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An Gazetteer

An Ayrshire Gazetteer Geoffrey Stell and Stephanie Weinraub

Greenan and BayAyr (cropped). William Muir 1828-1910. House Rozelle Galleries/ Council.

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 3 JOURNAL NO. 34 An Ayrshire Gazetteer

An Ayrshire Gazetteer ference would have followed in that same time- honoured CSG tradition. Unfortunately, it was not Geoffrey Stell and Stephanie Weinraub to be, but through the medium of this Journal and Introduction with the positive encouragement and support of the The following 28 sites would have been the subject editor, Neil Guy, it has at least been possible to place of visits, talks or comparative reference at the on record some of the material that would have CSG’s 34th Annual Conference which was planned been presented to the conference and a few of the to take place at Irvine, Ayrshire, on 28-31 May, themes that it would have generated. This gazetteer 2020 but was cancelled in March because of the thus forms a prelude to and an alphabetical frame- Covid-19 pandemic. Not wanting the event, which work for the following new, site-specific contribu- was at that point fully organised, to slip away tions: Auchans (No. 2) by Stephanie Weinraub; completely without record, but, equally, not (No. 3) by Louise Turner; and wishing to recreate a conference brochure in its Caves (No. 11) by Derek Alexander; Dundonald entirety for visits and talks which would not take Castle (No. 14) by Gordon Ewart; , place, our aim here has been to strike a middle Irvine (No. 17) by Aonghus MacKechnie; and Turn- course by presenting a basic corpus of reference berry Castle (No. 28) by Piers Dixon. and pictorial material that was being assembled In addition, this issue contains a series of papers for delegates at the time of the cancellation. on a selection of Ayrshire-inspired or Ayrshire- Originally arranged to reflect the sequence of the related discursive themes, including the follow- daily excursions and talks, the sites have been ing: ‘An Irish view of Scottish mottes’ by Tom re-grouped into a single alphabetical list. McNeill; ‘Cunninghame, a peaceful, well gov- In the spirit of a site-guide, the references aim erned land of well planted houses and ?’ to draw members’ attention to some key articles by David Caldwell; and ‘Castle restorations in and books and to a selection of unpublished Ayrshire’ by Michael Davis. Regretfully, due to detailed surveys and reports, but are not size constraints and technical issues, it has not intended to be bibliographically comprehensive. been possible to include here an informative For the most part they are founded on the two paper on Ayrshire castle geology by Nigel series of volumes by David MacGibbon and Ruckley and Emily Copland. It is hoped that at Thomas Ross, which in many respects mark the least a summary of this paper, together with starting-points in modern times of scholarly castle other Ayrshire material prepared by Tom and church studies in : The Castellated Addyman and Geoffrey Stell, will be included in and Domestic Architecture of Scotland the next issue. We are much indebted to all (, 5 volumes, 1887-92) and The those who have made this partial re-creation of Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland (Edinburgh, a ‘lost’ conference possible. 3 volumes, 1896-7), referred to below as Cast and The sudden onset of the pandemic meant Dom Arch and Eccles Arch respectively. that plans to carry out final site visits and By placing the spotlight on the castles of any region photographic surveys for the conference bro- CSG Annual Conferences have, over long decades, chure had to be abruptly abandoned. One been significant stimulators of interest in the subject consequence has been that this compilation at all levels and from all perspectives, from local to has had to rely unusually heavily upon - and international. Designed to build upon and comple- be restricted to a choice of - images that are ment a very well attended day conference on castles publicly and freely available online, especially held in Irvine in October, 2019, organised by the via Wikimedia Commons. We are grateful to Ayrshire Federation of Historical Societies and the all contributors to these invaluable resources Ayrshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, and have done our best to make all appropri- all the indications were that the 34th Annual Con- ate acknowledgements.

