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The Fourth Crusade Was No Different
Coastal Carolina University CCU Digital Commons Honors College and Center for Interdisciplinary Honors Theses Studies Fall 12-15-2016 The ourF th Crusade: An Analysis of Sacred Duty Dale Robinson Coastal Carolina University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/honors-theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Robinson, Dale, "The ourF th Crusade: An Analysis of Sacred Duty " (2016). Honors Theses. 4. https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/honors-theses/4 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College and Center for Interdisciplinary Studies at CCU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of CCU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Robinson 1 The crusades were a Christian enterprise. They were proclaimed in the name of God for the service of the church. Religion was the thread which bound crusaders together and united them in a single holy cause. When crusaders set out for a holy war they took a vow not to their feudal lord or king, but to God. The Fourth Crusade was no different. Proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1201, it was intended to recover Christian control of the Levant after the failure of past endeavors. Crusading vows were exchanged for indulgences absolving all sins on behalf of the church. Christianity tied crusaders to the cause. That thread gradually came unwound as Innocent’s crusade progressed, however. Pope Innocent III preached the Fourth Crusade as another attempt to secure Christian control of the Holy Land after the failures of previous crusades. -
The Well-Trained Theologian
THE WELL-TRAINED THEOLOGIAN essential texts for retrieving classical Christian theology part 1, patristic and medieval Matthew Barrett Credo 2020 Over the last several decades, evangelicalism’s lack of roots has become conspicuous. Many years ago, I experienced this firsthand as a university student and eventually as a seminary student. Books from the past were segregated to classes in church history, while classes on hermeneutics and biblical exegesis carried on as if no one had exegeted scripture prior to the Enlightenment. Sometimes systematics suffered from the same literary amnesia. When I first entered the PhD system, eager to continue my theological quest, I was given a long list of books to read just like every other student. Looking back, I now see what I could not see at the time: out of eight pages of bibliography, you could count on one hand the books that predated the modern era. I have taught at Christian colleges and seminaries on both sides of the Atlantic for a decade now and I can say, in all honesty, not much has changed. As students begin courses and prepare for seminars, as pastors are trained for the pulpit, they are not required to engage the wisdom of the ancient past firsthand or what many have labelled classical Christianity. Such chronological snobbery, as C. S. Lewis called it, is pervasive. The consequences of such a lopsided diet are now starting to unveil themselves. Recent controversy over the Trinity, for example, has manifested our ignorance of doctrines like eternal generation, a doctrine not only basic to biblical interpretation and Christian orthodoxy for almost two centuries, but a doctrine fundamental to the church’s Christian identity. -
The Final Decrees of the Council of Trent Established
The Final Decrees Of The Council Of Trent Established Unsmotherable Raul usually spoon-feed some scolder or lapped degenerately. Rory prejudice off-the-record while Cytherean Richard sensualize tiptop or lather wooingly. Estival Clarke departmentalized some symbolizing after bidirectional Floyd daguerreotyped wholesale. The whole series of the incredible support and decrees the whole christ who is, the subject is an insurmountable barrier for us that was an answer This month holy synod hath decreed is single be perpetually observed by all Christians, even below those priests on whom by open office it wrong be harsh to celebrate, provided equal opportunity after a confessor fail of not. Take to eat, caviar is seen body. At once again filled our lord or even though regulars of secundus of indulgences may have, warmly supported by. Pretty as decrees affecting every week for final decrees what they teach that we have them as opposing conceptions still; which gave rise from? For final council established, decreed is a number of councils. It down in epistolam ad campaign responding clearly saw these matters regarding them, bishop in his own will find life? The potato of Trent did not argue to issue with full statement of Catholic belief. Church once more congestion more implored that remedy. Unable put in trent established among christian councils, decreed under each. Virgin mary herself is, trent the final decrees of council established and because it as found that place, which the abridged from? This button had been promised in former times through the prophets, and Christ Himself had fulfilled it and promulgated it except His lips. -
“Going to Canossa” – Exploring the Popular Historical Idiom
