Paramita:Paramita: Historical Historical Studies Studies Journal, Journal, 27 27(1), (1), 20172017: 1-9 ISSN: 0854-0039, E-ISSN: 2407-5825 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v27i1.9184

A DISPUTE OVER LAND OWNERSHIP IN DAMPELAS: HEGEMONY OF AND BANAWA

Lukman Nadjamuddin History Education Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Tadulako University

ABSTRACT ABSTRAK

This study affirms that the core issues of the Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa isu-isu inti land ownership disputes case in Dampelas dari kasus sengketa kepemilikan tanah di wila- region can be acknowledged, where land own- yah Dampelas dapat diakui, di mana ership is envisaged in the context of social, kepemilikan tanah ini dipertimbangkan dalam cultural and economic value. This research konteks nilai sosial, budaya dan ekonomi. employs a historical method in which the Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah di source, including books, journals, archives, mana sumber, termasuk buku, jurnal, arsip, newspapers contemporaries, and research re- koran sezaman, dan hasil penelitian. sults. This study aims to explain the existence Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan Dampelas which in the past was part of the Dampelas keberadaan yang di masa lalu ada- Celebes Afdeling Midden located between two lah bagian dari Afdeling Midden Celebes ter- reigns, namely the Kingdom of Banawa in letak di antara dua pemerintahan, yaitu Kera- Donggala and Dutch East Indies in Batavia jaan Banawa di Donggala dan Hindia Belanda through their representatives in and di Batavia melalui perwakilan mereka di Ma- . In the late nineteenth and early kassar dan Manado. Pada akhir abad kesembi- twentieth century, this area became an im- lan belas dan awal abad kedua puluh, daerah portant part of the Dutch East Indies in Bana- ini menjadi bagian penting dari Hindia Bel- wa. The Dutch tried to take over the manage- anda di Banawa. Belanda mencoba untuk ment of the potential of forest products mengambil alih pengelolaan potensi hasil hu- Dampelas, without giving concessions to in- tan Dampelas, tanpa memberikan konsesi digenous groups. In the reign of King La- kepada kelompok masyarakat . Pada masa marauna, Kingdom of Banawa successfully pemerintahan Raja Lamarauna, Kerajaan suppress Dampelas without the cost and bur- Banawa berhasil menekan Dampelas tanpa den of war. biaya dan beban perang.

Keywords: Land ownership, hegemony, war Kata kunci: kepemilikan tanah, hegemoni, perang

Author correspondence Email: [email protected] 1 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 27(1), 2017

