trail dog area,shower, ob Dog lake, timid separate space.social areasare located major close to the activity The and smaller benches along the perimeter provide more private Coveredseating and provide shadeareas ample socialactivities this park,likely duetoextremeoveruse. sparsethroughout become suffers overusehasvery from and apark,it isaspect a major of grass the water. the use of While whenthey come out of the areaused pond bydrying dogsfor is more prevalentareas interspersed throughout. Dirt along surface in thewith park concrete and dirt Grass isthe primary provide much cover. Shadetrees park. have do not notfully matured currently and the the multiuse along or area the perimeterof along path the site. is no shade provided There in the timid dog areas of - Project Objective animal brings dogs,the andjoy thatthe of To celebratetheplayfulness dog themedamusement park. the dog.the madeita Ithashonoreddogand playfulness of along with its extensive use, CosmoPark embraces the Due to the national attention andawards thishaswon,park Did itAchieveitsObjective? activity timiddogarea. andthereisaseparate the seatingisstrategically areas located to provide views of theplaced park alongthe fence line. Each of regulations of away.from running and is ample with posted rules Signage twoexit withthestandard and designtoprevent dogs gate entrance for gate with a separate parkisfenced off The buckettheir bodyinalarge inordertocooloff. of the owner desires, with the occasional dogsubmerging half tobeused howeverand acoolingstation with a hoseandspigot users.numerous are water There fountains amount of high the surface materials aremost evident in this area because of the a place to throw toys theof and trampling from. Overuse due to its popularity with a dockjumping inand for in acorner for playpond and coolingoff. Access to this area is separated Water central focus isamajor area inthewith park alarge activity. thesurrounding view of and mostly areas provide360 degree a 35

Case Reviews and damaged surface material (grass and dirt areas) anddirt surfacematerial(grass and damaged users by the numberwidespread recognition, as observed of -Suffers severely from overuse due to its popularity and Cons path,andbasketball court pond, running fishing a with dog a own don’t who users -Accommodates other dogsoff-leash those wishinghave tocontroltheirdogor of timid dogswary the main areafor -Provides options alongthe perimeter of dogpark not seen in anormal lighting, and water use normally -Has design aesthetics such as distinct in materials,change water areatoplay in scale pond or the only dog parks that offers a large -One of incident of visibility to minimize risk -Numerous shade areas with good water features -Creative useof Pros 36 -Safety Design CriteriaMissing -Design -Water -Social Space -Surface Material -Shade Design CriteriaPresent thesespaces area. Forces of peopletoonecorner shade and seating in timid dog areaandmainagility -Lack of easily excitable dogachore to thefromlot,which parkparking makesan controlling may cause avoidance owners. by certain long approach Hasa and conflicts animal-related more to leads likely -Popularity 37

Case Reviews 2011). Workshop,(Design Society Parks and Recreation Nevada the Landscape Architects and the American Society of chapter of the Year fromthe Nevada Project of feel. It won the awardof native vegetation, features, rainwater mitigation and anatural (Fish, canopy 2012). It also wanted to beasustainable place that embraced tree and seating, covered structures, tensile dogowners. Shadeis provided through numbergrowing of that peoplecouldvisitwouldarea and providethe place for a Park Heritage needed localareaayearround larger system. The the Dog Park of Heritage that isa9acredogparkpart Project Summary Heritage Park Location Henderson, NV Approximate Size 9 acres 38 Major Amenities connections trail connection togreater vehicular pavers, sculptures, ent dogs, permeable spacesfordiffer Separate damage fromhighactivity (Fish,2012). damage in order to minimize agility area there is decomposed granite by local rocks surrounded and nativegrass vegetation. Inthe leading tothe dogareas. Actual play areas areseeded with play surfacing and concrete sidewalksthere is recycled rubber Inthe main entrance area water mitigation. that help with storm For vehicularthe drive pavers tothethere park, arepermeable entrance area. the main in in theagilityand shadingarea show alack of play areas. Availablepictures the perimeterof being along shadearedispersed throughout the site, with a majority of covered seating, as well as vegetation canopy. pockets These Shade is provided and through various tensile structures - Project Objective interest water, seatingandseasonal by providingcomfort shade, Design forhumananddog use. material of anda wide range waterlights, mitigation, storm include low-water use plants, native vegetation, low energy these in prominentlandscapearchitecture projects. Someof principlescommonly seen is designed parkwith a lotof This appears tobenohiddenornon-visibleareas. and elements provides many line-of-sight views, andthere seating safest way placement of entrance for and exit. The to be the is standard amongdogenthusiasts and is agreed This the dog areaswithin the park. to each of entrance/exit gates In variousit is mentioned that there are double articles elements (Fish,2012). aplannedhydrant Fire-Hydrant Gardenwith water-play of this either. ismention There alack of there is nocriticism of Water is notevident in any photosordescriptive text, but edges, covered butthereisnolarge space. gathering multiple people are located throughout the park along the dog isdisplayed. Shadedseating areas thatcanaccommodate the main entrance to these spaces, sculptural where the large issocialspace in the three different dog playThere areas and 39

Case Reviews in front) sculpture large hydrants, (fire elements playful and -Creative may notdirectlycontributetodogs techniques water included, even mitigation thoughit -Storm native plants -Widespread useof incident play entrance to separate areas to minimize risk of -Large -Responsible designprinciplesforaSouthwest park Pros park.. asuccessful design aSouthwestfor dog example of a good neighborhoods. connectivityand is to thesurrounding This the community from it willhaveparticipation seasonalactivity dogs and people alike. Due to the public input and apparent It achieved itsobjectiveboth created placeusablefor anda Did itAchieveitsObjective? 40 -Design -Safety -Water -Social Space -Surface Material -Shade Design CriteriaPresent water amounts of playfor areaslikely grass requirevast -Widespread use of availability -No distinctwater features, ormentionof socialization, andareonlylocatedalongedges -Shade areasseem fragmented anddonotallowlarge-scale for Cons 41

