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Ministry of Education and Training Vietnam Academy Of MINISTRY OF EDUCATION VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AND TRAINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ----------------------------- TA THI BINH STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE BLOTCHED SANKEHEAD Channa maculata (Lacepède, 1801) Major: Zoology Code: 9 42 01 03 The abstract of PhD Thesis in Biology Sciences HANOI– 2020 i THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED AT INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VIETNAM ACADEMY Supervisors: 1. Assoc.Dr. Nguyen Huu Duc 2. Dr. Do Van Tu Examiner 1: … Examiner 2: … Examiner 3: …. The thesis will be defended infront of thesis defense comitee at Institute of Science and Technology-Vietnam Academy at/in …2020. This thesis can be found at: - Institute of Science and Technology Library - Vietnam National Library ii INTRODUCTION Among freshwater fish species, Channidae (belonging to Anabantiformes ordo) are of interest to both international and vietnames researchers due to their large size, delicious meat and high vitality. Many species have been well studied for their biological characteristics, seed production and important aquaculture development in Asian countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, India and Malaysia (Muntaziana et al., 2013). In Vietnam, Channidae has only one Channa genus which comprises 12 species distributed across the country with many different names based on local languages. In particular, the the striped snakehead (C. striata) and the giant snakehead (C. micropeltes) have been extensively studied and developed for aquaculture because of their large size and high economic value (Nguyen Huan and Duong Nhut Long, 2008). Recently, much attention has been paid on biological characteristics and seed production of the forest snakehead (C. lucius) (Tien Hai Ly, 2016), the dwarf snakehead (C. gachua) (Ho My Hanh, 2017). While the blotched snakehead(C. maculata) is a potential species for aquaculture, however, its information of biological characteristics is limmited. There have been a few studies on taxonomy and some biological characteristics of the blotched snakehead as well as preliminary results on artificial seed production (Nguyen Thai Tu, 1983; Mai Dinh Yen, 1978; Nguyen Van Hao, 2005; Nguyen Dinh Vinh et al., 2015; Ta Thi Binh et al., 2015). The study of biological characteristics, a basis for development of artificial breeding techniques and introduction of C. malacuta to aquaculture, is essential to contribute to the diversification of cultured species, maintaining and developing resources, protecting gene pool and preserving biodiversity. According to Pravdin (1973), understanding biological characteristics of a species is an extemely important step to successfully domesticate and introduce the species to aquaculture. Therefore, the project "study on biological characteristics and development of seed production technology for blotched snakehead Channa maculata (Lacepède, 1801)" was carried out to address the above important need. Research objectives: To determine the nutritional, reproductive characteristics of wild blotched snakehead as a scientific basis for developing its breeding and nursery techniques. To establish a number of specifications in the production of blotched snakehead in artificial conditions. Research contents: Study some biological characteristics of the blotched snakehead in the nature : - Nutritional biology - Reproductive biology Development of techniques to produce blotched snakehead seed in artificial conditions: - Broodstock rearing - Spawning stimulation techniques - Nursing of larvae to fry - Nursing of fry to fingerlings 1 CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. CLASSIFICATION According to Eschmeyer (2018), the blotched snakehead C. maculata (Lacepède, 1801) is classified as below: Kingdom Animalia. Phylum: Chordata. Class: Actinopteri. Ordo: Anabantiformes. Sub-ordo: Channoidei. Family: Channidae. Genus: Channa. Species: Channa maculata (Lacepède, 1801) 1.2. Status of research on the blotched snakeheadin the world and in Vietnam 1.2.1. Status of research on the blotched snakeheadin the world The blotched snakehead was discovered before 1900 in Oahu, Hawaii and is widely distributed in Oahu (Yamamoto and Tagawa, 2000). Studies of the distribution characteristics of the blotched snakehead have revealved that this species is distributed in tropical and subtropical countries such as China, Taiwan, the Philippines and North Vietnam. In addition, they have been introduced to Japan, Hawai and Madagascar (Water and James, 2004). In China, Fang Fang et al. (2002) reported that the blotched snakehead was the second most important cultured species and was mainly cultured in Guangdong province. At present, this species is considered to be one