INTRODUCTION The focus of this study has not got much Dampelas as part of the history of Dong- attention of Indonesian historians The gala District has rarely been discussed and focus of this study has not got much atten- very few studies conducted to clarify its tion from the Indonesian historians. Politi- history. Furthermore, history has not been cal competition continues in the region, a part of Dampelas people's public lives, which impact on the socio-cultural rela- making it is difficult to map the events in tions, so both these issues become a the region. Moreover, Dampelas is now source of the problem in Dampelas. By only a small region located on the west this study, the researcher would claim that coast of Donggala District, so Dampelas is the root causes of land disputes in underestimated in the history of Central Dampelas can be acknowledged, where . Several books and research re- land ownership is envisaged in the context sults regarding has not of social, cultural and economic value been much mention of the existence of a (Purwanto, 2014: 27). community that speaks Dampelas lan- The purpose of this research is to guage has a significant influence on the describe a social development of civilization of people of Central Sulawesi. Dampelas in the context of its history, be- The dynamic of such resistance can fore and after the colonial intervention. be analyzed through a historical approach. Dampelas, as a separate part of regional The dynamic of the region’s history is a unities like Tolitoli or Donggala, shows a major source of analysis in this paper with special case in its response to the change the reference to the argument of Bambang that made as a result of outside interven- Purwanto, who states that: tion. It is important to explore it because In , the agrarian affair is a there is a trend among Dampelas people political and humanitarian issue. The to express their local identity that leads to agrarian issues basically concerns with an administratively separated area. the “power” over all elements involve in the agrarian lives by each party that RESEARCH METHOD involved in. At this level, it can be said that agrarian affairs are a product of This research is historical one. So the relation and interrelation among peo- method used in this research is historical ple, state, and environment that making prochedure. The method, based on a doc- land and control as the core problem umentary qualitative research, is consisted (Purwanto, 2014: xv). of four steps: heuristic , critic, interpreta- tion, and reconstruction. As Garraghan The ruling party is the dominant power in (1957:33) said “a system of right proce- the land tenure. However, it was not ap- dure for the attainment of historical plicable generally. Interesting cases of the truth”. So, following the above mentioned land ownership dispute over in Dampelas quotation, the target of historical research continues contested between society and is to attain a historical truth in a written ruling party since the colonial era up to form, as a result of reconstruction process the period post-Indonesia's independence. based on historical sources. According to Laksmi Savitri that: Historical sources in this research In general, in Indonesia, the types of are consisted of some archives or docu- agrarian crisis are: (1) conflicting claims ments, books, journals, contemporary and ownership of land and other agrari- mass media and some previous research an resources; (2) community lost their rapports on Dampelas. The first step is to control over land and other agrarian explore, to find and to select them for data resources; (3) limited access for people with economic resources and liveli- verification. Their accuracy is a priority. hoods; 4) limited self-control and self- After verification process, data will be cri- management over the process of ecolog- ticized (Notosusanto, 1978: 38-39). Next, ical destructive. (Lutfi, 2012: vi-vii). interpretation is made for getting a histori- cal fact. The process is a typology of his-

2 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 27(1), 2017 torical research to reconstruct a phenome- cle is more an official rapports than an non from the past (Wasino, 2016). analysis, because it offers some descrip- tion about a fact, without an in-depth RESULT AND DISCUSSION study by any researcher. There are some historians and researchers In this article, Dampelas was said as who made any research on the topic, geo- an administrative and cultural unit under graphically of thematically. The majority Donggala, as a capital of district in the of them is Dutch, and they published their Dutch’s territorial administrative struc- rapport in Dutch, because they did it in ture. It is interesting that Dampelas was the colonial period. Albert C. Kruyt, one under Tolitoli but Donggala or Banawa, a of them, is a Christian missionary in Cen- traditional political unit before the tral Sulawesi who made an anthropologi- Dutch’s establishment. According to the cal research on the people of his mission rapport, Dampelas was a densely populat- field. The field included the area stretch to ed area among another. However, most Tolitoli in the north and Mamuju in the people in Dampelas was called as under south (Kuyt & Adriani, 1950). Dampelas, develop, at least comparing to the other. as a part of Tolitoli, could be classified So Dampelas was an arm area. Even as it into this area anthropological study. is said that the Dampelas people lived as a Through his approach of the cultural, and primitive one. It can be seen from their language aspect, Kruyt analyzed a socio- weapon and their lifestyle with hunting culture and kinship among the native peo- and gathering the forest’s products ple in this area, included Dampelas. He (Bijdragen tot de Koninklijk Instituut voor In- tried to separate between new structures dische Taal, Land en Volkenkunde , that established by a colonial regime, and 1905:515). an original structure based on a patron- Another literary from under Dutch client tie. So, Kruyt could offer any de- journal was published in 1898. As the one scription about an original cultural and before, Dampelas in this article is a sec- socio-kinship among the people of Central ondary object. The focus of article is on Sulawesi. maritime military operation by the Dutch Although very detailed and thor- in its pacification process for Buiten- ough in his analysis, Kruyt made a great gewesten (the outer islands) in the late mistake. He called all the people inhabited nineteenth century. A part of this article the area as Toraja. Meanwhile people who described a maritime landing operation of lived in some regions of this area as Dong- Dutch marine personnel on Dampelas gala, Palu, Parigi, Tolitoli and Dampelas coast. But it is interesting that the author classified as Kaili people. It differs from called Dampelas as a part of Tolitoli, not Toraja anthropologically, culturally and Donggala or Banawa ( Marineblad , 1889: politically. Ironically, Kruyt called Toraja 472). It is more right than the other above for the people who inhabited in Mamuju article, that classified Dampelas under and north of also as Tora- Donggala. ja, as they are called today. The last one is David Henley’s The next literary is an article pub- work, Fertility, Food, and Fever: Popula- lished in a classic cultural journal of the tion, Economy and Environment in North Dutch, Bijdragen tot Konoklijk Instituut voor and Central Sulawesi 1600-1930 (Hanley, Indische Taal, Land en Volkenkunde, pub- 2005). Henley’s research has a focus on lished by Konoklijk Instituut voor Indische social history, with priority on demo- Taal, Land en Volkenkunde , Dutch’s royal graphic and medical history. His spatial institute for indonesian’s language, geo- scope is a region of North and Central Su- grafi, and ethnography studies. The article lawesi, included area Tolitoli and talked about Donggala area, as a part of Dampelas. He described how the social Central Sulawesi (Midden Celebes) change was happened among the people afdeling (administrative district). This arti- in this region because of modern technical

