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Dvije Tisuće Fontana Vječnoga Grada

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Dvije Tisuće Fontana Vječnoga Grada STRUČNI PRIKAZI DVIJE TISUĆE FONTANA VJEČNOGA GRADA Branka Beović, dipl. ing. građ., „Roma, non basta una vita“ – kaže se da cijeli život nije Antički vodovodi, a posebno vodovodi iz doba dostatan za upoznavanje Rima pa tako niti samo jedna starog Rima zauzimaju, kako u arheologiji, tako i posjeta Rimu nije dovoljna da bi se vidjelo svih njegovih u široj društveno-povijesnoj problematici, osobito dvije tisuće fontana. Čuvenom fotografu Marvinu značajno mjesto. S geodetsko-inženjerskog, sanitarno- Pulversu je za to, uz veliku pomoć talijanskog taksiste urbanističkog te građevinskog i juridičkog gledišta te Alda Novellija, trebalo deset godina. Nigdje na svijetu naglašeno utilitarne građevine, jedinstveni su plod fontane nisu dijelom svakodnevnog života više nego što rimskoga organizacijskog genija. Vitruvije i Frontin su su to u Italiji. Kombinacija oblika, funkcije i ljepote teško nam dali opsežne teorijske i faktografske podatke o se može usporediti i sa čime. Ovaj članak posvetila sam njima. fontanama koje smatram povijesno najinteresantnijima Najstariji akvedukt grada Rima, Aqua Appia, sagradio ili, iz bilo kojega razloga, osobitima. je 312. godine prije n. e. čuveni graditelj i cenzor Apije Klaudije Kras, kasnije prozvan Slijepi (Caecus), a posljednji (jedanaesti), Aqua Alexandriana, dao je sagraditi car UVOD Aleksandar Sever 226. godine n. e. (Ilakovac, 1982.). U razvoju naselja i gradova fenomen vode javlja se u svim epohama i područjima života. Imao je kultno i sakralno značenje u oblikovanju urbane ekspresije. Gotovo su sve ljudske kulture uočavale značenje vode nastojeći da taj dar prirode unesu u prostore svog življenja, u urbane, arhitektonske i skulpturalne zamisli javnih prostora, trgova, parkova, palača, dvoraca, vrtova, bazena, fontana-vodoskoka, terma i akvedukata. Vodene površine pružaju vizualne doživljaje i oplemenjuju prostore (Miščević, 2009.). RIMSKI AKVEDUKTI Kad pomislimo na antički grad Rim, uvijek se sjetimo njegova carstva: Rima s njegovim simbolima vidljive moći, njegovim vodovodima, vijaduktima i popločanim cestama koje bez krivudanja sijeku brda i doline, prelaze rijeke i močvare i protežu se u neprekinutoj formaciji kao pobjednička rimska legija (Mumford, 1988.). Najraniji stanovnici Rima uzimali su vodu direktno iz Tibera. U doba Rimske Republike gradili su prve fontane. U literaturi se spominju imena Fons Lupercalis, Fons Apollinaris, Fons Pici, Fons Mercurii i dr. Za neke od njih približno znamo gdje su se nalazile. Fontana dell’Aqua Felice (izvor: http://en.wikipedia.org) Hrvatske vode 18(2010) 71 65 STRUČNI PRIKAZI Fontana delle Naiadi (izvor: http://en.wikipedia.org) Quattro Fontane (Tiber) (izvor: http://commons.wikimedia.org) Kronološki slijed izgradnje akvedukata grada Rima: „Što drugo možemo nego se diviti vodovodnom sustavu 1) Aqua Appia, 312. prije n. e., dužina trase 17,6 koji je u prvom stoljeću poslije Krista opskrbljivao grad km; 2) Aqua Anio Vetus, 272. prije n. e., 64 km; 3) Aqua Rim sa znatno više vode nego što je New York dobivao Marcia, 144-140. prije n. e., 91,2 km; 4) Aqua Tepula, 1985. godine?