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Lloyd F. Mayer, MD: a Remembrance nature publishing group EDITORIAL Lloyd F. Mayer, MD: a remembrance CO Elson1, EB Chang2 and SA Lira3 loyd Mayer lost a battle against brain cancer on 5 September 2013. At the Ltime of his death, Lloyd held the Dorothy and David Merksamer Professor of Medicine endowed chair and was chief of the Division of Clinical Immunology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York. He was also Co-Director of Mount Sinai’s Immunology Institute, which he had helped to found. A native of New York, Lloyd received his MD from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, trained in internal medicine at New York University, and returned to Mount Sinai for his fellowship in gastroenterology. Lloyd F. Mayer, MD Following that, he spent three years pursuing immunology research as a postdoctoral fellow in Henry Kunkel’s laboratory at Rockefeller University. While Lloyd was a charter member of the in the Kunkel lab and afterward, Lloyd Society for Mucosal Immunology (SMI), utilized a technique to generate human attending most of the International T-cell hybridomas to identify factors and Congresses and co-organizing the 2005 cytokines that stimulated B cells.1 This Congress in Boston. He served the led to the discovery that some individuals SMI in many other roles, including as with common variable immunodeficiency a member of the editorial board of this have defects in T-cell cytokines rather journal and the Board of Councilors. than defects in B cells.2 Common to all Lloyd led by example at Mount Sinai as his work—whether in immunodeficiency, well as in all the organizations in which mucosal immunology, or inflammatory he was active, showing his passion for bowel disease (IBD)—was a primary the field, the joy he took in his work, focus on humans. His talents were quickly generosity with his time and expertise, recognized at Mount Sinai, and one year and his openness and willingness to help after joining the faculty he was named chief others, either as a collaborator or as a of the Division of Clinical Immunology. mentor to young investigators. 1Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; 2Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; 3Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. doi:10.1038/mi.2014.5 MucosalImmunology | VOLUME 7 NUMBER 2 | MARCH 2014 205 EDITORIAL Lloyd received many honors for his expressway, through factory areas and substantive academic, clinical, and railyards, which only a native New research achievements, which have been Yorker could understand. My other main detailed elsewhere.3 Below we present memory of that day was witnessing the vignettes of our personal interactions that art of performing a fusion by centrifuging help to explain why we already miss him. the lymphocytes using an ancient, floor- Undoubtedly, many other colleagues could model centrifuge with the lid open. On contribute similar reminiscences. the inside of the lid was a warning to remove one’s necktie before turning on Charles Elson the procedure—I am sure the warning met Lloyd at a mucosal immunology was based on an unfortunate experience. meeting that I organized in Fort No doubt such special moments will I Lauderdale in the 1980s. He had never occur again in this era of lab-safety just finished postdoctoral fellowship audits. Lloyd was clearly at home in his training in immunology with Henry lab and worked at the bench himself, Kunkel at Rockefeller University and was despite all his other responsibilities. establishing his laboratory as a faculty Over the years, Lloyd and I shared member at Mount Sinai, his alma mater. our latest data and projects, seeking out Lloyd wanted to learn how to isolate cells and trusting each other’s comments from human intestinal resections, which and criticisms, which were always my lab was doing at the time. I invited constructive. I recall walking with Lloyd him to visit and learn the technique in Berlin, where we were attending firsthand. During the visit, he asked a mucosal immunology meeting. I about the condition of the epithelial cells mentioned my plans for a project on (ECs). I had been discarding these cells, oral tolerance in humans and learned assuming that they died rapidly. We that he had already been collaborating went back to the lab, and, much to my with others on such a project. He shared surprise, ECs were readily identifiable details of the protocol with me so that we under the microscope and were mostly could coordinate the effort and ensure viable. Lloyd subsequently did pioneering that the data from the two groups would studies on the immunologic properties be compatible. Using KLH as the test of intestinal ECs (IECs), which led to antigen, my lab reported on the induction a change in paradigm and recognition of selective T-cell, but not