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 4 JOURNAL NO. 34 Ayrshire Gazetteer - Distribution map

No. On Map Name NGR No. On Map Name NGR 1 Castle NS 232423 15 Castle NS 252158 2 Auchans Castle NS 355346 16 NS 312193 3 Ayr Citadel NS 334221 17 Irvine, Seagate Castle NS 319391 Castle (original NX 488947 4 Ayr, Hall NS 337221 18 and rebuild) NX 485950 5 Baltersan Castle NS 282088 19 NS 506378 6 Blair Castle NS 304480 20 Castle NS 498273 7 , Arran NS 015379 21 Castle NS 301100 8 Cassillis Castle NS 340128 22 Tower NS 536373 9 Craigie Castle NS 408317 23 NS 175489 10 NS 276083 24 Castle, Bute NS 088646 11 Culzean Castle & Caves NS 233103 25 Rothesay, St Mary’s Church NS 086637 12 Dalquharran (Old) Castle NS 272019 26 NS 435424 13 NS 437394 27 Tarbolton Motte and Baileys NS 432273 14 NS 364345 28 Castle NS 196072

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 5 JOURNAL NO. 34 1 -

Top: Ground plan of surviving visible ruins, phase I being ascribable to late 13th or early 14th century, phase II (identifiable only on upper floors of tower) to 14th century, and phase III to 15th century (David Caldwell) Below:Vaulted kitchen block from NE, 2009 (Creative Commons, Leslie Barrie)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 6 JOURNAL NO. 34 2 - Auchans Castle

Top; Engraved view from NE by R W Billings, ‘The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland’, volume 1 (Edinburgh, 1845-52)

Floor plans by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1887 (North to the top)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 7 JOURNAL NO. 34 3 - Ayr Citadel

Top: Detail of John Slezer’s view of Ayr from NW, showing the citadel and St John’s Church, published in ‘Theatrum Scotiae’, 1693 (Reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scotland) Below: Position of fort as shown on Armstrong’s map, 1775 (Reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scotland) Inset: at NW angle, partly rebuilt and nicknamed ‘Miller’s Folly’, 2013 (Wikimedia Commons, Rosser1954)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 8 JOURNAL NO. 34 4 - Ayr, Loudoun Hall

Top: Exterior view from E, 2007 (Wikimedia Commons, George Rankin) Below left: Satellite view showing location in relation to bridge, river and high street. Frontage was formerly to the W on Fort Street (Creative Commons, Google Maps) Below right: Scale model, Boat Vennel, Sandgate, Ayr (Wikimedia Commons, George Rankin)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 9 JOURNAL NO. 34 5 - Baltersan Castle

Top: General view from W, 2006 (Creative Commons, John McLeish) Below left: Re-entrant angle from W, showing entrance, overdoor panel and corbelled vice-stair, 2006 (Creative Commons, stephen samson). Below right: View from N, 2008

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 10 JOURNAL NO. 34 6 - Blair Castle

Top: General view from N, 2017 (Wikimedia Commons, Rosser1954)

Below right: Ground-floor plan by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1892 Below: House and immediate surroundings on second edition Ordnance Survey 6-inch map, 1897 (Reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scotland

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 11 JOURNAL NO. 34 7 - Brodick Castle, Arran

Top: Engraved view from S by Thomas Vivares, published in Francis Grose, ‘The Antiquities of Scotland’, volume 2 (, 1791) Below: The baronial tower, now the SW corner of the building, added in the 1840s, 2012 (Wikimedia Commons, Graham Laird)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 12 JOURNAL NO. 34 8 - Cassillis Castle

Top left: Sketch of original tower from NE by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889. Top right: View of tower nucleus from NE c. 2014-16 ( from the sales brochure ‘Cassillis Ayrshire, Scotland’ Savills, Edinburgh, (EDR100016_EDR14000484.pdf) Below left: First-floor plan of original tower by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889. Below right: Cassillis shown on Gordon’s 1630s map in relation to ‘Minnibol’ (Maybole) where the family had another tower residence (Reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scotland)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 13 JOURNAL NO. 34 9 - Craigie Castle

Top: Section through the hall looking E by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889 Below: Inner face of first-floor hall from NW showing window and ribbed vaulting, 2018 (Geoffrey Stell). (Inset) Site plan by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 14 JOURNAL NO. 34 10 - Crossraguel Abbey