Case Reviews hr sltl aa hsAtoufmay have to bewatered tobe there is little data, this Astroturf recycled. Though enough havewas fortunate this Astroturf anddogsseem to like itjust the same.actual grass Jackass Acres alternative to isagood maintenance required. This amount of recycled and Astroturf, whichdirt primarily minimizes the draw surfacemain material isa withit being The concern. Being rather small insize, visibility does not seem to be a major for thedogs(Cochran, 2010). with a misting station in the park, andawaterfall also apergola is dog park.There area with clearvisibility to the surrounding Shade appearstobeprovided throughtrees along the entrance Project Summary Jackass AcresK-9Corral Location New River, AZ Approximate Size 2.5 acres 42 Major Amenities eco- friendlymaterials includes publicartworkand usersdown. Italso of ship feeskeep thenumber Limited sizeandmember water supplyareas. other shower station, with mention of is supplied inadoggie the shadetrees where benchesstrategically are placed. Water Available organization. under pictures show peoplegathering alot the members may already know each otherthroughthe of means which non-profit local a by primarily run is It users drastically.2010), which likely reduces the number of large dogs. There is a yearly $35 membership (Cochran, fee of areasforsmalland Social space is abundant with separate has. cooled down duringthe hot summers that Black Canyon City - Project Objective organization Anthem Pets, anon-profit exclusive parkfundedby to createasmalland users Limiting number of 43 freedom andquick responsestoaction. more creative by grants alocaladvocacy -Being run group make maintenancemoremanageable -Entrance andmembership fees keep numbers down and sustainable elements. how tomake with adogpark leading exampleof -A good Pros locationinarathersmalltown. due toitsgeographic community validatingthe attention.createssense allItalsoaof compounded by the national awards it has won, further dog parkthat onlycaters to limited people. isfurther This being a small, mostly sustainable It achieved its objective of Did itAchieveitsObjective? recycled Astroturf. design features. onerelatively The unusual element is the looks likepark anyotherdogpark,with limited plantings and with membershipfees. the Fromthe existingphotographs does park nothave about overcrowding to worry especially fencingtheBeing around park. so smallinsize, the normal entrance/exitfor and Pictures show there being doublegates

Case Reviews locate. publicity maketo thishard -Isolated lacklocation and of spaces duringhotsummerclimates gathering shadeor little thought. apparent Little observed diverse-Planting palette and design arenotparticularly with most dogparksare -Required membership doesnotmake thisapublicspace as Cons 44 -Design -Water -Social Space Design CriteriaMissing -Safety -Surface Material -Shade Design CriteriaPresent 45

Case Reviews this stillmay prove tobetroublesomeformoreelderly users. make this exception park arare inneeding more shade, but for bothdogs and humans temperatures that are comfortable that will provide shadewhenmorematured. Year round and smalltrees aremultiple tensile park. There structures Due toitsclimate, thereislimited shade throughoutthedog areas, spacesforthosewithoutadog. andgathering space for dogs and nearby amenities including soccer, picnic Park. small insize it offers much While sought-after open Airport SantaMonica Small dogpark situated in the larger Project Summary Santa MonicaAirportDogPark Location Santa Monica,CA Approximate Size 0.83 acres 46 Major Amenities open spaceinSantaMonica drinking fountains, and smalldogarea, Separate there is a small dog area and larger dogareafor people to there is asmalldogarea and larger size, butit does force people together. As mentioned before Social space is limited due to the park being under anacre in compacted. extremely unless humans for difficult likely also is surface the the wood how dirty chips Walkingmay determine get. on associated with grass. Withoutvisiting the park, itto is hard muddy spots usually likely preventsand dirt the creationof chips wood of combination a Having (ahbe). players soccer for only is this but park, nearby the of part a as turf artificial dollar million 1.5 a with field soccer larger much a is There with regular maintenance twice a week for two hourseach time. theiswood dogpark chips and dirt, surface materialof The Project Objective None provided are very limited and surrounded withwoodenposts toprevent limitedsurrounded and very are have intomakingthisawell-designed place. gone Plantings out andwell-designed by AHBEbutlittle thought seems to Parkwas Airport Monica Santa wellplace. larger thought The located in manyotherareasbut as awhole it looks out of if placed in othercontexts or park isaesthetically pleasing if The park. a larger dogs, among fights up may also it in seen not problems create thesmall sizemakes While area. metropolitan iteasier tobreak be by a densely populated expected in asmalldogareasurrounded to is This conflicts. dog of number high the about talk over theirdogs, reviews butdue to its size many internet seating. People bond andsocialize will certainly and alack of around choose from.Besides this there is little space to gather 47 the nation. criticism and is not asdynamic as many other dog parks across off-leash but has alsoseen its share of fair safely and legally be to dogs for place a provided It (ahbe). years 28 nearly in off-leash in acity that hasnotseen new developmentpark a success. Peopletheir dogstorun aplacefor for aregrateful reviews and commentaries on the park, it seems to mostly be and determine to say whether this park succeeded or not. After reading many difficult is this objective given no With Did itAchieveitsObjective? dogs fromaccessingorsmellingthem.

