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D Hiroshima a Sarajevo Pierre Piérart î Wies Jespers D Hiroshimawm J»- a Sarajevo La bombe, la guerre froide et l'armée européenne VflgB- //)N D’Hiroshima à Sarajevo La bombe, la guerre froide et l’armée européenne A la mémoire des 800.000 victimes d’Hiroshima, de Nagasaki et des essais nucléaires. A la mémoire des victimes de la guerre froide et du dépeçage de la Yougoslavie. Dans la même collection: Rik Deville La maladie catholique • Un diagnostic Maurice Verzcle La mort en douceur • Le suicide et l’euthanasie . Pierre Piérart Wies Jespers D'Hiroshima à Sarajevo La bombe, la guerre froide et l'armée européenne Couverture: Compagnie Paul Vcrrept Illustration: Pierre Louis Flouquet «Le massacre des Innocents», 1931-1932 Photocomposition: EPO Impression: EPO © 1995 Auteurs et éditions EPO Editions EPO 20A rue Houzcau de Lehaie 1080 Bruxelles - Belgique Tel: 32 (0)2/414.29.88 Lange Pastoorstraat 25-27 2600 Anvers - Belgique Tél: 32 (0)3/239.68.74 Fax: 32 (0)3/218.46.04 ISBN 2-87262-073-7 D 1995/2204/19 Table des matières Introduction 7 D’Hiroshima... 75 I.Alamogordo 16 Les préparatifs 16 La réalisation à tout prix 22 La bombe sera destinée au Japon 26 Les préparatifs pour Potsdam 27 Alamogordo 31 La nouvelle diplomatie américaine à Potsdam 38 2. Hiroshima 46 Les préliminaires 46 La tragédie 49 Les suites 55 Hiroshima en ruines 57 3. Nagasaki 64 Les préparatifs 64 Le bombardement 65 La fin de la guerre 66 Pourquoi après Hiroshima y a-t-il eu Nagasaki? 67 4. La bombe atomique, catalyseur de la guerre froide 71 Les origines de la guerre froide 71 La bombe atomique, catalyseur de la guerre froide et arme politique de déstabilisation 76 L’Allemagne et la bombe 80 L’encerclement de I’urss 82 La diplomatie de la bombe 88 Séquelles de la guerre froide 89 Conclusions 96 5. Epilogue 101 6. Alternatives à l’escroquerie de la dissuasion 106 Le Traité d’interdiction totale des essais nucléaires 108 Quelles sont les raisons ou les prétextes qui ralentissent les négociations du comité Ad Hoc à Genève? 116 Le Traité de non-prolifération nucléaire 118 L’interpellation auprès de*la Cour internationale de justice sur l’illégalité de l’arme nucléaire 126 La réduction des matières fissiles à usage militaire (ura­ nium enrichi et plutonium) 129 La dénucléarisation de la planète (zones dénucléarisces) 132 ...àSarajevo 137 7. En route vers une puissance militaire nucléaire européenne 138 Sous tutelle américaine (nucléaire) 140 Vers une puissance nucléaire en Europe occidentale? 154 La longue marche vers Maastricht 156 8. L’Allemagne, une grande puissance nucléaire? 175 Introduction 175 Un mythe: l’Allemagne ne veut pas d’armes nucléaires 179 Recherche nucléaire pour les nazis 180 1954: déclaration de renoncement aux armes J atomiques 181 1957: Franz-Joseph Strauss à la recherche d’armes nucléaires pour l’Allemagne 182 1960-1965: les forces nucléaires multilatérales 183 Chronologie 196 Notes 210 Bibliographie 216 Introduction «Il n’y avait aucune nécessité à faire éclater le soleil au-dessus de nous. Vous aurez rallongé la guerre, uniquement pour avoir des cobayes.» Armand Gatti, La Cigogne. Le 5 août 1945, la guerre était sur le point de se terminer au Ja­ pon en dépit des lenteurs diplomatiques des Soviétiques et des Américains à répondre à l’offre nipponne de reddition. Le feu nucléaire perpétré les 6 et 9 août essentiellement sur les popula­ tions civiles de Hiroshima et de Nagasaki et sans aucune raison acceptable est un crime contre l’humanité. Cette infraction à la déclaration de La Haye de 1899, à plusieurs traités et au proto­ cole de Genève de 1925, a modifié radicalement les relations entre les Etats dont la diplomatie est pervertie par cinquante an­ nées consacrées à la course aux armements de destruction mas­ sive. Les armes chimiques et biologiques sont considérées com­ me illégales, seul le nucléaire est toujours officiellement légal, du moins pour les cinq membres permanents du Conseil de Sé­ curité des Nations Unies (Etats-Unis, Russie, Grande-Breta­ gne, France et Chine). Dès le 16 juillet 1945, jour de l’essai nucléaire réussi de Ala- mogordo au Nouveau Mexique, et surtout à partir du 21 juillet, lorsque le président Truman dispose à Potsdam du rapport dé­ taillé sur l’explosion, la politique américaine devient subitement provocante vis-à-vis de l’URSS. En maintenant le secret atomi­ que et en mettant un terme à la coopération avec l’URSS, les Etats-Unis vont déclencher la course aux armements et la guer­ re froide. Aujourd’hui en 1995, la puissance des arsenaux nucléaires re­ présente toujours plusieurs centaines de milliers d’Hiroshima; ces arsenaux restent supérieurs à ce qu’ils étaient en 1970, date de l’entrée en vigueur du Traité de non-prolifération nucléaire dont l’extension a été acceptée le 12 mai 1995 à New York de 7 façon illimitée