B-cell, tolerance after antigen feeding of healthy that IECs are an active partner with the 4 intestinal immune system and critical in humans. Lloyd and his collaborators subsequently discovered a defect of such maintaining mucosal homeostasis. He 5,6 was fond of crediting me with getting him oral tolerance in individuals with IBD. started, but the vision, curiosity, and drive to explore this new area were all his. We Gene Chang remained friends and colleagues over the met Lloyd in 1985, when I was following three decades. visiting Mount Sinai Medical Center I subsequently visited Mount Sinai I as a potential faculty recruit. Lloyd to learn how to generate human T-cell could easily come across as intimidating hybridomas. Lloyd picked me up during just by virtue of his intelligence and morning rush hour, and I was treated nimble mind, but he was actually warm, to his “shortcut” on and off the clogged approachable, and unpretentious. He 206 VOLUME 7 NUMBER 2 | MARCH 2014 | www.nature.com/mi EDITORIAL was engaging and genuine. At the time, to a conceptual shift from thinking of our research interests seemed to be miles cell systems in isolation to integration apart, he being a mucosal immunologist of systems in the physiological and and I an epithelial transport physiologist. pathophysiological contexts. In this Yet we immediately bonded because of his regard, Lloyd was a pioneer because he infectious enthusiasm for science, and in was among the first to recognize the time we formed a relationship that led to importance of studying epithelial and productive interactions, mutual respect, immune cell interactions in human and a lifelong friendship. pathology samples. He mastered the art Lloyd was then just beginning to of isolating and cultivating human IECs investigate the role of gut epithelium as and developed novel coculture systems accessory cells in an immune response, that provided key insights into the functioning as non–professional antigen- pathogenesis of IBD. This led to several presenting cells for CD4+ and CD8+ T important discoveries, such as that of cells.7–10 He was intrigued by the delicate a novel CD8 ligand expressed by IECs, balance between immune activation gp180, that appeared to be defective in and tolerance, and hypothesized that IBD.13 Also, he found that IECs from the gut epithelium had an essential role patients with IBD, but not healthy in directing the gut immune state in a controls, express costimulatory molecules dynamic way that was relevant to both B7h and B7-H1.14 These discoveries are health and disease. This was a radical being applied by many laboratories to departure from the then-prevailing investigate the cause and mechanistic dogma that the IEC was merely the basis of IBD using systems analysis and passive partner or innocent bystander of integration. activated immune processes associated In the course of his brilliant career, with diseases like IBD. As Lloyd and Lloyd mentored numerous outstanding others subsequently showed, the mucosal trainees who have become leaders in the barrier was in fact highly active from an field in their own right. His style was immunological point of view. He showed leading by example, instilling in them that IECs, in addition to processing the same passion and excitement for antigens, secrete a variety of cytokines scholarship and discovery that he had. 11 and chemokines that are now known Lloyd’s legacy will continue through these to be important mediators of immune individuals, as they carry his torch into homeostasis. These ideas greatly the future. influenced our own thinking in the area and drew my lab into the area of IBD and Sergio Lira immune regulation of IECs. With Lloyd, we pursued the y first interaction with Lloyd possibility that gut epithelial–immune happened over the phone—he interactions might be bidirectional and Minvited me to give a talk at that immune cells were involved in the Mount Sinai. My first meeting with him regulation of IEC function. This notion happened a few minutes before the talk, was confirmed when we found that while I was setting up my computer. He several proinflammatory cytokines and introduced himself, and I was surprised mediators did indeed physiologically at how young he looked. He was going to regulate intestinal epithelial transport turn 50 but looked 35. After the talk, we and barrier functions.12 For us, this led went to his very messy office, decorated MucosalImmunology | VOLUME 7 NUMBER 2 | MARCH 2014 207 EDITORIAL with piles of paper, a couple of nice posters and his standing in the gastroenterology (yes, his wife, Jill, put them up), a picture field. This changed quickly. He invariably of Burrill Crohn, pictures of his family, asked questions during seminars, and, on his desk, a fake Häagen-Dazs ice sometimes about very basic stuff.
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