Top: Engraved view from SE, published in John Slezer,‘Theatrum Scotiae’, 1693 (Reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scotland) Below left: View of gatehouse from S, 2008 (Wikimedia Commons, Walter Baxter) Below right: View of gatehouse stair tower and caphouse from E, 2008 (Wikimedia Commons, Walter Baxter)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 15 JOURNAL NO. 34 11 - Culzean Castle and Caves

Top: Clock tower and stable in castellated style, 2019 (Wikimedia Commons, LornaMCampbell). (Inset) Annotated ground plan based on Robert Adam’s 1785 proposals for redeveloping the old castle, from Arthur T Bolton, ‘The Architecture of Robert and James Adam’ (London, 1922), 264 (Cropped and earlier tower-house nucleus placed in red border). Below: General view of Adam castellated mansion from SE, 2018 (Stephanie Weinraub)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 16 JOURNAL NO. 34 12 - Dalquharran (Old) Castle

Top: Sketch of original hall block from SW by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889 Below left: First-floor plan by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889 Below left (inset): View from N showing main stair tower added to original hall block, 2007 (Wikimedia Commons, Mary and Angus Hogg)

First edition Ordnance Survey map of 1869 showing the old castle in relation to the castellated mansion of 1790 and forming part of its designed landscape (Reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scotland)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 17 JOURNAL NO. 34 13 - Dean Castle

Top: General view from SW of 14th-century tower (left) and restored 15th-century hall block (right), 2006 (Wikimedia Commons, Fraser Sutherland) Below: Engraving of ruins of tower and hall, burnt out in 1735, as depicted in Francis Grose, ‘The Antiquities of Scotland’, volume 2 (London, 1791)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 18 JOURNAL NO. 34 14 - Dundonald Castle

Top: General view from SW showing masonry scars of original 13th-century gatehouse towers beneath the later 14th-century hall block, 2019 (Wikimedia Commons, PaulT (Gunther Tschuch)) Below: Ground and upper floor plans by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1887

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 19 JOURNAL NO. 34 15 -

Top left: Aerial view including dovecot to E (top left), 2019 (Wikimedia Commons, PaulT (Gunther Tschuch)) Top right upper: General view from W, 2009 (Wikimedia Commons, Helen Wilkinson) Top right lower: Ground plan by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889 Below: General view from SW, 2011 (Wikimedia Commons, Rosser1954)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 20 JOURNAL NO. 34 16 - Greenan Castle

Top left: View from E, 2018 (www.sobt.co.uk/2018/07/greenan-castle.html). Top right: General view from south, 2006 (Wikimedia Commons, Phil Williams). Inset: First-floor plan by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889. The main axis of the tower runs NE-SW, not E-W as shown here Below:‘ from Greenan Castle’. Drawn by W. H. Bartlett 1837, engraved by H. Adlard, and published in William Beattie, ‘Scotland Illustrated’ (London, 1837-41)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 21 JOURNAL NO. 34 17 - Irvine, Seagate Castle

Top: Engraved view from SE (Top), and first floor plan (Below) both published in ‘Muniments of the Royal Burgh of Irvine’ (1890-1)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 22 JOURNAL NO. 34 18 -

Top left: Oblique view of main entrance gateway, 2014 (Wikimedia Commons, photogimage). Top right upper: Schematic plans of the original 11-sided polygonal enclosure by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889. Top right lower: General view from NE of the castle as rebuilt in 1935 on the western side of the loch, 2009 (Wikimedia Commons, Leslie Barrie) Below: Arch-pointed main entrance gateway and adjacent stretches of rebuilt ashlar masonry, 2010 (Wikimedia Commons, Otter)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 23 JOURNAL NO. 34 19 - Loudoun Castle

1 2

Top: General view from SW, c. 1890 (Wikimedia Commons, Rosser1954) Below: Measured plans, section 3 and details by William Railton, architect, , of the late medieval tower extended in the 17th century and encapsulated within the mansion, published by MacGibbon and Ross, 1892. The composite drawing is here separated into block plan (1), ground plan of tower (2) and section through tower (3)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 24 JOURNAL NO. 34 20 - Mauchline Castle