“Going to Canossa” – Exploring the popular historical idiom NCSS Thematic Strand(s): Time, Continuity, and Change (Power, Authority, and Governance) Grade Level: 7-12 Class Periods Required: One 50 Minute Period Purpose, Background, and Context In order to make history more tangible and explain historical references in context, we are tracing common idioms to their historical roots. The popular idiom (at least in Germany/Europe) to indicate reluctant repentance or “eating dirt” is ‘taking the walk to Canossa’ which references the climax of the Investiture Conflict in the 11th century CE culminating in the below scandal between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. In previous classes we have discussed the political structures of the time, the power struggles between Church and state, and the social background leading up to this event. We will illuminate the political/religious situation of interdependence and power- play leading up to this éclat, the climax of the Investiture Conflict, why it was such a big affair for both sides, and how it was resolved, i.e. who “won” (initial appearances). Additionally, the implications for European rule, the relation between secular and religious rulers after Canossa will be considered in the lessons following this one. Objectives & Student outcomes Students will: Examine historical letters between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII regarding the excommunication, pictures depicting the events at Canossa and others (NCSS Standards 2010, pp. 30-31) Apply critical thinking skills to historical inquiry by interpreting, analyzing and synthesizing events of the past (NCSS Standards 2010, pp. 30-31) Understand the historical significance of the Investiture Conflict and the results of the previous and ensuing power politics in Europe (NCSS Standards 2010, pp. -
The Principal Works of St. Jerome by St
NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome by St. Jerome About NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome by St. Jerome Title: NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.html Author(s): Jerome, St. Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) (Editor) Freemantle, M.A., The Hon. W.H. (Translator) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Print Basis: New York: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892 Source: Logos Inc. Rights: Public Domain Status: This volume has been carefully proofread and corrected. CCEL Subjects: All; Proofed; Early Church; LC Call no: BR60 LC Subjects: Christianity Early Christian Literature. Fathers of the Church, etc. NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome St. Jerome Table of Contents About This Book. p. ii Title Page.. p. 1 Title Page.. p. 2 Translator©s Preface.. p. 3 Prolegomena to Jerome.. p. 4 Introductory.. p. 4 Contemporary History.. p. 4 Life of Jerome.. p. 10 The Writings of Jerome.. p. 22 Estimate of the Scope and Value of Jerome©s Writings.. p. 26 Character and Influence of Jerome.. p. 32 Chronological Tables of the Life and Times of St. Jerome A.D. 345-420.. p. 33 The Letters of St. Jerome.. p. 40 To Innocent.. p. 40 To Theodosius and the Rest of the Anchorites.. p. 44 To Rufinus the Monk.. p. 44 To Florentius.. p. 48 To Florentius.. p. 49 To Julian, a Deacon of Antioch.. p. 50 To Chromatius, Jovinus, and Eusebius.. p. 51 To Niceas, Sub-Deacon of Aquileia. -
Apostolic Discourse and Christian Identity in Anglo-Saxon Literature
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository APOSTOLIC DISCOURSE AND CHRISTIAN IDENTITY IN ANGLO-SAXON LITERATURE BY SHANNON NYCOLE GODLOVE DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Charles D. Wright, Chair Associate Professor Renée Trilling Associate Professor Robert W. Barrett Professor Emerita Marianne Kalinke ii ABSTRACT “Apostolic Discourse and Christian Identity in Anglo-Saxon Literature” argues that Anglo-Saxon religious writers used traditions about the apostles to inspire and interpret their peoples’ own missionary ambitions abroad, to represent England itself as a center of religious authority, and to articulate a particular conception of inspired authorship. This study traces the formation and adaptation of apostolic discourse (a shared but evolving language based on biblical and literary models) through a series of Latin and vernacular works including the letters of Boniface, the early vitae of the Anglo- Saxon missionary saints, the Old English poetry of Cynewulf, and the anonymous poem Andreas. This study demonstrates how Anglo-Saxon authors appropriated the experiences and the authority of the apostles to fashion Christian identities for members of the emerging English church in the seventh and eighth centuries, and for vernacular religious poets and their readers in the later Anglo-Saxon period. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am indebted to many people for their help and support throughout the duration of this dissertation project. -
A. Brief Overview of the Administrative History of the Holy See