3 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 27(1), 2017 system in healing disease and in increas- linese, Torajanese, etc (Nur, 2010: 28-29). ing a quality of life. With his temporal There are three things that can be scope for more than three centuries, he explained through the above story: Firstly , tries to explore the basic cause underlying there is a pattern of migration that are gen- such social change. erally applicable in Central Sulawesi. Although he mentions Dampelas Mountains are important residential areas only one time in his book, his description important for the community, especially about the region can be used as a back- in the folklores, so that cultural and histor- ground for understanding the context of ical stories associated with the mountains historical and social change among the are considered to have high value. Thus, it local people. It can be related to a local believed that people who live on moun- change in Dampelas for contemporary taintops will have a privileged position in period. Henley is right to explain about society. Similarly with their descendants the social change in a demographic sector who continue to perpetuate the story and that related to some traditional values. hope that social status is well maintained. The relation will be confirmed in this arti- Secondly , no one should be surprised cle. if the Dampelas people who live in Bulur The history of Dampelas is difficult Sitangke moved to Kampung Talaga. This to track, but a research conducted by is a common phenomenon in Central Su- Riska Nur Fadliah gives some ideas as: lawesi that the settlement was originally According to the ancestor’s story, located in the mountains, then moved to Dampelas was once a wilderness area. the beach area. For the case in Dampelas, The ancestors of To Dampelas or before arriving at the beach, people have Dampelas People originally settled in found Lake Talaga, an area that has met Bulur Sitangke or Mount Sitangke that is the basic need of the people since it is suit- near Hano Ngapang or Lake Village. Over able for cultivation and abundance of wa- time the population grew in number, ter resources. hence, some villagers moved from the Thirdly , displacement is not only a mountains and open up new areas around long trip of a society but also a way to find Mount Sitangke. The first area which is new land for cultivation. In addition, it is home To Dampelas or Dampelas People also possible to avoid outbreaks of disease was Ngapang Talaga or Kampung Tala- and avoid attacks from other groups. ga. Dampelas is the name of the native Moving from one place to another has tribe in the region, which later became the become a tradition at the Dampelas since name of a district. The people who inhabit one of the agrarian traditions is that the the region throughout this district is To community move from one location to Dampelas or Dampelas people, so this another. The more often they move, the area is called Dampelas sub-district. Based more likely they vast agricultural land. on ancestor’s story, the word Dampelas In connection with the Lake derived from Dampelas (the language of Dampelas, there is a folk tale that explains Dampelas tribe) which consists of two syl- its history that a myth of demigod mighty lables, namely Dampe and Las. Dampe of the land of Bugis, Sawerigading, should means Fruits and Las meaning sincere. end his journey in Tano Dampelas. Ac- So Dampelas is interpreted as ''Fruit cording to the story, Sawerigading sailing of sincerity''. The word Dampelas is used in the Makassar Strait with his fleet and to name the District to illustrate that the stranded in Tano Dampelas because of native of Dampelas sub-district is storms. All soldiers and loyal followers Dampelas tribe. Now, there are many were killed, except Sawerigading. In des- tribes inhabit in this area, whether due to peration for help, suddenly Sawerigading inter-tribal marriages and migrant com- met an old man. The old man already munities, such as Buginese, Kailinese, knew what happened to Sawerigading and Mandarnese, Javanese, Lomboknese, Ba- his fleet. Therefore, the old man suggested