Top: Cropped engraved view from W showing, inter alia, the roof-raggles of a succession of outbuildings and to the S (right) the adjacent late 17th- or early 18th-century house, published in Francis Grose, ‘The Antiquities of Scotland’, volume 2 (London, 1791) Below left: Perspective sketch from NE by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889. Below right: N gable wall, showing the projecting garderobe chutes and blocked hall window, 2017 (Wikimedia Commons, Billy McCrorie)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 25 JOURNAL NO. 34 21 - Maybole Castle

Top left: Sketch of E frontage from NE by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889 Top right: Oblique view from SW along the street frontage, showing stair-tower, caphouse and later additions, 2009 (Wikimedia Commons, Mary and Angus Hogg) Below left: First-floor plan of tower nucleus by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889 Below right: General view of street frontage from SE, showing courtyard gateway with pyramidal- topped 17th-century gate-piers, 2009 (Wikimedia Commons, Mary and Angus Hogg)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 26 JOURNAL NO. 34 22 - Newmilns Castle

Top left: General view of restored and harled tower from SE, showing the string-course demarcating the principal floor-levels and the slit-windows lighting the newel (turnpike) stair within the nearest angle, c. 2007 (Wikimedia Commons, Scotia).Top right: General view of restored tower from NW, 2006 (Wikimedia Commons, Mark Nesbitt) Below left: Second-floor plan showing intra-mural chambers, published by MacGibbon and Ross, 1889 Below right: Centre of Newmilns on the first edition 25-inch Ordnance Survey map of 1856, showing the position of the tower within a typical pattern of linear burgage plots and lying close to where Main Street has been widened for the market (Reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scotland)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 27 JOURNAL NO. 34 23 - Portencross Castle

Top: General view of unrestored castle from NE, published in William Harvey, ‘Picturesque Ayrshire’ (Dundee, 1900). Inset: Plans and section by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1889. Below left: Relatively window-less seaward-facing S elevation, with hall (left) and tower (right), 2013 (Wikimedia Commons, Rosser1954). Below right: General view from NE, 2013 (Wikimedia Commons, Rosser1954).

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 28 JOURNAL NO. 34 24 -

Top upper:View from NW, showing the late medieval gatehouse (left), the 13th-century curtain-wall and the so-called ‘Pigeon Tower’ later converted to a dovecot (right), 2016 (Wikimedia Commons, DeFacto) Top lower left: Postcard view c. 1900, before Office of Works conservation and consolidation (Wikimedia Commons, Library of Congress). Top lower right: View from N of gatehouse which was added during the reign of King James IV (1488-1513), 2008 (Wikimedia Commons, Nicholas Mutton) Below: Interior of the chapel facing E, showing original floor-level and cleared undercroft, 2011 (Wikimedia Commons, dun_deagh)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 29 JOURNAL NO. 34 25 - Rothesay, St Mary’s Church

Top: General view from SE of medieval chancel and later High Church, 2017 (Wikimedia Commons, Reading Tom) Below left: Canopied tomb in N wall containing an effigy of a lady lying beside a small child, 2009 (Wikimedia Commons, Barbara Carr) Below right: Canopied tomb in S wall containing an effigy of a knight in full plate armour, 2009 (Wikimedia Commons, Barbara Carr)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 30 JOURNAL NO. 34 26 - Rowallan Castle

Top: General view of main SE frontage which echoes in miniature double-towered façades like those of the royal at Falkland Palace and Stirling Castle, 2018 (Geoffrey Stell) Below left: Plan at courtyard level by MacGibbon and Ross, published 1887). Below right: Late 16th-century panelled oak door from Rowallan now in the National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh (Wikimedia Commons, Stephencdickson)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 31 JOURNAL NO. 34 27 - Tarbolton Motte & Baileys

The position of the earthwork on the NE outskirts of Tarbolton village as shown (top) on third edition 6-inch Ordnance Survey map of 1908 and (below) on Google Earth Pro 2018 (Map extract reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scotland)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 32 JOURNAL NO. 34 28 -

