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Banded Iron Formations, Pyritic Black Shale, and Gold Deposits: a Re-Evaluation

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Banded Iron Formations, Pyritic Black Shale, and Gold Deposits: a Re-Evaluation i Banded iron formations, pyritic black shale, and gold deposits: A re-evaluation by Jeffrey Alan Steadman B.S., M.S. (Geology) Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2015 ii iii Declaration of originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by another person, except where due referenceis made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Signaru,e Date: 6- (Q·- JS Authorityof access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act of 1968. Signatme Date: 6 -/0-/J: Statement regarding published work The publishers of the papers comprising Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5 hold the copyright for those contents; access to those materials should be sought from the journals Precambrian Research and Economic Geology. The remaining non-published content of the thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act of 1968. Signatme Date: b --/&J�/s iv Statement of co-authorship The following people and institutions contributed to the publication of work undertaken as part of this thesis: 1. Jeffrey A Steadman (CODES [ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits], University of Tasmania) 2. Ross R Large (CODES, University of Tasmania) 3. Sebastien Meffre (CODES, University of Tasmania) 4. Stuart W Bull (CODES, University of Tasmania) 5. Garry J Davidson (CODES, University of Tasmania) 6. Paul H Olin (CODES, University of Tasmania) 7. Jay Thompson (CODES, University of Tasmania) 8. Leonid Danyushevsky (CODES, University of Tasmania) 9. Daniel D. Gregory (CODES, University of Tasmania) 10. Ivan Belousov (CODES, University of Tasmania) 11. Elena Lounejeva (CODES, University of Tasmania) 12. Trevor R. Ireland (Research School of Earth Sciences [RSES], Australian National University) 13. Peter Holden (RSES, Australian National University) Paper details and authors’ roles Paper 1 (Located in Chapter 2) Age, origin, and significance of nodular sulfides in 2680 Ma carbonaceous black shale of the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia Jeffrey A Steadman (candidate), Ross R Large, Sebastien Meffre, and Stuart W Bull Candidate was the primary author and with author 2, author 3 and author 4 contributed to the idea, its formalisation and development Author 2 and author 3 assisted with refinement and presentation Authors 2 and 4 offered assistance in the field Author 3 provided assistance in the laboratory Paper 2 (Located in Chapter 3) Paragenesis and composition of sulfides, oxides, and silicates in the Randalls BIF-hosted gold deposits, Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: Implications for the timing of ore deposit formation and constraints on possible gold sources Jeffrey A Steadman (candidate), Ross R Large, Garry J Davidson, Stuart W Bull, Jay Thompson, Trevor R. Ireland, and Peter Holden Candidate was the primary author and with author 2, author 3, author 4, author 5, author 6, and author 7 contributed to the idea, its formalisation and development Authors 2, 3, and 4 assisted with refinement and presentation Authors 2 and 4 provided assistance in the field Authors 5, 6, and 7 assisted in the laboratory v Paper 3 (Located in Chapter 4) Syn-sedimentary, diagenetic, and metamorphic pyrite,pyrrhotite, and marcasite at the Homestake BIF-hosted gold deposit, South Dakota, USA: Insights on ore genesis from LA-ICP-MS trace element and sulfur isotope studies JeffreyA Steadman (candidate), Ross R Large, Trevor R. Ireland, and Peter Holden Candidate was the primary author and with author 2, author 3, and author 4 contributed to the idea, its formalisation and development Author 2 and Stuart W Bull (secondary advisor) assisted with refinement and presentation Authors 3 and 4 assisted in the laboratory (SHRIMP S isotopes) Paper 4 (Located in Chapter 5) Syn-sedimentary to early diagenetic gold in black shale-hosted pyrite nodules at the Golden Mile deposit, Kalgoorlie, WesternAustralia JeffreyA Steadman (candidate), Ross R Large, Sebastien Meffre,Paul H Olin, Leonid V Danyushevsky, Daniel D Gregory, Ivan Belousov, Elena Lounejeva, Trevor R Ireland, and Peter Holden Candidate was the primary author and with author 2, author 3, and author 4 contributed to the idea, its formalisation and development Authors 2, 3, 4, and 5 assisted with refinement and presentation Authors 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 assisted in the laboratory We the undersigned agree with the above stated 'proportion of work undertaken' for each of the above published (or submitted) peer-reviewed