Case Reviews plantings normally seenindogparks plantings normally -Even inatemperate climate, there is notenoughshadeor maintenance -Surface choicematerial isapoor and requires constant more conflictsamongdogs numbersleads to and -Small sizeisnotadequatelarge for Cons -Despite itssmallsize,dogarea stillhasasmallandlarge users Park thathasmultiple amenitiesforalltypesof the larger, award winningSantaMonicaAirport of -Is a part and non-dogfriendlyarea -Provides much needed open spaceinadense metropolitan Pros 48 -Safety -Water -Social Space Design CriteriaMissing -Design -Surface Material -Shade Design CriteriaPresent 49

Case Reviews n fthe main potential problems with this is the dog waste One of dogs, butpeoplecancommonly beseen laying downit. on condition duringsite visits. Notonly isthisfriendlytothe has routinely andbeeningood is grass thepark material of the city. surface The desired inthe Lowervery of Haightarea eachyear. Shadewouldlower also temperatures, whichis not sunshine does nothave muchshade duetothedistinct lack of the park the perimeter. area outside of As a whole, the greater Limited shade isprovided in thebesides park afew trees along dog area,mediationspace, andpubliclawn area. A oneacre, non-fenced that parkisdivided into anoff-leash Project Summary Duboce Park Location San Francisco, CA Approximate Size 1 acre 50 Major Amenities grown grass for dogs to run fordogstorun grass grown off-leash dogarea,over Open spacethatisalsoan (DogFest 2012:Pet Parade &Carnival DubcePark, 2012). planned inthis park, including a yearly DogFest dog show social events are social opportunities. A numbergreater of andrathermildtemperatures rainfall also leadto amounts of and approaching animalscanbe seen from adistance. Low sight trees also provides clear line of lack area. The of grassy the main besides sidewalksis nomaterialchange surrounding side. People inpockets gather throughout the park asthere my streets minor on eachis not fenced andis surrounded because the park Social space is abundantandorganic that may rathertall. behiddenwhenitgrows - Project Objective off-leash dogareas that isalsolacking nearby densely populatedcities, themost area withinoneof To provide anoff-leash 51 Duboce DogPark. successful, as such isthe case with the extremely popular dogs. Diverse features are notalways needed to in order be nearby residentsthemselvesneed; spacefor open andtheir adense city this may beprecisely what Within the context of Did itAchieveitsObjective? andbenches.grass then else little with basic is design Its uses. in conflict a to inevitably dogswillalso lead large smalland of separation No likelylight rail and roads minor leads toeventual problems. weresafety fencingthe nobutandproximityproblems of humans alongthe perimeter. visiting the site, When there Water is provided from drinkingfountains for bothdogs and

Case Reviews 52 -Heavy footandautomobilecirculation roomtoexpand -Enclosed withnofurther manyusers featuresmay drive off -Distinct lack of seatingalongperimeterandwithinpark -Lack of roads -No fencing may lead to dogs being hit by cars onadjacent Cons oriented shops -Nearby amenities within walking distance including dog N-Judah MuniLinemakes siteaccesseasy -Location of -Multiuse indesignandactualuse San Francisco of openspaceinadensepart -Large -Well maintained,successfuldog park Pros 53 -Safety -Water Design CriteriaMissing -Design -Social Space -Surface Material -Shade Design CriteriaPresent

Case Reviews traffic and large numbers of dogs leads toanaccelerated leads dogs of numbers large and traffic overuse and isbeingthinned out. Highfoot shows signs of inthe theandagility park area towardsgrass the center of The gravel. and dirt with filled seating perimeter and areas with seating surface material inthe park isgrass primarily The trees.the seatingunderneath shade severely limits with this parkpeopleovercrowding near on-site.there are noawnings Alack or tensile structures of portions. agility course is almost entirely unshaded and The but does not havephotographs much shade in the central Shawnee acacias evident in hasmanyoldgrowth dog park Project Summary Shawnee DogPark Location Chandler, AZ Approximate Size 2 acres 54 Major Amenities course agility nic tables, fencedoff Numerous benches andpic and the City of Chandler experiences very high temperatures experiences Chandler very and the City of shade within this park, as there is an extreme lack of concern areas. is a cause for This watering stations or cooling off Water isprovided by water fountainsbutthereapparent are no incident. their dogs for riskof people not being within view of located far away from activity areas. canultimately lead to This shade, dense and sometimes socialspace is very to the lack of aswell.activity Due along the perimeter and central portions the few thathas parks area. Shawnee DogParkis oneof it taking place at the seating areas andthe central agility of Social space is located throughout the with park the majority overuse thatmaintenancecrewscannotkeep upwith. - Project Objective None given orobserved nearby community. users constraints forbut and provides easy access the for Being tucked away subdivision withina creates opportunities owners similar to other dogparks. irresponsible cases of objective.as awholereceives park The mixed reviews and achievedthis park dog park, neighborhood small As a its Did itAchieveitsObjective? bring bagsforotherstouse. palette. Dogwaste bags arenotregularlysupplied and people plantings, limited plant ground or meaningavery shrubs of isnoevidence There central portion. the edge, andalong very basic with activity this park is very along the design of The it islocatedwithinaneighborhoodsubdivision. securitysince this park from feel sense online aof thepark of design. Reviewers the traditional double gate the addition of safety, aswell as secure entrance exithelpinstillasense and of small dogs. and witha distinguishedlarge areas for gate large A dogareabut there are no Safety is minimized with a separate in thesummermonths. 55