Top: Cropped engraved view from NE as depicted in Francis Grose, ‘The Antiquities of Scotland’, volume 2 (London, 1791) Left: Extract from first edition 6-inch Ordnance Survey map of 1859 showing the castle and ‘The Castle Port’ (Reproduced by courtesy of the National Library of Scotland) Below:General view from S, 2010 (Wikimedia Commons, Walter Baxter)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 33 JOURNAL NO. 34 Gazetteer Bibliography 1. Ardrossan Castle David MacGibbon and Thomas Ross, The HES online record: Castellated and Domestic Architecture of https://canmore.org.uk/site/40810, including Scotland (5 volumes, Edinburgh, 1887-92), 3 Royal Commission on the Ancient and (1889), 301-2; D H Caldwell, ‘Ardrossan Castle, Historical Monuments of Scotland (henceforth Ayrshire: a preliminary report’, Proceedings of RCAHMS) measured survey drawings, 1989 the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 104 6. Blair Castle (1971-2), 201-21; and D H Caldwell, ‘Ardrossan Castle re-visited’ (Ayrshire Federation of MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 4 Historical Societies /Ayrshire Archaeological (1892), 240-4 and Natural History Society, forthcoming) HES online record: Historic Environment Scotland (henceforth https://canmore.org.uk/site/42024, HES) online record: including RCAHMS detailed photographic https://canmore.org.uk/site/41133, including survey, 2009 HES measured survey drawings, 2018 7. Brodick Castle, Arran 2. Auchans Castle MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 R W Billings, The Baronial and Ecclesiastical (1889), 285-9; and Tom Addyman and Richard Antiquities of Scotland, 1 (Edinburgh, 1845-52), Oram, ‘The origins of Brodick Castle on the s.n. ‘Auchans’; MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Isle of Arran: recent investigation and wider Dom Arch, 2 (1887), 174-9; and Stephanie Wein- contexts’, Château Gaillard, 24 (2010), 5-8 raub, see below, pages 38-43 HES online record: HES online record: https://canmore.org.uk/site/40145, including https://canmore.org.uk/site/41959; see also, RCAHMS descriptive and measured survey, https://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/892637 1979 3. Ayr Citadel 8. Cassillis Castle A A Tait, ‘The Protectorate of Scotland’, MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 Architectural History, 8 (1965), 9-24; Louise (1889), 131-3; see also, Oxford Dictionary of Turner, ‘Ayr Citadel’ (Ayrshire Federation of National Biography references to the Historical Societies/Ayrshire Archaeological and Kennedy family under Crossraguel Abbey Natural History Society, forthcoming); and HES online record: Louise Turner, see below, pages 44-56 https://canmore.org.uk/site/41666, including HES online record: RCAHMS detailed photographic survey, 2008 https://canmore.org.uk/site/41776 9. Craigie Castle 4. Ayr, Loudoun Hall MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 HES online record: (1889), 296-302. https://canmore.org.uk/site/41819 HES online record: 5. Baltersan Castle https://canmore.org.uk/site/42868; see also, MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Craigie_Castle (1889), 502-4; James Brown, ‘Baltersan: a stately in Ayrshire’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 130 (2000), 725-42