4 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 27(1), 2017 to Sawerigading to use the remnants of his lake. In another section, the first story also magical powers. The goal is to revive his gives an overview of the patterns of migra- loyal militias. Once Sawerigading finished tion in Central Sulawesi, from the moun- reciting the magic spell, he managed to tain to the valley and ends at the settle- revive 7 people, while the old man is able ment on the edge of the water, either on to revive the whole army, and companion the beach, river or lake. The second story, Sawerigading. Sawerigading wept before is on political story, which explains the the wise old man, asking forgiveness for power system prevailing in Dampelas in his arrogance and ask him to allow Sa- the later period, especially after migration werigading and his fleet to return to his of Bugis people of South Sulawesi after hometown. However, as a condition of his the treaty of bongaja in Central Sulawesi, request, Sawerigading was required to including Dampelas. take a dip in the middle of Lake Dampelas Treaty of Bongaya was signed by for 7 days and 7 nights and he must drink Hasanuddin of Gowa Sultanate 7 gulps of water. Once completed the and Colonel Speelman represented magical requisite, Sawerigading with his Verenigde Ost-Indie Compangnie (VOC) on troops went back to their homeland Friday November 18, 1667. Article 17 (“ Mematok Batas di Danau Dampelas” , states that the Sultan of Gowa must waive 2012). his right to the islands of Sula and other By reading the above story, we find islands under ’s control, such Se- a historical message that people of layar, Muna and whole and entire areas Dampelas have political relations even on the east coast of Sulawesi, ranging kinship with the land Bugis (). Since from Sanana to Manado, Banggai islands, the eighth century, when the story Saweri- Gapi and others islands located between gading written, Dampelas has become Mandar and Manado as Lambagi, Kai- part of the Buginese maritime route. If we dipan, Buol, Tolitoli, Dampelas, Balaes- contemplate a short line of story, there are ang, Silensak, and Kaili (Patunru, 1983: two things that can be learnt: Firstly , the 51-53). This statement actually explain the above story is a confirmation of the exist- fact that the areas on the west coast, such ence of the Buginese in Dampelas. Their as Dampelas, was not under the direct existence in Dampelas can be traced since control of the sultanate, but rather as a seventeenth century. Dampelas is the end regional influence of Gowa. of Sawerigading journey, indicating that Post-treaty of Bongaya, Dampelas this region is the last stop of a cruise at the still remain free, Dampelas was out of time; VOC control. This situation continued Secondly , the waters of Lake until the end of the XIX century. In an old Dampelas as the source of life. Legendary map of the island of Sulawesi, made in figures such as Sawerigading, made the 1775, Dampelas called Dampellas. In the lake water as a medicine and a source of book Ecology of Sulawesi, written in strength. This story can be seen as a con- 1795, Dampelas was written Dumpa- ception of life in Dampelas. Lake, does lus. In this map, there are lots of error in not just contain water, but give a lot of writing the name or designation of actual useful things for human life. Such position area (Whitten et.al , 1987: 93). This state- also explains that surrounding of the lake ment explains that there are political struc- was inhabited by people of Dampelas. A tures in the Makassar Strait at that mo- group of people whom met Sawerigading, ment. and Bugis people who migrate to the thus Almost all of the maps of Sulawesi area. mention the existence Dampelas on the The first story explains the existence north side of the Strait of Makassar. The People of Dampelas who "called" as the maps, for instance, made by Isaak de inventor of the lake Dampelas, thus enti- Graaf (1700), Gerit de Haan (1760), Ri. tled to the potential resource around the Wilkinson and A. Arrowsmith (1794),