Case Reviews areas diverse dog smallandlarge features and noseparate -Lack of the neighborhood -Seems less accessible to the publicdue to the association with regularmaintenance extremeoveruse andlack of -Signs of Cons spaces seatingandgathering -Different typesof agilitytrainingareaoffersmorechoices-Separate users among repeat socialactivity helps encourage -Being neighborhood within a Pros 56 -Design -Social Space -Surface Material Design CriteriaMissing -Safety -Water -Shade Design CriteriaPresent 57

Case Reviews installed to help alleviate known drainage problems.installed tohelpalleviate known drainage was drainage to thisnew materialunderground addition In Run). Dog Square (Tompkins sand and granite decomposed renovationbut after undergoing in2008 it is made out of woodHistorically, chips anddirt First Run was composed of desired asitisinotherparks. cooler temperatures,and thisarea shadeisnotas climate of nearby buildingsprovideshade. additional Given theyearly other vegetation. Since this dog parkis in Manhattan, the parkisextensivelyThe mature shaded fromelmtrees and Project Summary Tompkins SquareDogPark Location New York City, MY Approximate Size < 1acre 58 Major Amenities swimming pools, bathareas andsmalldogareas,Large to wash off dirty animals. dirty isawell-placed This element that is to wash off dehydrated overheated or activityfrom but functions wayas a dog becomes a if not onlyused coolingoff are for pools isamplewatercom, 2012). forbothusers. There Swimming (petside.dogs the for dogs,pools multipleand swimming and arenumerous waterThere both people fountainsinthefor park Tompkins Park. issuean peoplecanwalkthe adjacent leash in theirdogon the density overcrowdingleads to many conflicts. becomes If with coupled park the of size limited the accounts, firsthand activityand pools areas. According tomultiple reviews and multiplespaces the aroundswimming benches gathering and park, andseems to be focused alongthe perimeters. are There the dog Social spaceislimited due to the small overall sizeof Project Objective Dog Run). dogs (Tompkins Square withtheir people togather To establishasafeplace for fence is onlyfourfeet tall, and dogsareabletoeasily jump out. fences providingborder. a few Areviews have notedthatthis square with wrought iron design is less more oralarge The and thereisahotlinetocontactforanypossibleproblems. and smalldogareashelpminimizethe risk forincident large lead tooccasionalissues with dogbitesattacks.and Separate with peopleinManhattanlimited dog parks number of large homeless lessthe more orrelocatedbannedfrompark.A and 2012). Park, Square (Tompkins Between 19901992 and thewas park renovated with the century 20th later the in Square Park, homeless andusecauseconcern to beamajorfor Tompkins whole of Safety used to be an issue in the greater featured inmanyphotographs. 59 incorporated dogpark. incorporated its safety that leads to the success of and aphysical sense of thought and highlyused Tompkins SquarePark provides cover overcrowding well it will face from adense population. The howeverconcern for isthe low fencinginevitable and to enjoy themselves within New YorkCity. Itsmaincause First RunDog Park provides humans and animals aplacefor Did itAchieveitsObjective? many differentactivities andevents throughouttheyear. Tompkins the larger Square Park which features of It is part

Case Reviews -Design -Water -Shade Design CriteriaPresent -Seating along perimeter is unvaried andmonotonousindesign tothe park will go users that features aredistinctlimits andthe type of -Lack of owners away fence will lead to dogs escaping and running from -Short Cons Tompkinsthe larger SquarePark safety by being screened by -Physical and emotionalsense of dogareadespitebeingsmallinsize -Small andlarge high temperatures intense fromplay or dogs tocooloff -Numerous for areas Pros 60 -Safety -Social Space -Surface Material Design CriteriaMissing 61

Case Reviews Site Analysis

Introduction to Site Site Context Regents. Tempe butowned byof Board theArizona the Cityof of size andisabusinessdevelopmentand within the jurisdiction toas,As itisoftenreferred theResearchis 320acresin park undevelopedState Universitythe Arizona in Research Park. landcurrently site in question is a16.8 acre parcelof The Introduction toSite 64 for leaseorunoccupied. has beenavailable thispark establishment, at least one parcelof theResearchPark being established. Since of the history businesses have transitionedthroughout A majorityof theResearch Park. of edge western havingneighborhood an opening that leads directly into the On street parking makes site access easy with an adjacent events.areas provide gathering day use for familieslarger or commonly used by walkers, runners, anddogowners. Picnic thethatare park of pathsconnects all parts networklarger of A public. the by fished actively are and fish with stocked are that operate on premise, as well as to the public. lakes Three ResearchASU Parkprovides many amenities to the businesses themadjacenttoWarner road. vacant withamajorityof remain parcels Various work. office normal for companies being leased out to businesses and Most parcels are currently 65

Site Analysis United States->Arizona ->MaricopaCountyTempe 66 have lots of growth associatedwiththem. growth have lotsof these corridors of usersboth and numberallows of large a Located in between McClintock andthe road 101 highway, Chandler. being adjacenttotheCityof Tempe, while the City of of boundary is located onthe eastern Highway between Elliot andWarner Research The road. Park, State ResearchArizona Park islocated adjacent to the 101 Site Context 67 rjc a aiyb cesdb ubro people. project caneasilybeaccessedby anumber of the 101 Highway that this area andany built the adjacency of thisand Area isevenMetropolitan larger. It is because of and the chosen Phoenix site is substantial as well, the greater As seenthemaps,on whiletheResearchPark is quite large Metropolitan area. makes this an easily accessible areatothe Greater Phoenix State University alike. locationnexttothe 101 Highway The Tempe Arizona and work andprovide money tothe City of businesses and over thetoprovideyears inorder places of allocated andtovariouscompanies Parcels have beensoldoff during peaktimes. flow traffic reduced and visitors of number large a for allows the site. Having this endsof Southern and both theNorthern unforeseen benefit means that there are major access points at longitudinally.two it toborder going roads major This ResearchThe Parkis alsoalmostamileinlength, thus allowing