A. Brief Overview of the Administrative History of the Holy See The historical documentation generated by the Holy See over the course of its history constitutes one of the most important sources for research on the history of Christianity, the history of the evolution of the modern state, the history of Western culture and institutions, the history of exploration and colonization, and much more. Though important, it has been difficult to grasp the extent of this documentation. This guide represents the first attempt to describe in a single work the totality of historical documentation that might properly be considered Vatican archives. Although there are Vatican archival records in a number of repositories that have been included in this publication, this guide is designed primarily to provide useful information to English-speaking scholars who have an interest in using that portion of the papal archives housed in the Vatican Archives or Archivio Segreto Vaticano (ASV). As explained more fully below, it the result of a project conducted by archivists and historians affiliated with the University of Michigan. The project, initiated at the request of the prefect of the ASV, focused on using modem computer database technology to present information in a standardized format on surviving documentation generated by the Holy See. This documentation is housed principally in the ASV but is also found in a variety of other repositories. This guide is, in essence, the final report of the results of this project. What follows is a complete printout of the database that was constructed. The database structure used in compiling the information was predicated on principles that form the basis for the organization of the archives of most modem state bureaucracies (e.g., provenance). -
Book Reviews
BOOK REVIEWS JOHANNES-KOMMENTARE AUS DER GRIECHISCHEN KIRCHE. Edited by Joseph Reuss. Texte und Untersuchungen 89. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1966. From time to time our knowledge of patristic literature is augmented by the discovery of previously unpublished texts, as, e.g., the recent publication of Didymus the Blind's Commentary on Zechariah. There is a less dramatic side to the editing of patristic texts and that is the slow, tedious work of examining the catenae to discover fragments of works of the Fathers. In the case of the exegetical works these fragments frequently provide the only clues we have to the exegetical writings of some Fathers. In the 1930's K. Staab published a large collection of fragments from the commentaries on Paul by the Greek Fathers, other scholars have published fragments of individual exegetical works, and several years ago J. Reuss published the fragments of the commentaries on Matthew of the Greek Fathers. In this present volume he complements the edition of fragments on Matthew by the fragments on the Gospel of John. This work, like the work on Matthew, is a superb piece of scholarship and an outstanding example of how fragments should be edited. The volume includes the following authors: Apollinaris of Laodicea, Theodore of Heraclea, Didymus the Blind, Theophilus of Alexandria, Cyril of Alexandria, Ammonius of Alexandria, and Photius of Costantinople. The bulk of the fragments come from Apollinaris, Theodore, Ammonius, and Photius. From Didymus we have only twenty-one, from Theophilus only one, and twenty-one from Cyril. Cyril is included, though we have almost the full text of his Commentary on John (ed. -
Constructing 'Race': the Catholic Church and the Evolution of Racial Categories and Gender in Colonial Mexico, 1521-1700
CONSTRUCTING ‘RACE’: THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE EVOLUTION OF RACIAL CATEGORIES AND GENDER IN COLONIAL MEXICO, 1521-1700 _______________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________ By Alexandria E. Castillo August, 2017 i CONSTRUCTING ‘RACE’: THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE EVOLUTION OF RACIAL CATEGORIES AND GENDER IN COLONIAL MEXICO, 1521-1700 _______________ An Abstract of a Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________ By Alexandria E. Castillo August, 2017 ii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the role of the Catholic Church in defining racial categories and construction of the social order during and after the Spanish conquest of Mexico, then New Spain. The Catholic Church, at both the institutional and local levels, was vital to Spanish colonization and exercised power equal to the colonial state within the Americas. Therefore, its interests, specifically in connection to internal and external “threats,” effected New Spain society considerably. The growth of Protestantism, the Crown’s attempts to suppress Church influence in the colonies, and the power struggle between the secular and regular orders put the Spanish Catholic Church on the defensive. Its traditional roles and influence in Spanish society not only needed protecting, but reinforcing. As per tradition, the Church acted as cultural center once established in New Spain. However, the complex demographic challenged traditional parameters of social inclusion and exclusion which caused clergymen to revisit and refine conceptions of race and gender. -
