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Antibacterial Evaluation and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Academic Repository of Ethiopia arm Ph ac f ov l o i a g n il r a n u c Fentahun et al., J Pharmacovigil 2017, 5:5 o e J Journal of Pharmacovigilance DOI: 10.4172/2329-6887.1000244 ISSN: 2329-6887 Research Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Antibacterial Evaluation and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Plants against Some Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria in Gozamin District, Ethiopia Fentahun M1, Ayele Yilkal B2*, Amsalu N1, Alemayehu A3 and Amsalu G1 1Department of Biology, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia 2Department of Biotechnology, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia 3Department of Chemistry, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia Abstract Antibacterial activity evaluation and Phytochemical Analysis of aqueous, chloroform, methanol and ethanol crude extracts of thirteen medicinal plants species that were selected based on ethno botanical information on their traditional use were tested for treatment of enteric disease in Gozamin District. The study has been carried out from January 5, 2014 to February 15, 2015. All of these plants were extracted following standard methods (Soaking extraction method and agar-well diffusion) to screen of potential anti-microbial substance. All crude extracts of those medicinal plants were tested against standard reference strains including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium. The highest antibacterial activity (17 mm) was observed from chloroform leaf extract of Eucalyptus globules against E. coli and leaf extract of Verbena officinalis (13.6 mm) extract againstShigella sonnei, followed by methanol leaf extract of Cordia africana (12.8 mm) against E. coli. More over Eucalyptus globules was positive for all bioactive compounds tested except saponins and Verbena officinalis was positive for all bioactive ingredients tested except alkaloids. In general extracts ofEucalyptus globules leaves exhibited the highest potency against E. coli and extract Verbena officinalis showed highest potency against Shigella sonnei. Thus, this study confirmed the alternative sources of medicine for pathogenic enteric bacteria tested. Keywords: Enteric disease; Crude extracts; Phytochemical studies screening, backed by ethnomedicinal data, often leads to the discovery of new lead compounds that can play a role in the global efforts against Introduction pathogens [10]. Plants have not only nutritional value but also, in the eyes of the The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) local people, they have medicinal and ritual or magical values [1] enteric bacterial pathogens have substantially threatened the current Traditional medicinal plants have important contributions in the antibacterial therapy [11]. MDR enteric bacterial infections often lead health care system of local communities as the main source of medicine to increased mortality, longer length of stays in hospitals, and higher for the majority of the rural population. These medical systems are cost of treatment and care [11] and [12]. The therapeutic alternatives heavily dependent on various plant species and plant based products. for these pathogens are extremely limited and physicians are forced Since time immemorial, plants have been indispensable sources of both to use expensive or previously discarded drugs, such as colistin, that preventive and curative traditional medicine preparations for human are associated with significant side effect to the patients’ health [12]. beings and livestock [2]. There are more than 35,000 plant species Therefore, it is necessary to search other potential alternatives that can being used in various human cultures around the world for medicinal be effective in the treatment of these problematic bacterial infections. purpose [3]. In addition to this problem, antibiotics are sometimes associated According to WHO, over 80% of the world’s population relies with adverse effects on the host including hypersensitivity, immune- upon traditional plant-based systems of medicines to provide them suppression and allergic reactions. This situation forced scientists to with primary healthcare [4]. Fransworth and Soejarto [5] also echoed search for new antimicrobial substances. the same with their estimation that 70-80% of people worldwide rely In Ethiopia, medicinal plants have been used as traditional medicine chiefly on traditional, largely herbal medicine to meet their primary to treat different human and livestock ailments by the local people healthcare needs. It is further indicated that herbal medicine is still from time immemorial. Ethiopian plants have shown very effective the mainstay of about 75-80% of the world population, mainly in the developing countries, for primary healthcare. This is primarily because of the general belief that herbal drugs are without any side effects besides being cheap and locally available [6]. *Corresponding author: Yilkal Bezie, Department of Biotechnology, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia, Tel: 09924314799; E-mail: [email protected] Researchers are still searching for the potential antimicrobial Received: October 04, 2017; Accepted October 20, 2017; Published October substances from medicinal plants due to the increasing failure of 27, 2017 chemotherapeutics and antibiotic resistance exhibited by pathogenic Citation: Fentahun M, Ayele Yilkal B, Amsalu N, Alemayehu A, Amsalu G (2017) microorganisms [7]. It is important to note that microbial diseases Antibacterial Evaluation and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal continued to be major threats to the world regardless of efforts and Plants against Some Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria in Gozamin District, Ethiopia. J Pharmacovigil 5: 244. doi:10.4172/2329-6887.1000244 progress in developing modern medicine [8]. The impact of microbial diseases is especially important in developing countries such as Ethiopia Copyright: © 2017 Fentahun M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits where there is limited access to modern drugs and prices are mostly unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the unaffordable when the latter are available [9]. A focused phytochemical original author and source are credited. J Pharmacovigil, an open access journal ISSN: 2329-6887 Volume 5 • Issue 5 • 1000244 Citation: Fentahun M, Ayele Yilkal B, Amsalu N, Alemayehu A, Amsalu G (2017) Antibacterial Evaluation and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Plants against Some Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria in Gozamin District, Ethiopia. J Pharmacovigil 5: 244. doi:10.4172/2329- 6887.1000244 Page 2 of 6 medicinal value for the treatment of virus diseases. Medicinal plants Plant materials and knowledge of their use provide a vital contribution to human and livestock healthcare in the country at large [13]. Due to its long period Plant specimens were collected from gozamin district between 25 of practice and existence, traditional medicine has become an integral June and 26 September 2009, 9 January-20 February 2010, 22 May-27 part of the culture of Ethiopian people. There is a large magnitude of August 2010 and 14 Febraury-7 May 2011. use and interest in medicinal plants in Ethiopia due to acceptability, Selection of medicinal plants accessibility and biomedical benefits [14]. The same is true to people living in gozamen district and hence they are highly dependent on Thirteen medicinal plant species with relatively high informant medicinal plants for their primary healthcare. consensus value for treating infectious diseases in the study area were selected for further antimicrobial activity study [17]. The thirteen plants Antimicrobial evaluation of studies is often significant in revealing were prioritized as common important for the treatment of gastro- locally available and important plant species especially for the discovery intestinal disease in the study area. Local use reports of candidate of crude drugs. In Ethiopia, has a long history of traditional healthcare medicinal plants from the study area were also thoroughly compared system, however studies conducted on the traditional medicinal plants for related ethnomedicinal use reports from other parts of the country are limited when compared with the multiethnic, cultural and flora diversity [15]. Hence this study would contribute to fill the existing gap These plants are (E. globules, Rhamnus prinoides, Verbena officinalis, in determining the antimicrobial effect of selected traditional plants Otostigia integrifolia, Brucea antidisenterica, Sida schimperiana, and to declare bioactive compounds found in each evaluated medicinal Carica papaya, Phytolacca dodecandra, Cordia Africana, Vernonia plants in Gozamin District. amygdalina, Foeniculum vulgare, Withania somnifera, Cymbopogans martini). Therefore the study was necessitated to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of some commonly used potential medicinal plants and its Extraction of plant material via maceration (Soaking) phytochemical test in Gozamen District. This could attribute to Each plant samples were prepared following Panthi and Chaudhary, the effective utilization of natural resources in the locality there by (2006) method of extraction; clean dry (dried under shade) plant transforming the traditional knowledge to scientific way of utilization samples were collected in cotton bags. The material was grinded using of those medicinal plants to be used
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