Site Analysis this siteorseewhatthenew attractionis. ultimatehope The helping thedisabled,people may want tomeeteach otherat allowed notcurrently dogs are buses onunless they are While theproposedsite. five minute of walk totheNortheast development. theproposed Onestopislocated less than a of approximately 11 known busstops within a two mile radius and two within the park boundaries. As seen above their are ResearchThe Park numeroushas busstopsadjacentto thesite Mass Transit 68 eventual design. allowed on the bus in orderto allow more people to reach this Tempe on dogs being would its change rule is that the City of may notneedtodrive tothesite. people access neighborhood point located nearby, a number of given the opportunity. Withoneknown access the site if humanusers that are ableto that their isahighdensity of indicates the residential zoning asshown in green-blue All of residential zoning. use development with a predominanceof mixed off-site zoning shows The that their isanabundance of Zoning 69 between them is not very great. between great. themisnotvery the site is situated adjacent to multiple cities, as the transition looking to attract people. It is not viewed as a problemthat Having somanyresidentially zonedareasisapositivea site for School Development Planned Area Neighborhood Planned Commercial County Agricultural Residential

Site Analysis taking their dogoff-leashdo nothaveor a dogthemselves. and Lakes provide amenity an for users that donotfeel comfortable 9. 101Highway 4-8. Residential Neighborhood 1-3. Lake theamenitiesareasfollows: the proposedsite. Someof miles of them a half being withinoneand with a majorityof the site as showing below amenities surround A number of Amenities 70 access tousersnearby, buffer,waymajor itisa toarrive tothesiteprovidesand fast their homes.from thehighway While physical isavisualand users will walk the site. amount of It is assumed that a large obvious benefit to a dog park, but also provides easy access to andmost first the are neighborhoods surrounding five The design. there will hopefully transition inseamless with any proposed a proposed dog park. Smaller shrubs and groundcover and are Smallershrubs dogpark. proposed a at the establishment orlongterm period will notsurvive issue as most vegetation vegetationlarge isnota lack of The area. vegetation throughoutthesurround the expanseof illustrate the accompanying pictures the on next page Some of andremnantplantingfromyears prior. scrub of primarily vegetation comprising lackthe parcelthereisa foot. On of planting foreach linear and aminimum required number of vegetation Research surrounding Park The density high of a has Existing Vegetation 71 n ihaon furineinthesoil. and highamountof the often conditions harsh rarely seenbecausein adogpark of

Site Analysis Existing Photographs 2 1 72 3 4 5 73 7 8 6 Site Analysis 9 74 Eastern SiteBoundary Eastern 6 4 3 8 7 5 2 1 9 ExistingSite AdjoiningRunning Path ProposedEntranceRoad toSite Site Viewof Site of Lake Northeast AdjacentLake MassTransit AdjacenttoSite ExistingSite 75

Site Analysis Design

Design Goals and Elements Concept Plans Master Plan Entrance General Play Dog Beach Training Area Agility Timid Area Conclusions owners andlike-minded peopleintheGreaterPhoenixArea -To space for dog andgathering dog park create the largest coverthrough ground choice and aclear maintenance schedule diseaseunpleasantodors and -To minimizethe spread of dogs, owners, andusers alike uses that accommodatestypeall of -To of provide range a Park andminimizeimpactonexistingadjacentuses Research The -To of connect to the existing infrastructure design. effective an to crucial goals of set specific and precise more after the literature review and case reviews. Research led to a objectives.and developed werefurther realizedand goals These goals were set in additionto the preliminary Additional goals Design Goals 78 Signage DogWaste Collection Trash MaterialChange Toys vs. NoToys Sight Lineof Rotational Use OnLeashAreas AdjacencyIssues Water Shade DesignElements the existinglake asaborder. beachnow the large makesuse moreof beingsurrounded, of layout 3maintainsasimilar Concept 2but instead toConcept Concept 3 thisnewanddistinctarea. different usessurround parkingandanentrance area remaininthe same spot, While the site. beachdifference; arealocated a large inthe middle of 2 maintains fourdifferent uses with one distinct Concept Concept 2 an entrancearea. thesitebufferedand by Parkingthe restof from is separate uses and at distinct spacesthe bordering existing lake to the west.gathering the attempt shows concept first The Concept 1 spacesanduses. thebreakdown of to determine were distinct concepts drawnThree designed outandinorder Concept Plans 79 Dog Beach Entrance Parking Activity Areas 3 1 2