The Holy See
The Holy See APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTION PASTOR BONUS JOHN PAUL, BISHOP SERVANT OF THE SERVANTS OF GOD FOR AN EVERLASTING MEMORIAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction I GENERAL NORMS Notion of Roman Curia (art. 1) Structure of the Dicasteries (arts. 2-10) Procedure (arts. 11-21) Meetings of Cardinals (arts. 22-23) Council of Cardinals for the Study of Organizational and Economic Questions of the Apostolic See (arts. 24-25) Relations with Particular Churches (arts. 26-27) Ad limina Visits (arts. 28-32) Pastoral Character of the Activity of the Roman Curia (arts. 33-35) Central Labour Office (art. 36) Regulations (arts. 37-38) II SECRETARIAT OF STATE (Arts. 39-47) 2 First Section (arts. 41-44) Second Section (arts. 45-47) III CONGREGATIONS Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (arts. 48-55) Congregation for the Oriental Churches (arts. 56-61) Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (arts. 62-70) Congregation for the Causes of Saints (arts. 71-74) Congregation for Bishops (arts. 75-84) Pontifical Commission for Latin America (arts. 83-84) Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (arts. 85-92) Congregation for the Clergy (arts. 93-104) Pontifical Commission Preserving the Patrimony of Art and History (arts. 99-104) Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and for Societies of Apostolic Life (arts. 105-111) Congregation of Seminaries and Educational Institutions (arts. 112-116) IV TRIBUNALS Apostolic Penitentiary (arts. 117-120) Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (arts. 121-125) Tribunal of the Roman Rota (arts. 126-130) V PONTIFICAL COUNCILS Pontifical Council for the Laity (arts. -
The Permission to Publish
THE PERMISSION TO PUBLISH A Resource for Diocesan and Eparchial Bishops on the Approvals Needed to Publish Various Kinds of Written Works Committee on Doctrine • United States Conference of Catholic Bishops The Permission to Publish A Resource for Diocesan and Eparchial Bishops on the Approvals Needed to Publish Various Kinds of Written Works Committee on Doctrine • United States Conference of Catholic Bishops The document The Permission to Publish: A Resource for Diocesan and Eparchial Bishops on the Approvals Needed to Publish Various Kinds of Written Works was developed as a resource by the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). It was reviewed by the committee chairman, Archbishop William J. Levada, and has been author- ized for publication by the undersigned. Msgr. William P. Fay General Secretary, USCCB Excerpts from the Code of Canon Law: New English Translation. Translation of Codex Iuris Canonici prepared under the auspices of the Canon Law Society of America, Washington, D.C. © 1998. Used with permission. Excerpts from the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches: New English Translation. Translation of Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium pre- pared under the auspices of the Canon Law Society of America, Washington, D.C. © 2001. Used with permission. First Printing, June 2004 ISBN 1-57455-622-3 Copyright © 2004, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmit- ted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, with- out permission in writing from the copyright holder. -
The Ancient History and the Female Christian Monasticism: Fundamentals and Perspectives
Athens Journal of History - Volume 3, Issue 3 – Pages 235-250 The Ancient History and the Female Christian Monasticism: Fundamentals and Perspectives By Paulo Augusto Tamanini This article aims to discuss about the rediscovery and reinterpretation of the Eastern Monasticism focusing on the Female gender, showing a magnificent area to be explored and that can foment, in a very positive way, a further understanding of the Church's face, carved by time, through the expansion and modes of organization of these groups of women. This article contains three main sessions: understanding the concept of monasticism, desert; a small narrative about the early ascetic/monastic life in the New Testament; Macrina and Mary of Egypt’s monastic life. Introduction The nomenclatures hide a path, and to understand the present questions on the female mystique of the earlier Christian era it is required to revisit the past again. The history of the Church, Philosophy and Theology in accordance to their methodological assumptions, concepts and objectives, give us specific contributions to the enrichment of this comprehensive knowledge, still opened to scientific research. If behind the terminologies there is a construct, a path, a trace was left in the production’s trajectory whereby knowledge could be reached and the interests of research cleared up. Once exposed to reasoning and academic curiosity it may provoke a lively discussion about such an important theme and incite an opening to an issue poorly argued in universities. In the modern regime of historicity, man and woman can now be analysed based on their subjectivities and in the place they belong in the world and not only by "the tests of reason", opening new ways to the researcher to understand them.