“ 126. prije n. e., 18,4 km; 5) Aqua Julia, 33. prije n. e., 22,8 A. Trevor Hodge, „Rimski akvadukti i opskrba vodom“ km; 6) Aqua Virgo, 21-19. prije n. e., 20,8 km; 7) Aqua (Harris, 2005.) Alsietina, 10-2. prije n. e., 32,8 km; 8) Aqua Claudia, 38- 52. n. e., 68,8 km; 9) Aqua Anio Novus, 38-52. n. e., 86,4 km; 10) Aqua Traiana, 109-117. n. e., 59,2 km; 11) Aqua FONTANA Alexandriana, 226. n. e., 22,4 km (Garbrecht, 1991.). Računa se da su u toku trajanja rimske države, što Fontana je osebujan arhitektonski genre koji vodom, civilne, što vojne vlasti, sagradile oko 200 akvedukata kao osnovnim izražajnim sredstvom, prenosi određene diljem Carstva (Ilakovac, 1982.). poruke u urbanoj komunikaciji. Fontanu u takvoj ulozi Prema kalkulacijama Seksta Julija Frontina, poznaju sve civilizacijske i kulturne cjeline iako je upravitelja vodovoda grada Rima (curator aquarum upotrebljavaju u različitom značenju (Horvat, 1994.). urbis Romae) od 97. do 103. g. n. e., kroz devet dotad Voda je fenomen koji, preuzet iz prirode, postaje sagrađenih i renoviranih akvedukata, u Rim je oko 100. podatni materijal za oblikovanje. Fontana se kao g. n. e. dolazilo oko milijun kubičnih metara vode na dan. kreativni izazov koji podjednako privlači skulptore, (Hall, 1991.) arhitekte i pejzažne arhitekte, koristi vodom u svim U popisu rimskoga gradskog inventara iz 312.-315. njezinim pojavnostima kao sredstvom tvorbe nove godine bilježi se 11 javnih kupelji, 19 vodenih kanala, oblikovnosti. Voda u fontani, kao i u prirodi, izvire, teče, 926 malih privatnih kupaonica gdje se istovremeno pada, obrušava se, šiklja iz zemlje, miruje, odražava slike, moglo kupati 62800 građana, oko 700 javnih bazena mreška se, ponire ili isparava, te tako služi kao medijsko i 500 vodoskoka, koji su se opskrbljivali vodom iz 130 i izražajno sredstvo kojim se iskazuju (simboličkim vodospremnika (Mumford, 1988.). govorom vode) dosezi nekoga civilizacijskog ili kulturnog Fontana di Trevi (snimila: B. Beović) Fontana del Tritone (izvor: http://en.wikipedia.org) 66 Hrvatske vode 18(2010) 71 STRUČNI PRIKAZI Fontana della Piazza Colonna (snimila: B. Beović) svijetu. Većinu njih izradili su najveći kipari renesanse i baroka. Pape koji su obnovili antičke rimske akvedukte gradili su fontane u spomen na svoja velikodušna djela. Zbog toga je grad prošaran fontanama svih veličina i oblika koje privlače zahvalne mase ljudi za vrućih ljetnih dana. Fontana delle Api (izvor: http://en.wikipedia.org) Antički obelisci služe kao izvrstan podsjetnik na to koliko je rimska civilizacija dugovala egipatskoj. Arhitekti su ih kruga, obilježja pojedinih stilskih epoha ili, konačno, uspješno uklopili u rimske trgove. stvaralačka individualnost autora (Horvat, 1994.). Fontana di Trevi najpoznatija je od svih. Ona je Fontana se kao kompozicijski element do danas mostra, monumentalna fontana izgrađena da označi kraj zadržala u prostorima najrazličitijih povijesnih iskustava akvedukta. U ovom slučaju to je Acqua Vergine koji je 19. i u najrazličitijim podnebljima, od onih koja obiluju g. pr. n. e. izgradio Marko Agripa, iako je Trevi završena vodom do onih koja njome oskudijevaju. Fontana je, tek 1762. godine. Ostale su mostre: Fontana dell’ Acqua prema tome, sveprisutan i svevremenski oblikovni