manuscripts contributing to this thesis: Signed: Signed: Ross R Large Leonid Danyushevsky Supervisor Head of Discipline, Earth Science School of Physical Sciences School of Physical Sciences University ofTasmania University ofTasmania Date: Date: vi Acknowledgements For the work at Lucky Bay (Chapter 2) and Randalls (Chapter 3), I would like to thank Chris Cairns (former Managing Director, Integra Mining Pty Ltd.) and Terry Brown (former General Manger for Project Development, Integra Mining) for permission to carry out these projects. Special thanks to Karsten Gömann and Sandrin Feig (Central Science Laboratory [CSL], University of Tasmania) for help with the SEMs and the microprobe. Thanks also to Christine Cook (CSL, University of Tasmania) for analyzing sulfide separates for S isotope measurements. Leonid Danyushevsky, Sarah Gilbert, and Sebastien Meffre are thanked for their input, suggestions, and expertise with the laser ablation system at CODES. And last, but not least: many thanks to all the fieldies and geologists at Mt. Monger field station; I could not have done this work without you! The project at Homestake (Chapter 4) was graciously supported by the staff at SURF (Sanford Underground Research Facility) in Lead, South Dakota. Special thanks to Jaret Heise (Science Director, SURF) for permission to carry out research on the archived drill core and for logistical support. Discussions with former Homestake geologists Tom Trancynger, John Scheetz, and Kathy Hart were of immense value. We are also indebted to Prof. Colin Paterson (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology) for his expertise on Homestake geology and his hospitality. The lead author is also grateful to Mark Fahrenbach at the South Dakota Geological Survey and the legendary Black Hills field geologist Jack Redden for a productive one-day field excursion around the north-central Black Hills. The laser staff at CODES were indispensible to the success of this project; thanks especially to Leonid Danyushevsky, Sarah Gilbert, Sebastien Meffre, Marcel Guillong, and Ian Little. François Robert is thanked for providing permission to publish this work on behalf of Barrick Mining Company. Finally, we wish to thank the Editor of Economic Geology, Larry Meinert, and associate editor Paul Spry, plus reviewers John Ridley and Robert Frei for their critical suggestions. These greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. For the work on the Golden Mile (Chapter 5), I wish to thank the Editor of Economic Geology, Larry Meinert, and reviewers Neil Phillips, Iain Pitcairn, Cam McCuaig, Katy Evans, Shaun Barker, and an anonymous reviewer from Economic Geology, all of whom provided valuable comments and criticisms that have greatly helped in improving the final version of this manuscript. Thanks also to Drs. Karsten Goëmann and Sandrin Feig (CSL, UTas) for their assistance with the Hitachi SU70 FESEM. SDG. When I was nearing the end of my Master’s degree and had plans for doing a PhD, I had no intention of leaving the United States. However, a good word about CODES was put in by my Master’s advisor, Paul Spry (himself not only Australian but Tasmanian - Lindisfarne born and raised!), so I applied for a scholarship. Four short years later, here I am at the end of it all. The biggest thanks go to my primary supervisor Ross Large, whose fountain of ideas, insight, and optimism is never-ending. I was pretty wet behind the ears when I got to Hobart, and I am oh-so- grateful that he stuck with me to the end. Running a close second to Ross are my secondary supervisors, Stuart Bull and Garry Davidson, who provided chapter feedback and support when Ross was busy or away (which was more often than I preferred!). I also want to thank Sebastien Meffre, because he was like a fourth supervisor to me, though his name was never on any official university paperwork as such. So much of my laser work (particularly vii the Pb isotope studies with sulfides) would never have made it as far as it did with his guidance and expertise. Merci beaucoup. I would be remiss in not tipping my figurative hat to all the students and staff who have come and gone in my four years here as a student; all of them provided a helping hand, a word of encouragement, or constructive criticism at various times in various places. Paul George (digital graffiti) and June Pongratz (CODES thesis designer extraordinare) were invaluable in navigating all things Adobe-related. June was especially indispensible in finalizing this printed work. viii ix Abstract Banded iron formations (BIF) are predominantly Precambrian sedimentary rocks composed of alternating layers of iron-rich minerals (commonly hematite and magnetite, but also siderite, chlorite,
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