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 34 JOURNAL NO. 34 Gazetteer Bibliography 10. Crossraguel Abbey 12. Dalquharran (Old) Castle Billings, Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities, MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 1 (1845-52), s. n. ‘Crossraguel’; MacGibbon and (1889), 344-8; see also, Oxford Dictionary of Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 (1889), 385-6; idem, National Biography references to the Kennedy The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland (3 family under Crossraguel Abbey. volumes, Edinburgh, 1896-7), 2 (1896), 402-19; HES online record: George MacDonald, ‘The Mint of Crosraguel https://canmore.org.uk/site/40887 [sic] Abbey’, Proceedings of the Society of 13. Dean Castle Antiquaries of Scotland, 54 (1919-20), 20-44; Hector L MacQueen, ‘Kennedy Family (per. MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 1 c.1350-1513)’, Oxford Dictionary of National (1887), 401-8; James Hunter, ‘Dean Castle, Biography Kilmarnock’, Archaeological Journal, 143 (https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/54242); John (1986), 43-5; Norman Macdougall, James III: Simmons, ‘Kennedy, Gilbert, second earl of A Political Study (Edinburgh, 1982), 70-87; and Cassillis (c.1492-1527)’, Oxford Dictionary of Roland J Tanner, ‘Boyd family (per.c.1300- National Biography c.1480)’, Oxford Dictionary of National (https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/15367); Biography Marcus Merriman, ‘Kennedy, Gilbert, third earl (https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/54141) of Cassillis (c.1517-1558)’, Oxford Dictionary of HES online record: National Biography https://canmore.org.uk/site/42815; see also, (https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/15368); G W http://www.kilmarnock.com/dean.html and Sprott, revised by Mark Dilworth, ‘Kennedy, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Castle Quintin (c.1520-1564)’, Oxford Dictionary of 14. Dundonald Castle National Biography MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 1 (https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/15389); (1887), 167-75; W D Simpson, ‘Dundonald John Simmons, ‘Kennedy, Gilbert, fourth earl of Castle’, Collections of the Ayrshire Cassillis [nicknamed the King of Carrick] (c.1541- Archaeological and Natural History Society, 1576)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography second series, 1 (1947-9), 42-51; Geoffrey (https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/15369) HES online record: Stell, ‘Dundonald Castle’, Archaeological https://canmore.org.uk/site/40830, and Journal, 143 (1986), 45; Gordon Ewart, Statement of Significance, 2017, updated 2019, ‘Dundonald Castle: recent work’, Château https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives- Gaillard, 16 (1994), 167-78; Gordon Ewart and: and Denys Pringle, ‘“There is a castle in the research/publications/publication/?publicationId= west …”: Dundonald Castle excavations 1986- 43c8335c-ef38-4b51-a2e7-a75300d0d710 93’, Scottish Archaeological Journal, 26 (2004) [whole issue]; D H Caldwell, N Holmes 11. Culzean Castle and Caves and F Hunter, ‘Dundonald Castle excavations: Michael Moss, The ‘Magnificent Castle’ of further information on the finds’, Scottish Culzean and the Kennedy Family (Edinburgh, Archaeological Journal, 28.1 (2006), 75-80; 2002); and Derek Alexander, see below, pages Richard Oram, ‘Dundonald, Doune and the 58-70. HES online record: development of the tower and hall in late https://canmore.org.uk/site/40959, including medieval Scottish lordly residences’, Château main caves and stable caves systems. Gaillard 25 (2012), 269-79; Gordon Ewart, see

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 35 JOURNAL NO. 34 Gazetteer Bibliography below, pages 70-79; and see also, Stephen island castle; see also, Statement of Boardman, The Early Stewart Kings: Robert I and Significance, 2018, updated 2019, Robert III, 1371-1406 (Edinburgh, 2007) https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives- HES online record: and-research/publications/publication/? https://canmore.org.uk/site/41970, including publicationId=d1ee1d94-9281-463f-85cd- RCAHMS measured survey, 1985; see also, a86600b0ff72 Statement of Significance, 2017, updated 2019, 19. Loudoun Castle https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and- research/publications/publication/?publicationId=f945e MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 5 bde-9579-46d8-9a1b-a75300e80a81 (1892), 321-5 HES online record: 15. Dunure Castle https://canmore.org.uk/site/43714 MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 20. Mauchline Castle (1889), 341-4; and see also, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography references to the Kennedy MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 family under Crossraguel Abbey. (1889), 202-4; and Geoffrey Stell, ‘Castles and HES online record: Towers in South-western Scotland: some https://canmore.org.uk/site/40938, including recent surveys’, Transactions of the RCAHMS measured survey, 1976-7 Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 3rd series, 57 (1982), 16. Greenan Castle 65-77 at 69, 71-2 MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 HES online record: (1889), 382-4 https://canmore.org.uk/site/42697,including HES online record: RCAHMS descriptive and measured survey, https://canmore.org.uk/site/41588 1977-8 17. Irvine, Seagate Castle 21. Maybole Castle MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 4 Billings, Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities, (1892), 234-40; and Aonghus MacKechnie, see 4 (1845-52), s.n. ‘Maybole’; MacGibbon and below, pages 80-84 Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 (1889), 498-502; HES online record: Richard Oram, ‘Urban Towers in Sixteenth- https://canmore.org.uk/site/41935 Century Scotland’ in Richard Oram (ed.), Tower Studies 3’Urbs Turrita’: Urban Towers in 18. Loch Doon Castle Medieval and Renaissance Europe (Donington, MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 2019), 146-67 at 157-9; and Oxford Dictionary (1889), 96-105; George Hill, Tunnel and Dam: of National Biography references to the the story of the Galloway Hydros (South of Kennedy family under Crossraguel Abbey Scotland Electricity Board, [1984]), 5-7, 34; HES online record: and Hector L MacQueen, ‘Kennedy Family https://canmore.org.uk/site/41650, including (per. c. 1350-1513)’, Oxford Dictionary of RCAHMS detailed photographic survey, 2010 National Biography 22. Newmilns Tower (https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/54242) MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 HES online record: (1889), 377-8 https://canmore.org.uk/site/63601, HES online record: including digital images of the original https://canmore.org.uk/site/43682