genre, Paola, izgrađena 1612. godine na Janikulu za papu odvajkada poznat i nepotrošiv (Horvat, 1994.). Pavla V., i Mojsijeva fontana – Fontana dell’ Aqua Felice izgrađena kada je papa Siksto V. otvorio Acqua Felice 1587. godine. RIMSKE FONTANE Gotovo svi poznati rimski trgovi imaju fontane. Na Trgu sv. Petra (Piazza San Pietro) dvije su identične Rimske fontane su lijepe, dekorativne i funkcionalne fontane. Piazza Navona ima prekrasnu Berninijevu ikone Vječnoga grada. Slikari su ih ovjekovječili, pjesnici baroknu Fontanu četiriju rijeka (Fontana dei Quattro ushićeno govorili o njima, skladatelji aranžirali. Pjesnik Shelly je rekao da su rimske fontane same po sebi veličanstvena kombinacija čiste umjetnosti i da je vrijedilo doći ih vidjeti. U Rimu se nalaze neke od najljepših fontana na Fontana della Barcaccia (snimila: B. Beović) Fontana della Dea Roma (snimila: B. Beović) Hrvatske vode 18(2010) 71 67 STRUČNI PRIKAZI Fontana del Nettuno, Piazza del Popolo (snimila: B. Beović) Fontana dell’ Obelisco (snimila: B. Beović) Fiumi) kao glavnu atrakciju. Svaki od četiriju likova na Maria in Domnica je Fontana della Navicella (malog njoj predstavlja jednu od glavnih rijeka tada poznatih brodića), izgrađena od antičke rimske skulpture u 16. kontinenata. st. U dvorištu crkve Santa Sabina voda nadire iz velike Na jugu je manja Fontana del Moro, također maske postavljene u antičkom bazenu. Fontanu Panteon Berninijeva, s Maurom koji se bori s dupinom. Na iz 1575. godine izradio je Jacopo della Porta. Le Quattro sjevernom kraju Neptun se hrve s hobotnicom na fontani Fontane (Četiri fontane) stoje na raskršću brežuljka iz 19.st. Na Piazzi Barberini veličanstveno je Berninijevo Kvirinal od 1593. Među fontanama u parkovima i djelo iz 1642.-1643. Fontana del Tritone s morskim perivojima je Fontana galija (1620.-1621.) u Vatikanu i bogom koji puše u školjku. Fontana dei Cavalli Marini (morskih konjića) iz 1791. u U novije doba veliki su trgovi preoblikovani oko Villi Borghese. fontana. Za Piazzu del Popolo Valadier je imao sjajno oblikovanje (1816.-1820.) s mramornim lavovima i Fontana di Trevi fontanama oko središnjeg obeliska uz još dvije fontane Najveća i najpoznatija fontana u Rimu gotovo u na istočnoj i zapadnoj strani trga. potpunosti ispunjava malenu Piazzu di Trevi. Teatralni Početkom 20. st. otvorena je Fontana delle Naiadi dizajn Nicole Salvija za najveću i najpoznatiju rimsku (nimfa) na Piazzi della Repubblica. Fontana je zbog svojih fontanu završen je 1762. godine. Središnji je lik Neptun senzualnih skulptura izazvala veliki skandal. Fontana okružen dvama Tritonima. Jedan se bori svladati veoma amfora postavljena je na Piazzi dell’ Emporio tijekom neposlušnog „morskog konja“, dok drugi vodi daleko 1920-ih. Isti je umjetnik, Pietro Lombardi, napravio i poslušniju životinju, čime se simboliziraju dvije suprotne Fontanu četiriju tijara iza kolonada Sv. Petra. čudi mora. Na ovomu je mjestu originalno bio završetak U gradu ima i mnoštvo manjih vrlo šarmantnih akvedukta Aqua Virgo izgrađenog 19. g. pr. n. e. Jedan fontana. Na dnu Španjolskih stuba je Fontana della od reljefa na prvoj razini prikazuje mladu djevojku Barcaccia (barka koja propušta) iz 1627. godine; Fontana (legendarnu
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