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'Success' Stories, Government Public Relations, and the Resettlement Of ‘Success’ Stories, Government Public Relations, and the Resettlement of South East Asian Refugees in Canada 1979-1980 by Madison Gateman Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia May 2020 © Copyright by Madison Gateman, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iv List of Abbreviations Used ............................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ vi Chapter One: Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1: South East Asian Refugees in Canada ..................................................................... 3 1.2: Postwar Refugee Policy ........................................................................................... 9 1.3: Historiography ....................................................................................................... 12 1.4: Project Parameters and Outline.............................................................................. 16 1.5: Methodology and Sources ..................................................................................... 18 1.6: A Note on Terminology ......................................................................................... 19 Chapter Two: Public Opposition to the Refugee Program ......................................... 21 2.1: Gallup Polls............................................................................................................ 21 2.2: Context for the Opposition .................................................................................... 29 2.3: Refugees as an Economic Threat ........................................................................... 30 2.4: Refugees as a Racial Threat ................................................................................... 34 2.5: Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 39 Chapter Three: The CEIC Responds: Public Relations Strategy .............................. 41 3.1: Purpose of the Strategy .......................................................................................... 42 3.2: Countering the Media ............................................................................................ 43 3.3: Features of the Strategy ......................................................................................... 45 3.4: ‘Success’ Stories .................................................................................................... 53 3.5: Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 55 Chapter Four: Canadians in the Newsletter ................................................................. 56 4.1: Acknowledging Backlash ...................................................................................... 56 4.2: Support from Individual Citizens .......................................................................... 63 4.3: Support from Businesses ....................................................................................... 66 4.4: Support from Governments ................................................................................... 68 4.5: Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 72 Chapter Five: Refugees in the Newsletter ..................................................................... 74 5.1: Clash of Cultures ................................................................................................... 75 ii 5.2: Abandoning Culture, Embracing Culture .............................................................. 79 5.3: Grateful Refugees .................................................................................................. 81 5.4: Economically Successful Refugees ....................................................................... 82 5.5: Refugees as Employees ......................................................................................... 84 5.6: Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 89 Chapter Six: Conclusion ................................................................................................ 91 6.1: Measuring ‘Success’ .............................................................................................. 94 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 97 iii Abstract Between July 1979 and May 1980, the Canadian Employment and Immigration Commission undertook an extensive public relations campaign related to the resettlement of South East Asian refugees in Canada. This thesis sheds light on the origins and functions of this campaign, and examines how it emerged as a response to high levels of anti-refugee and anti-Asian racism within Canada. Through a critical reading of the most significant component of the strategy, the Indochinese Refugee Newsletter, this thesis reveals how the campaign repeatedly framed Canadians as naturally and wholeheartedly supportive of the refugee program, and South East Asian refugees as grateful beneficiaries of this generosity and inclusion. It argues that this essentializing narrative obscures the country’s divided response to the South East Asian resettlement program, the complexities of resettlement, and the many occasions when Canada did not respond to the arrival of migrants with open arms. iv List of Abbreviations Used AV Audio-Visual CEIC Canadian Employment and Immigration CFB Canadian Forces Base CIHS Canadian Immigration Historical Society CPRS Canadian Public Relations Society DND Department of National Defence GAR Government Assisted Refugee NCC National Citizens’ Coalition NGO Non-Governmental Organization PR Public Relations PSR Privately Sponsored Refugee RLO Refugee Liaison Officer SSEA Secretary of State for External Affairs (Foreign Minister) UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees v Acknowledgments First, thank you to my supervisor, Dr. Ajay Parasram, for your wisdom and guidance on this project. You have valued and supported my ideas since day one, even when I went meandering down dozens of endless winding roads, and I am forever grateful for that. You gave me the space that I needed to come to my own conclusions, all the while challenging me to think bigger, to critically examine my own assumptions, and to ask the really important questions. In my pursuit of the answers, I could have done no better in a supervisor. I also would like to thank my other committee members, Dr. Shirley Tillotson and Dr. Rachel Brickner. Thank you for taking the time to read this project and for pushing my work further. Thank you as well to the Department of History for the stimulating research environment they have fostered. Colin Mitchell, Valerie Peck, and Tina Jones have helped me in immeasurable ways. Thank you to the staff at Pier 21, Library and Archives Canada, and the Carleton University Archives for their support of my primary source research. Thank you especially to Heather Leroux for going above and beyond for me on countless occasions. Most of the documents utilized within this project were organized by the Canadian Immigration Historical Society for their 2017 publication of Running on Empty. Thank you to everyone involved in that project, you have laid an excellent foundation for future research on Canada’s resettlement of South East Asian refugees. Thank you to “the Master’s cohort” for the support you have provided me throughout this degree. I feel incredibly lucky to have had gone through this process with all of you. Thank you also to Katherine Crooks for the laughs, friendship, and guidance. I would not be who I am today without the boundless support of my wonderful, loud, big family. Thank you to every one of you. Dad, Kathy, Kevin, and Mom, thank you for always believing in me. Calling you feels like coming home, and it is a joy to be your daughter. To my sisters, you are my best friends and greatest inspiration. Last but certainly not least, thank you to Gabriel, my partner and anam cara. You supported this project from the beginning, you re-assured me when I doubted if I could finish it, and you ever-so-gently adjusted my shoulders when I hunched over my screen for too long in the final stages of writing. Thank you for your love, it is woven into the fabric of everything I do. vi Chapter One: Introduction Between 1979 and 1980, over 60,000 refugees from South East Asia were resettled in Canada.1 Of this group, 25,978 were government-assisted refugees, 32,281 were resettled under the newly launched Private Sponsorship Program, and an additional 1,790 were sponsored by relatives in Canada.2 This was the highest number of refugees per capita resettled by any country in the world during this period, and was one of the largest single refugee intakes in Canadian history to date.3 In 1986, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees awarded the Nansen Medal, the refugee equivalent of the Nobel Prize, to the ‘People of Canada’ in recognition of their resettlement efforts and their
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