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David Woodard (1805), JS Van den Bosch system of government comes from the (1818), Baron Von Derfelden van Hinder- . It explains that a stein GF (1848), Baron P. Melvill van long time before Kingdom of Banawa and Canbee (1848), C. Graandijk Et JF Dutch East Indie claim this region, Niermever (1909), W. Van Gellder (1916- Dampelas had had a special relationship 17), and Bonstra Van Heerdt and L. We- with the Sultanate of Ternate. Based on ber (Haliadi-Sadi, 2011: 38-46). Then, the the analysis of the author, it can be said maps made after the maps that have been that Dampelas got indirect effect of mentioned previously also describe the Ternate through olongian Moutong circumstances surrounding territories Tinombo. Moreover, for years, they had Dampelas. This is confirmed Gusti Asnan close relationship. Hand in hand to face that the map is a product of culture, so the the challenge, although Dampelas did not map is a dynamic. A map always refers to openly help Moutong against the Dutch other maps that make a change to its East Indie. In the end, Dampelas become form, format and quality of the maps a member of an association of Pitunggota (Asnan, 2011: 27-35). Banawa, but in customs and language, When looking at and studying a more closely associated with the area Toli- map of Dampelas, it results two assump- toli and Tomini ( Himmelmann, 1996) . tions that the maps deals with the political To strengthen its position on the sur- rulers and as a source of information rounding area, in addition to its strategic about the region. In addition, Map was location in the northern Gulf of Palu, and made by a ruler for ensuring the region a strong social and economic life, Magau under his control. Dampelas which for Dampelas seeks to strengthen their power centuries was not charted became one of to the region Boja (part of Pitunggota) and the interesting subjects of topography es- the native rulers in Tolitoli through matri- pecially after the 1900s. Thus, the map mony. It is particularly to overcome the became one of the history sources in the threat of Lasa Banawa, the mid- writing of conducting this research. nineteenth century (Junarti, 2004: 70). Folklore confirmed status, however, if we look at structure of power in Discussion Dampelas, it seems that Dampelas under Dampelas was incorporated in Afdeling the influence of Ternate. Dampelas Midden Celebes that was between the two regional capital is the village of Rano powers, Kingdom of Banawa in Donggala Dampelas. Dampelas system of and the Dutch East Indie in Batavia government headed by a magau aided by through their representatives in Makassar a jogugu (executor of the king's orders), and Manado. Being pinched between two sangaji (the person who carried out the big powers, limited the independence of orders of the king adviser), and a sea people of Dampelas. In the late nineteenth captain (the person who is authorized to and early twentieth century, this region regulate the coast for shipping affairs). becomes one important part of the Dutch Position magau in Dampelas was down to East Indies in Banawa. The Dutch tried to the eldest son, or a male member of the take over the processing of the potential of closest relatives of magau if there was no forest products in Dampelas as argued by son of magau qualified for the position. Juniarti that after taking over forest man- The nobles relatives magau together high- agement rights of indigenous rulers in level officials at the court establish an ad- Banawa, the Dutch government bought visory board on important issues (like up logging concessions and harvesting to waging war, make peace, the marriage of the highest bidder. Banawa logging area the king and his family) provide advice centered around Dampelas divided into and information to the king (Junarti, plots concessions like Levono, Mafida, 2004: 69). and Kaliburu with concession rights hold- The biggest possibility is that such a ers Lamerts van Bueren in Batu Suya