et quasi inchangée malgré quelques améliora­ tions structurelles. Parmi les physiciens qui ont travaillé à la première bombe atomique, plusieurs étaient des anti-fascistes, convaincus qu’ils portaient ainsi le coup décisif au régime nazi. Plus tard, des chercheurs comme Oppenheimer et Sakharov étaient sincèrement persuadés qu’ils contribuaient au maintien de la paix par la dissuasion. Tous les deux, après quelques années, ont pris conscience de l’absurdité de la guerre froide et l’ont manifesté de différentes manières par des critiques ou même des refus de coopération. Tous les deux ont été placés en ré­ sidence surveillée, le premier sur le territoire des Etats-Unis, le second à Gorki. Aujourd’hui encore, une partie importante des chercheurs en physique qui amalgament le nucléaire civil et militaire sont tou­ jours persuadés qu’il faut conserver la bombe pour le maintien de la paix. Ils prétendent qu’il est impossible de réaliser un dés­ armement nucléaire global parce que toutes les nations de­ vraient y être impliquées et que les moyens de vérification sont aléatoires. On invoque le cas d’un pays hypothétique - en fait Israël - qui serait menacé par un bloc militaire réunissant plu­ sieurs pays ligués contre lui. Dans ce cas, dit-on, une attaque généralisée ne pourrait être neutralisée que par une riposte nu­ cléaire (dans une telle hypothèse, les Etats-Unis interviendrai- nt immédiatement en faveur de leur allié privilégié: Israël). L’on insiste également sur le coût relativement modeste, Dur les pays possesseurs, d’une riposte nucléaire et puis, com­ ale de l’hypocrisie, sur son effet dissuasif vis-à-vis d’une attaque chimique ou biologique. Le maintien d’un arsenal nucléaire se­ rait en outre une mesure de prudence vis-à-vis de pays qui pour­ raient acquérir un tel équipement. L’on imagine même des usi­ nes «ennemies» souterraines produisant des matières fissiles à usage militaire et des armes nucléaires. En résumé, cette pano­ plie d’arguments sert uniquement à démontrer qu’il faut con­ server son armement nucléaire et donc qu’il serait impardonna­ ble de trahir le dogme sacré de la dissuasion. 8 De tels principes ne peuvent que stimuler une course aux ar­ mements sans fin. La production d’armements hypersophisti- qués et nucléaires n’a aucun impact sur le maintien de la paix. Bien au contraire elle attise les conflits et incite à la reprise de la guerre froide. Le Traite de non-prolifération nucléaire qui vient d’être re­ conduit en mai de cette année à New York consacre non seule­ ment l’apartheid entre détenteurs et non détenteurs de la bom­ be mais encore la légalité de ce type d’armement... Quelques améliorations structurelles y ont été apportées grâce aux inter­ ventions des organisations non gouvernementales, de quelques rares gouvernements et du Parlement européen, à l’exclusion du Conseil des Ministres qui s’est contenté d’entériner les direc­ tives de l’OTAN et de l’UEO. Le traité d’interdiction totale des essais nucléaires (titen) scra-t-il signé en 1996? Nul ne le sait, bien que les Etats-Unis fassent apparemment un certain effort dans cette direction. Il est manifeste que les diplomates américains cherchent à figer la situation étant donné leur supériorité acquise dans les nouvelles techniques (simulations, etc...) qui doivent supplanter celle des explosions souterraines. La récente décision du gouvernement français de procéder à de nouveaux essais souterrains montre la détermination de Paris de rattraper son retard dans ce domaine. L’année 1996 pourrait bien être une répétition de 1963 qui a vu le passage des essais atmosphériques aux essais souterrains. La signature prochaine d’un titen ne prépare-t-elle pas une ère d’expériences centrées sur des essais hydrodynamiques ou hydronucléaires, sur la fusion en confinement inerte ainsi que sur une multitude de techniques couplées à des simulations sur ordinateurs? La convention sur les armes chimiques signée solennellement à Paris en janvier 1993 interdit la fabrication, le stockage et l’emploi de ce type d’armes. Par contre l’arme utilisée à Hiro­ shima et Nagasaki est bien légale puisque l’on s’offre le luxe de négocier sur sa fabrication et son emploi lors des discussions sur le TNP et le titen Un avis positif de la Cour Internationale de 9 Justice sur l’illégalité des armes nucléaires, suite à la demande introduite par l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé, serait un ap­ port conséquent pour éliminer ce fléau déstabilisateur générale­ ment présenté comme l’outil indispensable au maintien de la paix. En fait l’hégémonie nucléaire américaine a permis la guer­ re de Corée et du Vietnam. Les cinq puissances nucléaires n’ont toujours pas entamé de discussions en vue d’un traité d’interdiction de production de ma­ tières fissiles à usage militaire.
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