Design and exemplifies the thrill of beingatadogpark. and exemplifies thethrillof theon site, theGeneralPlayis designed Areatobewide open area users. fenced off Being the second largest of wide range fora wasGeneral Play designed Area. This andthought of to. areasto go To their is a the North their is a variety of through the parking lot and EntranceArea, Once one gets buffer between usersandtheexistingusers. thearriving EntranceAreaprovides a with automobiles. Anotherfenced off conflicts have not does dog excited overly occasional leashareassothatthe from the otheroff remains separated in the design yet secure when taking their dog out. Parking experience. areenoughareasthatpeoplewillfeel lost Their tothe overall distinct feel and aesthetic to lenditself in order inmind.Each areais designed to havedesign goals its own Each wasarea designed with thepreviouslylisted elements and General Play Area,AgilityandaTraining Area. designed including a DogBeach, EntranceArea,Timid Cheyenne’sdistinct Sixareaswere DogPark took form. eachother designconsiderations, and concept Takingbit of a Master Plan 80 in Tempe, AZ. lake beingaccessible dogsduringtheweatherfor yearround Dog Parkenjoyableand an made man users witha all for area Cheyenne’s ismeanttobe the main drawthe sight. of This Finally is the Dog Beach located strategically at the center of private seating. on sitewithplentyof the smaller areas small andtimid dogsalike, this areaisoneof inthe other areas.that do notfeel comfortable Designed for the Agility Area isaTimidforthose south of Further such acourse, withsmall-scalebleacher seatingtowatch. adogthrough running courses exist providing the thrillof distinct miniature agility and non-agility dogs in mind. Three the Entrance Area,designed with agility Area is southwest of by a localdogadvocacyand potentially run group. An Agility for classes space that can bereserved gathering small group is designedfortraining,it to beprimarilyalsofunctions as a Next to the General Play Area is the Training this Area. While Training Area Agility Area Dog Beach 81 Timid Area General PlayArea Entrance Area Parking 200’ N

Design owners anddogsalike. space for dog in the region, but also functions as gathering shown inblue. provides respite the from intense This sun Shade isprovided through notonlytrees but tensile structures park forthelongterm. this and weekly park closures would ensurecare proper of maintenance it would require. Astrict maintenance schedule Artificialgrass was not used due to the high cost and continued users and preferences alike. of to accommodate a wide range bothwas provided areas.decomposed granite Amixtureof and grass, dirt, noteisthedecisionof of area Another versus on-leashareas. off-leash thought was putintothe balance of balance, alotof people prefer to maintain close watch. Inorderto meet this without looseatapark leash, other to let their dogsrun space for onandoff-leash areas. some people prefer While of amount optimal the determining was plan final the of part A Master Plan 82 200’ N 1 4 2 5 83 6 3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tensile Structures Off-Leash On-Leash Vegetation Grass andDG Dirt SiteCirculation 7

Design nae huh bu o osi vr igefcto design. single facet of an areathought about fordogsinevery what the site is about yet not spoil allthe fun just yet; this is An entrance area toCheyenne’s DogPark shouldshowcase road andparkinglotborderingitontwo sides. with high enoughwalls soit will feel far enough away from the thesite. Itislocated below grade users then therest of full of designed to beanareathat ismorecalm, and hopefully less waitingto entering Cheyenne’sprior areas DogPark. This the transition zones, or Next to the parking lot is one of Entrance Area 84 200’ N 85 50’

Design 86 a thirstydog. feature that can beoperatedby togivefoot inorder water to but hasabuiltinwater aesthetic art, Not onlyisthisapiece of as theycomeintothesitethroughentrancearea. dogs. concrete and metal sign will welcome late Cheyenne This people my of one of memory in Park” Dog “Cheyenne In orderto welcome people to the site, the park is named Signage ForSite existence. the parks forthe remainder of be embedded into the ground sentence dogs.about theirpastdogor a short will then This are commemorative pavers. Onthese pavers people can write this place areas of anddividing the grassy Lining the ground Commemorative Pavers 87

Design lot andentranceareajusttothenorth. this use,encourage itisstrategically placed close to the parking timid dogstothe from notsotimid. to ranging Inorder area this tobein owners dogsand encouraged are typesAll of simply having adogthemedpicnic. throwing, ball with relaxing the dog, or general for in grass coveredsloped hill is a thisarea of edge the eastern Along Arizona Ashtreesproviding theothershade. with Acacia and tensile structures areas rest underneath activity areas. Multipleseating enter with a wide variety of to user is encouraged where dog park,anytype traditional of has beendesigned GeneralAreatobemorelike a The General PlayArea 88 200’ N 89 50’

Design style of seating meant to accommodate both types of users. seatingmeanttoaccommodatebothtypesof style of these wayssimple isa wayevery friendly in possible. Oneof human is makingitdogand this park thedesignfor Part of Dog FriendlySeating 90 and benexttotheirowners. up jump to dogs for it to next comfortably, area sit flat a with seating Belowfixture thatis allowsa type forof two people to their owners, including jumping uponcouches or benches. Many dogs will dowhatever they can inorderto be next to 91

Design that mightpollutethearea. dogoutput water-borne illnesses and remove the amount of any upkeep toprevent inorder and general the spread of will beclosed areatwice weeka This cleaning,maintenance,for on thesiteasclock handspointtothetime. the other areas pavers extend out from the center to each of and gravel mixture. this is adirt Spiral area while outside of the immediate water the surrounds area.Sand surrounding hole was created with circular seating, shading, andtrees swimming inthe existing lake, swimming alarge Instead of exercise, butaway forthemtoprevent fromoverheating. isnot only awaytheir dogs to join.This for the dogs to get most people have swimming poolsandsome even encourage and successful popular lake in CosmoDog Park. In Arizona memorable. It was designed andmodeled after the extremely DogBeach inthe The design isanareadesigned to be Dog Beach 92 200’ N 93 50’

Design and pathsleadtoward. the design, where all roads to bethe order mainfocal pointof whole, is a swimming area fordogs. beach This is designed in the Dog Beach asa Area andpark attraction mainof The Swimming Area 94 inches. to enjoy the water atthe edge, where it is asshallow as six center.feetthe very being fourin allows even This smalldogs sloped inwardgently towards the center, with the lowest point accommodate all users and dogsalike, it is In ordertotruly but somethingforpeople towatch fortheiramusement. competitive toy tossing. Notonlywill this provide exercise Located along this area aredogdocks for jumping and 95