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(Junarti, 2004: 33). monarch of Bale's mother, invited King The above ecplanation illustrates Dampelas and Balaesang to break away that the area was a potential in forestry. from the federation pitunggota against This business is owned by a European Banawa ruler at the time, Lasa Banawa. businessman, which means that at that Isompa attempt failed and even ended in a time there have been no indigenous entre- battle between supporters of Lasa Banawa preneurs engaged in the plantation. This and supporters, and he was killed. can be seen as the result of policy of The incident did not stop the con- Dutch East Indie government, which flict, since the early nineteenth century made difficult for the Dutch to give con- position of Banawa monarch was contest- cessions to indigenous groups. Although ed by descendants of Ganti and Bale. different from the situation at the begin- Ganti, as the biggest village of the entire ning of the twentieth century, but in the federation of Pitunggota, have the power present, the natural resources of Lake to enforce its authority. Instead, Bale Dampelas has its own charm. This is invit- managed to attract members of the inde- ing outsiders to possess the land. pendence federation, such Balaesang, There are three trigger movements Dampelas and Sojol and allied with the to possess the land namely: the value of Bugis colony in Donggala. One proof of land use, the perspective of the land, and this alliance is a marriage relationship be- the land as a means of modernization tween Aru Bale Isompa with a daughter of (Fatma, 2012). The demand for land is Dampelas in 1830 to secure the force as- increasing in the modern era and many sistance in his battle against Lasa Banawa, modern facilities built on vacant land, but monarch Banawa of Ganti (Junarti, 2004: since a long time ago,, the land has been 36). claimed by someone. Land problems are The request of King of Banawa sent not only about a lack of land area to build to Dutch East Indie ask for help to sup- magnificent and luxurious buildings, but press Dampelas, was part of the political also the burial ground had been traded. king of Lamarauna during his reign, 1903- Therefore, the value of land sales continue 1926. Dampelas was be subdued with no to rise over time, so that may be the rea- cost and burden of war as a result of the son why dispute over land often occurs, death of the soldiers can be avoided. How- ownership is very important in society. ever, until now, most of the officials’ The perspective of the land was also a trig- Dampelas in the past and their descend- ger land disputes. In some communities in ants never admit that their region was Indonesia, they see that land as the main once conquered by Banawa source of life. This conception is a heredi- Kingdom of Banawa kingdom tried ty "thought" which passed from genera- to maintain its control over the territory. tion to generation. Even, in administra- Moreover, position of Dampelas in the tion of a country, the land continues to be structure of the Kingdom of Banawa was critical (Li, 2012: 226-227). outside the alliance. Kingdom of Banawa There were several conflict issues in has Pitunggota Traditional Council which the relationship between Dampelas and confirms that the kingdom as a form of Banawa these conflicts had been started to territorial integrity, with a system of direct the twentieth century, as stated by Juniarti and indirect government (autonomy). that a conflict between Bale and Ganti These autonomous regions were united descent occurred on the succession of the into one confederation. In this context, Kingdom Banawa throne at the end of the Dampelas was in a position as an autono- eighteenth century. This conflict triggered mous region that was not directly under by the seizure of the King Banawa posi- the Kingdom of Banawa, but its local au- tion in which according to tradition must thorities was able to regulate and manage be inherited from the monarch of Ganti. their region and their society ( De Tijd , 19 Isompa, the eldest son of Laboge, Banawa October 1896). Pitunggota is an advisory