of the food sources in Taiwan and Nara, Hyogo, Hiroshima (Japan) and Philippines (Okada, 1960; Liang et al., 1962; Hay and Hodgkiss, 1981; Uyeno and Akai, 1984 cited from Water and James, 2004). Some other studies focused on nutrition, disease and comercial production techniques. For instance, according to Yamamoto and Tagawa (2000), the blotched snakeheadis a predatory species. Chen (2012) isolated the bacteria Aeromonas schubertii in the diseased C. maculata. Ju and Woof (1987) studied the metabolism of C. maculata in the hypoxic conditions. Zhao et al. (2016) evaluated the effect of dietary lipid concentration on the growth, oxidation of liver and serum metabolites of fingerlings which are hybrids of C. argus and C. maculata. Chen (1976) briefly described the comercial production techniques of C. maculata species in Taiwan. 1.2.2. Research status of the blotched snakeheadin Vietnam Currently, there have been few studies on taxonomy, some biological characteristics and comercial seed production. Mai Dinh Yen (1978) reported 4 snakehead species, C. orientalis, C. striata, C. maculata and C. asiatica in Northern Vietnam. Nguyen Van Hao (2005), Mai Dinh Yen (1978) describeed their morphology. While Nguyen Thai Tu (1983); Mai Dinh Yen (1978) and Nguyen Van Hao (2005) described the environment, habits, nutrition, growth and reproduction of of C. maculata. Nguyen Dinh Vinh and Ta Thi Binh (2015) first time investigated some reproductive characteristics of C. maculata in the North Central region of Vietnam. Ta Thi Binh et al. (2015), initially conducted experiments on reproduction of C. maculata under artificial conditions. 2 In general, the results of research on C. maculata have been very limited, therefore, it is necessary to continue basic research on nutrition, reproductive, and especially research should focus on stimulating spawning and developing rearing techniques of fry and fingerlings in order to establishing and stabilizing the seed production technology of C. maculata in the future. Chapter 2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. Study time and location The work described in this thesis was conducted between January 2016 and June 2019. Blotched snakehead were collected in districs Ha Trung, Vinh Loc, Hau Loc, Nga son, Hoang Hoa (Thanh Hoa province). Experiments were conducted at aquaculture lab, School of Agriculture and Resources, Vinh University. Figure 2.2. Location of blotched snakehead sampling 2.2. Materials 2.2.1. Sample 2.2.1.1. Sample used for investigating biological characteristics A totoal of 820 blotched snakehead were collected from fishmen in districs Ha Trung, Vinh Loc, Hau Loc, Nga son, Hoang Hoa (Thanh Hoa province) form January 2016 to June 2018. 2.2.1.2. Sample used for studying seed production - Brood fish: 96 pairs of brood fish (weight >500g/fish) provided by fishmen in Thanh Hoa province, were acclimatised at Hung Nguyen Centre for Freshwater Aquaculture, Vinh University. - Fish larvae: from artificial seed production - Feed: Trash fish, pellets, homemade food. 3 2.3. Methods 2.3.1. Project outline Research contents Study on biological characteristics Development of seed production techniques - Broodstock rearing techniques - Nutritional biology - Spawning stimulation techniques - Reproductive biology - Nursing techniques Nursing techniques Broodstock rearing Induced spawning methods Determin Determin Determin Determin Nursing of larvae Nursing of fry to Induced Induced suitable suitable time for suitble by by to fry fingerlings foods diets injecting time for pituitary hormone male fish injection female fish Determin Determin Determine suitable suitable suitable Determine foods time for stockist suitable changing density diets foods CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION Figure 2.2. Project outline 4 2.3.2. Study methods of biological characteristics 2.3.3.1. Nutritional biology The ratio of intestinal length and trunk length (RLG - Relative Lengh of the Gut) was calculated using the formula of Al-Hussainy (1949). Food components were classified using the methods of Dang Ngoc Thanh et al. (1980), Mai Dinh Yen et al. (1979) and Shirota (1966). The nutritional spectrum of adult fish was determined using the method of Biswas (1993). Dry weight of samples of each food type was determined based on AOAC analysis method (2000). 2.3.3.2. Reproductive biology Gonadal development stages of blotched snakehead samples were determined based on the observation of the shape, size and color of the gonads on a 6-step scale of Xakun and Buskaia (1968). The gonadal histology was performed using the method of Drury and Wallington (1967). Samples were embedded in paraffin, cut into slices then stained with Haematoxyline and Eosin. The Gonadal Somatic Index was determined by the formula of Biswas (1993). Fercunlity was determined based on the egg mass
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