Design located behindthem. area is smallerscale seatingsingleshadetreegrassy with aand this area perimeter and interact. of Along the western gather to classes groups or circular seating element that encourages is a thisarea grass.the middleof In bypatchlinear a of entrance and exit area that is connected isaseparate There users. asingle type of will beposted outside this areatoencourage their dogsandimproving theirbehavior. use preferred This envisioned as anareaforpeoplethat want to focus on training placement theoveralland among design. park Itismainly its proximity aprivate because area of later on.Itismoreof training area is designed similarto the timid area addressed The Training Area 96 200’ N 97 30’

Design If a group is willing to help look after this area then this after thisarea is willingto helplook agroup If control. of and assumeasmallportion thispark involved of with the construction foundation and this project, a localpet shelter, will get dog advocacy group phase of hope is that during the construction area. The this area is to be a sponsored Another potential function of Park Sponsorship 98 and want tomaintainit. this area groups, classes,can then organize of or gatherings dedicated training areacanbenamedor to them. Said group 99

Design sides. andeastern Access points tothis area are onboththe western in the agility course activities.dogs and those participating active the way of viewers hiding inthe shade to remainout of alsoencourages intoorcolliding with them. This from running Vegetation in orderto prevent is placed along the edge dogs fromtheowner ordogalike. freelywithoutconcern run long andopenstretchestoorder encourage where a dog can for allto use. space was This designed in alinearshape the site is anagility course of portion Located in the southern Agility 100 200’ N 101 30’

Design are designedwiththecasual dogowner anddogin mind. events may be not foreveryone, the miniature agility courses more competitive events. full agility courses and timed While agility activities often seen in of in a range and participate loose agility area isaplace people canlet their dogsrun The Agility Courses 102 up tvrighihs Ti a o esadrso the heights.jumps atvarying may notbestandardsof This A-frame, dogwalk, tunnel, tabel, weave poles,various and the included elements thiscourseincludein an Some of enjoy theactivityparticipants butotherscanwatch aswell. the activities. Not only will the style seating for viewing of creating smaller, moreprivate courses. isalsostadium There courses are side bySeparate side with a wall inbetween users, bothcasualandavid dogagilityenthusiastsalike. aimistocreatefriendlyalltypes an areaof The the goal. USDAA DogAgility Courses requirements, but this was never 103

Design and group gathering spaceundertensilestructures. gathering and group fromeach is seating separated other entrance and exit gates the area to the other. In between the from one side of to get A central pathweaves through this area that provides a way and keeps thedesiredusersinthisarea. uses of conflict a minimizes this Doing secluded. more and overall design this space is meanttosmallerthenotherareas the the site. of Located in the corner of the last designed part toasis shyor TimidArea, The as itisoftenreferred dogarea Timid Area 104 200’ N 105 30’

Design 106 picking upaftertheirdog. Tempe of and the importance leash laws in the City of of remind people signswillbethose that gently set of important in.Another area thattheytheirdogsarenotcomfortable or intoan peoplenotto go encourage willalso signage Proper area. used toguidepeopletheirpreferred signs will be the site.navigate to dothis, Inorder anumber of so users should beabletoeasily the in thefromstart, area Cheyenne’s DogPark wassuch park designed tobethelargest Signage comfortable yetstillexperiencetheparkas others might. comfortable Creating such anareaprovides a space for these users to feel well with others or may want to spend time by themselves. mind different users. Somepeopleand dogsalike do not and interacting with other people.to keep in it is important Evenis usually dog parkaboutsocializinganimals thougha Why aTimid Area? 107 other usersonsite. attackfor prone incident thetime orwillnothaveof toruin Another reasonto include a timid area is so dogs that are more

Design Conclusion

Dog parks are a viable design for Landscape Architects and the need for these areas will likely continue to grow as dog ownership continues to increase. Such parks have gone up all over the country with varying stories of success or failure.

The next logical step in design would be to approach the board members on The Research Park and present my research and share this alternative to the existing required land use. This Report would also be shared with the Humane Society and American Kennel Club in order to not only publicize my work, but try and encourage further non-traditional design of dogs parks.

Regardless of who this is presented to, this is research that is not only enjoyable to complete, but something that I would see my dogs enjoying as well. Conclusion