7 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 27(1), 2017 body to the King of Banawa, and the advi- Marriages between Lamarauna with sory body included the leaders of region. the daughter of Magau Dampelas, caused Besides Dampelas, the area under the au- Dampelas become part and controlled by thority of Banawa is Balaesang, and Sojol the Kingdom of Banawa. However, the (Junarti, 2004: 69). autonomy of Dampelas was still acknowl- Dampelas history, reinforce its posi- edged, and Magau Dampelas maintained tion among Sojol (in the north) and Ba- their position as a symbol of government. laesang (in the south), two other kingdoms But then, Lamarauna pressed the royal that they rejected to be controlled under family of Dampelas ( Bataviaasch Nieu- Kingdom of Banawa. However, the Dutch wsblad, February 6, 1906: 2) which causing East Indie incorporate these three areas some of Dampelas royal family migrate to into their authority after a conflict be- Moutong. Substitution of Magau position tween these three kingdoms with the based on paternal line (Junarti, 2004: 69) Dutch East Indie. Dampelas rejection of and this is the main cause of a dispute be- the hegemony Banawa continues tween Dampelas and Kingdom of Bana- Dampelas rejection of the hegemony Ban- wa. awa continue, although not to conduct Lamarauna’s diplomatic marriage open resistance as Sojol ( Het nieuws van was able to eliminate the tensions between den dag voor Nederlandsch Indie, August Banawa and Dampelas, moreover, the 23,1906 ). Banawa King's role in these Kingdom of Banawa increasingly influen- events is believed to be one of the forms of tial in this area. However, Lamarauna’s implementation korte verklaring and long tactics creating a conflict with the aristo- contract which was signed by King Bana- cratic elite joined in Pitunggota (Junarti, wa ( Koloniaal verslag over het jaar, 1909). 2004: 69). The marriage, by custom, was In the early twentieth century, the not acceptable but from this marriage, cre- Kingdom Banawa as the capital in Dong- ating a conflict with the aristocratic elite gala became an attempt symbol of the joined in Pitunggota. Marriage is, by cus- Dutch East Indie to control Central Sula- tom is not acceptable, but from this mar- wesi. The absence of representatives of the riage, the Kingdom of Banawa got dual Kingdom Sojol, Dampelas kingdom, and benefit those are: they can overcome the the kingdom Balaesang cause three cen- "resistance" Magau Dampelas and in- ters of power in the West Coast region of creasing source of tribute (kasiviani). The Donggala is included as part of onder- broader the territory of a kingdom, the afdeling Donggala in 1906 ( Koloniaal more sources of income for the kingdom, verslag over het jaar, 1907: 104). Hence, the but it was only benefited the royal elite, three kingdoms were officially became especially the Magau. In the next period, part of the onderafdeling Donggala. All kasiviani become a major problem, result- three did not agree with the way the ing in poverty in a society of Dampelas. Dutch East Indie interpreted their ab- Colonial exploitation was not overly bur- sence. Particularly when Donggala assist- densome, but the tributes made by the lo- ed Dutch East Indie to seized Olongian cal government are burdensome. Kaleolangi just a day before the beginning of Ramadan holy month in 1903. Kaleo- CONCLUSION langi did not resist when he was arrested Dampelas was located between two for his family's safety reason. When he authorization, Banawa kingdom in was seized, his two sons, Kuntina and Donggala and the Dutch in Batavia. Being Singalam were in Siavu. From Bou, Kale- in the two big authority, the Dampelas olangi was brought to Banawa community was not independent. At the (Donggala). It was the beginning of his end of XIX century and the beginning of internment. At first, he was taken to Ma- XX century, this area became one of the kassar, then to take to Batavia (Kambay, most important area for the Dutch and 1992: 38-43). took over management of Dampelas forest

