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Residents' Perceptions of the Impacts of Tourism in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

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Residents' Perceptions of the Impacts of Tourism in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index?site_name=Research%20Output (Accessed: Date). Residents’ perceptions of the impacts of tourism in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Sakhile Sibonginkosi Moyo School of Tourism and Hospitality, Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg Supervisor: Professor Tembi Tichaawa A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, in fulfilment for the requirement of the degree of Master in Tourism and Hospitality Submitted: September 2016 i PLAGIARISM DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation thesis is my own original work, conducted under the supervision of Prof. Tembi Maloney Tichaawa. It is submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Management at the University of Johannesburg. This work has not been submitted as part of a degree at another institution but it has informed the production of two journal articles written by the same author. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is to use another’s work and to pretend that it is one’s own. I have used the Harvard Method convention for citation and referencing. Each contribution to, and quotation in, this essay/assignment from the work(s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. This essay/assignment is my own work and has not been partially or wholly copied from another. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own work. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s assignment or essay, or part of it, is wrong, and declare that this is my own work. Signature: ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the following individuals who facilitated my completion of the study: My supervisor, Prof. Tembi Maloney Tichaawa, for his encouragement, support, assistance and motivation. No words can express my deeply felt gratitude for all that he has done for me. My family, Mr T.V. and Dr N. Moyo (my parents), Mthabisi (my brother), Thandekile (my sister) and Oteng Ncube (my cousin) for their support, encouragement, financial assistance, and for the administering of the questionnaires. Most importantly, I want to thank them for being my joint pillar of strength. Mr P. Senderayi and Mr Siyabulela Nyikana, for their input, assistance and encouragement. My friends, Siphosenkosi I. Mlala and Talent M. Mudimba, and especially Roselyn S. Magagula and Mzomuhle I. Sibanda, for being there for me when I thought that I could not carry on any longer, as well as whenever I especially needed them to be around. The University of Johannesburg for its funding. Above all, the Lord Almighty, for His mercy. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Tapu Vincent and Ngoni Moyo. Thank you for always believing in me, for your patience while I pursued my studies, and for all your support and unwavering, unconditional love. I would not have made it in life without you. May God bless you abundantly. iv ABSTRACT Increasingly, tourism has been recognised as playing a substantial role in several developing economies, including that of Zimbabwe, despite the political instability that has been experienced by the country in recent times. The purpose of this research was to examine the perceptions of residents towards the impacts of tourism development in Bulawayo. The resident perceptions towards tourism impact were measured by means of a 5-point Likert-type scale comprised of 38 variable items that were classified into 8 constructs (positive economic impacts; negative economic impacts; positive sociocultural impacts; negative sociocultural impacts; positive environmental impacts; negative environmental impacts; evaluation of tourism impacts; and general impacts). A questionnaire survey was used to target n = 384 residents with the aid of trained fieldworkers, using a stratified random sampling technique. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Overall, in terms of profile, the study found a higher proportion of women than men, within the age range of 18 to 85 years old. Most had lived for between 10 to 40 years in Bulawayo. They were mostly married and, besides English, were found to speak both Ndebele and Shona, being indigenous languages of the country. The study revealed that the respondents were engaged in low-income jobs, despite the majority of them being relatively well-educated. Very few of them work in the tourism sector and are involved in the planning/decision-making in tourism in their area. Consequently, their understanding of what tourism constitutes, and their knowledge of the subject, can be described as fair. Overall, their perceptions were found to be positive, although a few areas of concern did emerge. Administration of the statistical test for difference, in terms of the demographic variables and the perception items, revealed significant statistical differences and similarities. The study makes a significant contribution towards existing scholarship analysing resident perceptions of tourism in the Zimbabwean context. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ii Acknowledgements iii Dedication iv Abstract v Table of content vi List of figures x List of tables xi List of acronyms xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.1 Preamble ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Clarification of basic terms and concepts ............................................................................................ 3 1.3 Problem statement .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Research objectives ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.5 Significance of the study ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Dissertation outline ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 The social exchange theory (SET) ...................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Sustainable tourism development (STD) ........................................................................................... 12 2.4 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Tourism in Zimbabwe ........................................................................................................................ 17 3.3 Residents’ perceptions of, and attitudes towards, tourism development ........................................... 20 3.3.1 Demographics versus perceptions ................................................................................................. 23 3.4 Community participation in tourism development .............................................................................. 23 3.5 Residents’ involvement in tourism development ............................................................................... 26 3.6 Challenges for community participation in tourism development in developing countries ................. 28 3.7 Tourism as a tool for development, with a special focus on the developing countries ....................... 29 3.8 Impacts of tourism in context ............................................................................................................ 30 3.8.1 Economic impacts of tourism ......................................................................................................... 30 3.8.2 Sociocultural impacts of tourism .................................................................................................... 38 vi 3.8.3 Environmental impacts of tourism ................................................................................................. 42 3.9 Ways of minimising negative impacts and of maximising positive impacts ........................................ 46 3.10 The role of stakeholders in tourism development ...........................................................................
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