108 109 biology online. (2008, August 15). Retrieved 5 2012, August eHow. (2011, October 14). Is Mulch Bad for Dogs? huckleberry. (2009, June 8). Dog Park Turf. Retrieved Work Cited , from http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Selective_ Retrieved September 18, 2012, from http://www.ehow.com/ September 9, 2012, from http://www.doggoes.com/articles/ Breeding info_8450038_mulch-bad-dogs.html dog-park-turf Literature Bradshaw, J. (2011). Dog Sense: How the new science of dog Encylopedia Britannica. (2012). History of Dogs. Retrieved Hutchinson, R. (1994). Women and the elderly in Chicago’s American Veterinary Medical Association. (n.d.). Dog’s Social behavior can amek you a better friend to your pet. New York: August 5, 2012, from http://www.dogpark.com/history-of- public parks. Leisure Sciences , 229-247. Lives and Disease Risks. Retrieved September 23, 2012, Basic Books. dogs/ K9Grass Profile. (2011). Retrieved October 10, 2012, from K9 from https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Documents/ Grass: http://www.k9grass.com/profile.html disease_risks_dogs.pdf Campbell, W. (1975). Behavior Problems In Dogs. Santa Fogle, B. (1981). Interrelations Between People and Pets. Barbara: American Vetinary Publications. Springfield: Charles C Thomas. Maricopa County. (2012). Maricopa County Structure, History Arizona State Legislature. (n.d.). Biting animals; reporting; & Info. Retrieved September 23, 2012, from http://www. handling and destruction; exception. Retrieved September 23, City of Tucson. (2012). Parks and Recreation - Off Leash Dog Fogle, B. (1995). The Encyclopedia of the Dog. New York: maricopa.gov/bos/weather.aspx 2012, from http://www.azleg.state.az.us/FormatDocument. Areas. Retrieved August 16, 2012, from http://cms3.tucsonaz. DK Publishing. Marsh, W. (1983). Landscape Planning: Environmental asp?inDoc=/ars/11/01014.htm&Title=11&DocType=ARS gov/parksandrec/offleash.php Applications. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc. Forsyth, A., & Musacchio, L. (2005). Designing Small Parks: Association of Pet Dog Trainers. (n.d.). What Makes a Good Cooper Marcus, C., & Francis, C. (1998). People Places: Design A Manual for Addressing Social and Ecological Concerns. Milan, C., & Peltier, M. (2007). Be the Pack Leader. London: Dog Park. Retrieved September 23, 2012, from http://www. Guidelinesfor urban open space. New York: Van Nostrand Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Hodder & Stoughton. apdt.com/petowners/park/docs/good_dog_park.pdf Reinhold Co. Hall, C. (2011). Fake grass fools Fido - and people. Retrieved Miller, J. (1978). Design and The Desert Environment: Austin, R. (2002). Elements of Planting Design. New York: Cutt, H. (2007). Dog ownership, health and physical activity: A September 18, 2012, from http://www.k9grass.com/ Landscape Architecture and the American Southwest. Tucson: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. critical review of the literature. Health and Place . dallasmorningnews.html U.S. Department of the Interior / Office of Water Research and Technology. Best Dog Park in the World. (2004, March 1). Retrieved Daily, S. (2009, September 10). Science News. Retrieved Hill Country Technologies. (2012). Dog Runs Surfaces and September 18, 2012, from http://home.earthlink.net/~ejlmp/ September 13, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/ Materials. Retrieved September 18, 2012, from http://www. Nowell, I. (1978). Dog Crisis. New York: St. Martin’s Press. dpd.html releases/2009/09/090908125132.htm hobokendogs.org/ClubPortal/clubstatic.cfm?clubID=148&p ubmenuoptID=1213 Conclusion

110 111 P&G Pet Care. (2012). Puppy in Training. Retrieved September Weaver, S. (2012). Keeping Dogs Safe in the Heat. Retrieved Images Page 39,41 18, 2012, from http://www.iams.com/pet-health/dog-article/ October 11, 2012, from Cesa’rs Way: http://www.cesarsway. http://www.landscapeonline.com/research/article/14721 puppy-in-training com/dog-care/dog-health/keeping-dogs-safe-in-the-heat Page 7 Page 43 http://www.flickr.com/photos/aimeedars/2718054513/ Pet Care Costs. (2012). Retrieved September 13, 2012, from Willieams, F., & Pulley, G. (2002). Synthetic Surface Heat http://www.buffalobayou.org/shepherdsabine.html http://www.aspca.org/Home/Adoption/pet-care-costs Studies. Page 14 Page 44 http://3d-pictures.feedio.net/need-to-no-the-name-of-this- http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3062/2718052971_ Pet Turf. (2012). Retrieved October 10, 2012, from XGrass: dog-breed/conchokennelclub.org*Dog%20Breed%20Chart. e50a6bf0f1_o.jpg http://www.xgrass.com/pet-turf.php jpg/ Page 45 Program in Veterinary Behavioral Medicine. (n.d.). Guidelines Page 18 http://www.flickriver.com/photos/aimeedars/ for Establishment and Maintenance of Successful Off-Leash http://jefferyspositivedogtraining.com/ sets/72157606460090012/ Dog Exercise Areas. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://www.vmth.ucdavis.edu/home/beh/Dog_Park/Dog_ Page 20 Page 47 http://www.houstonpettalk.com/wp-content/up- http://cdn.cstatic.net/images/ Park_Management_Guidelines.pdf loads/2010/02/Walking-Dog.jpg gridfs/4f9f12d985216d247201ea1a/Presentation_V4-38.jpg

Ryan, D. (2010). Canine Aggression Frequently Asked Page 23 Page 48 Questions. Retrieved September 22, 2012, from http://www. http://taishansports2010.en.made-in-china.com/productim- http://freethingstodoinlosangeles.com/images/Observa- apbc.org.uk/articles/dog-aggression-FAQs age/YMjxEdWCEbRq-2f0j00JevtaLRIHBgK/China-Artifi- tion_Deck.jpg cial-Grass-for-Soccer-Pitch-TMH45-.html Vernon, S., Tennant, R., & Garmory, N. (2009). Landscape Page 49 Page 27 Architect’s Pocket Book. Burlington: Architectural Press. http://www.smgov.net/uploadedImages/Departments/Air- http://sportstennis.wordpress.com/2012/03/14/tennis- port/SMO25(2).JPG equipments/ Victoria Stillwell: Positively. (2012). Retrieved September 17, Page 51 2012, from http://positively.com/dog-training/about-vspdt/ Page 30 http://laurensandell.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/ http://somethingfortheeyes.com/2010/07/23/duboce-park- img_0494.jpg muni/ Conclusion

112 113 Page 52 http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4115/4755559675_25abcab3e 0_o.jpg

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114 115