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Perceptions of Disability: Three Paradigms A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/97369 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications PARTICIPATION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY A Thesis Submitted to the University of Warwick for the degree of PhD Bahadir Celiktemur September 2016 Department of Politics and International Studies iii Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... viii Declaration ............................................................................................................................ viii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 Setting the Stage: The Underlying Problem .............................................................................. 1 The Significance of the Problem .......................................................................................... 3 Thesis and Chapter Outline .................................................................................................. 7 Underlying Philosophy and Methodological Approach ..................................................... 11 Who are people with disabilities? ..................................................................................... 17 Learning Disability Partnership Boards and Meetings ....................................................... 19 Valuing People in Gloucestershire ..................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 27 Deliberative Democracy and the Deliberative Citizen ............................................................... 27 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 27 I. "Deliberative Turns": Exclusion in Theory and Practice .................................................. 29 The First Generation: Normative Beginnings ................................................................. 29 The Second Generation: The Empirical Turn ................................................................. 35 The Third Generation: Deliberative Systems ................................................................. 39 Exclusion in Practice ....................................................................................................... 43 II. The Deliberative Citizen: A New Orientation ................................................................. 50 The Liberal Deliberative Citizen ..................................................................................... 50 From a Liberal to a Caring Orientation .......................................................................... 55 Definitions and Claims of a Caring Orientation .............................................................. 56 Care in Practice .............................................................................................................. 61 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................. 67 Mapping the Discussion: Paradigms and Models of Disability .............................................. 67 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 67 Perceptions of Disability: Three Paradigms ....................................................................... 68 1. Disability associated with a moral condition ............................................................. 69 2. Disability betwixt and between ................................................................................. 70 3. Disability as economic burden ................................................................................... 73 II. Models of Disability........................................................................................................ 73 The Medical Model ........................................................................................................ 74 iv The Social Model ............................................................................................................ 75 Critical Disability Studies ................................................................................................ 80 III. Deliberative Democratic Practices Risk Ableism ........................................................... 88 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................. 94 The Embodiedness of Disability and Deliberation ............................................................... 94 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 94 I. The Body and Embodied Citizenship ............................................................................... 95 Deliberative Democracy is Disembodied ..................................................................... 100 Deliberative Democracy Assumes Normality ............................................................... 103 Disembodiedness and Normality at Work ................................................................... 106 II. Employing Embodiedness for Inclusion ....................................................................... 110 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 123 CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................... 125 Deliberative Perspectives..................................................................................................... 125 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 125 I. Deliberative Competence and Epistemic Superiority of Cognitive Diversity ................ 127 II. Significance of the Embodied Presence of the Disabled for Deliberative Opinion Formation and Transformation........................................................................................ 134 Embodied presence has a transformative effect on the interlocutors’ opinion formation ..................................................................................................................... 135 Embodied presence brings and maintains the perspectives of the disabled .............. 142 Secondary benefits of the embodied presence of people with disabilities ................. 148 III. Translating Presence to Preferences: Practical Implications ...................................... 151 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 160 CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................... 161 Deliberative Spaces ............................................................................................................... 161 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 161 I. Space, Spatiality and People with Disabilities ............................................................... 163 II. The Micro-Spatial Arrangement of the Deliberative Site ............................................ 167 III. The Macro-Spatial Arrangement of the Deliberative System ..................................... 173 Putting Insights into Practice ........................................................................................... 178 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 182 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 184 The Issue Identified and Explored .................................................................................... 184 The Liberal Deliberative Citizen ....................................................................................... 185 The Embodiedness of Disability and Deliberation ........................................................... 187 The Spatiality of Deliberative Sites .................................................................................. 188 v Solutions: An Inclusive Model for Deliberative
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