8 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 27(1), 2017 crop, while the kingdom of Banawa was Junarti. 2004. Raja Banawa: Elite dan Konflik trying to keep the authority of Dampelas. Politik Kerajaan Banawa 1888-1942. Through marriages of Lamarauna and Semarang: Intra Pustaka Utama. daughter of Magau Dampelas, it clarified Kambay, Sofyan B. 1992. Sojol Melawan Belanda . Palu: Depdikbud. the position of Dampelas as part of Koloniaal Verslag over het jaar 1907 Banawa authorization. Therefore, Koloniaal Verslag over het jaar 1909 Banawa got double advantages namely Kruyt, A.C and Adriani, N. 1950. De Bare’e opposition of Magau Dampelas could be Sprekende Toradja’s van Midden Celebes, overcomed and the increase of tribute deel 1 . Amsterdam: Noord Hollandsce source. Uitgevers Maatschappij. Li. 2012. The Will to Improve: Perencanaan, Kekuasaan dan Pembangunan di Indonesia . REFERENCES Yogyakarta: Marjin Kiri. Luthfi, Ahmad Nashih. 2012. “Pengantar Asnan, Gusti. 2011. “Peta Dalam Sejarah dan Penyunting, Kebijakan, Konflik, dan Sejarah Dalam Peta.” Jurnal Perjuangan Agraria Indonesia Awal IKAHIMSI , 1(2), July-December. Abad 21,” in Ahmad Nashih Luthfi (Ed.), Kebijakan, Konflik, dan Perjuangan Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad . 1906. “Hoe op Zuid Agraria Indonesia Awal Abad 21. Celebes gedied werd.” February 6. Bijdragen tot de Koninklijk Instituut voor Indische Yogyakarta: PPPM STPN. Marineblad . 1889. “Resume uit het Koloniaal Taal, Land en Volkenkunde . 1905. “Het Verslag van 1897”. Vol. 12, 1889. Landschap Donggala of Banawa”. Vol. Mematok Batas di Danau Dampelas . 2012. Re- 58, 1905. De Tijd. 1896. “Dampelas.” October, 19, trieved July 12, 2012 from http:// 1895, sheet 3. ymp.or.id/old/www.ymp.or.id/ Fatma. 2012. “Sengketa Tanah: Nasionalisasi content/view/294/72/index.html . Dan Modernisasi”. Midden Celebes , 1(1) Notosusanto, Nugroho. 1978. Masalah Penelitian Sejarah Kontemporer (Suatu January-March. Garraghan, Gilbert J. 1957. A Guide to Pengalaman) . : Yayasan Idayu. Historical Method. New York: Fordham Fadliah, Riska Nur. 2010. “Dinamika Kenakalan Remaja di Desa Sabang.” University Press. Skripsi . Palu: FKIP Universitas Haliadi-Sadi. 2011. “Sejarah Perkembangan Nama Teluk Tomini di Pulau Tadulako. Sulawesi.” Jurnal IKAHIMSI , 1(2), July Patunru, Abdul Razak. 1983. Sejarah Gowa. -December. Ujung Pandang: Yayasan Kebudayaan Henley, D. 2005. Fertility, Food and Fever: Popu- Sulawesi Selatan. lation, Economy and Environment in North Purwanto, Bambang. 2014. “Kata Pengantar, Masalah Agraria Indonesia: Esensi Se- and Central Sulawesi 1600-1930 . Leiden: buah Keberadaan Sejarah Orang Ke- KITLV Press. banyakan”, in G. Wiradi (Ed.). 2014. Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch Indie . Seluk Beluk Masalah Agraria: Reforma 1906. “Midden Celebes.” August 23, Agraria Dan Penelitian Agraria . sheet 3. Yogyakarta: STPN Press. Sahaan- Himmelmann, Nicolaus P. 1996. “Language Wasino. 2016. “Nasionalisasi Perusahaan- endangerment scenarios in northern Perusahaan Asing Menuju Ekonomi Central Sulawesi”, Artikel for the Inter- Bedikari.” Paramita , 26(1): 62-71. national Workshop on South-East Asian Whitten, A. J, et.al . 1987. Ekologi Sulawesi . Studies No. 11: The study of endangered languages and literature of South-East Yogyakarta: UGM Press. Asiain Leiden . December.

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