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 36 JOURNAL NO. 34 Gazetteer Bibliography 23. Portencross Castle Rothesay’, Scottish Archaeological Journal, 22/2 MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 (September, 2000), 123-54 at 140-51 (1889), 151-6; see also, D H Caldwell et al., HES online record: ‘Auldhill, Portencross’, Archaeological https://canmore.org.uk/site/40373,and Journal, 155 (1998), 22-81 Statement of Significance, 2017, HES online record: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives https://canmore.org.uk/site/40598 and research/publications/publication/?publicationI 24. Rothesay Castle, Bute d=5c3c8d80-8b6d-4127-a606-a6c901057af5 MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 1 26. Rowallan Castle (1887), 80-4; W D Simpson, ‘The architectural history of Rothesay Castle’, Transactions of the MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 2 Archaeological Society, new series, 9 (1887), 375-89; Gordon Ewart and Dennis (1939), 152-83; idem, ‘A further note on Gallagher, A palace fit for a laird: Rowallan Rothesay Castle’, Transactions of the Glasgow Castle, archaeology and research 1998-2008 Archaeological Society, new series, 10 (1941), (Historic Scotland, Edinburgh, 2009) 78-9; idem, ‘Rothesay Castle and the Norse HES online record: of 1230’ in K Falck (ed.), Annen Viking https://canmore.org.uk/site/42975, Congress, Bergen 1953 (Bergen, 1955), 73-6; including RCAHMS measured survey, 1986-7 Stewart Cruden, ‘Rothesay Castle’, 27. Tarbolton Motte and Baileys Archaeological Journal, 143 (1986), 32-3; and HES online record: Denys Pringle, ‘Rothesay Castle and the https://canmore.org.uk/site/42730, Stewarts’, Journal of the British Archaeological including RCAHMS measured survey, 1953. Association, 151 (1998), 149-69 For the background to this survey, see George HES online record: Geddes, ‘Archaeology in the margins – https://canmore.org.uk/site/40395, and RCAHMS emergency survey in the 1950s’, Statement of Significance, 2017, updated 2019, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives- Scotland, 143 (2013), 363-92 andresearch/publications/publication/?publica 28. Turnberry Castle tionId=3a8cb6a2-9853-4946-a197- a74400c03646 MacGibbon and Ross, Cast and Dom Arch, 3 (1889), 110-11; Piers Dixon, see below, pages 25. Rothesay, St Mary’s Church 85-102; and Piers Dixon and William Wyeth, MacGibbon and Ross, Eccles Arch, 3 (1897), ‘Turnberry Castle and Countryside’ (Ayrshire 418-23; Robert Brydall, ‘The monumental Federation of Historical Societies/Ayrshire effigies of Scotland, from the thirteenth to Archaeological and Natural History Society, the fifteenth century’, Proceedings of the forthcoming) Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 29 (1894- HES online record: 5), 329-410 at 363-5; K A Steer and J W M https://canmore.org.uk/site/40581, including Bannerman, Late Medieval Monumental RCAHMS measured survey, 2014-15. Sculpture in the West Highlands (RCAHMS, Edinburgh, 1977), 42 and 161-2; and Denys Pringle, ‘The Medieval Parish Churches of the : St Blane’s, , and St Mary’s,

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 37 JOURNAL NO. 34