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Japan and the Challenge of Human Security the Founding of a New Policy 1995–2003

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Japan and the Challenge of Human Security the Founding of a New Policy 1995–2003 Japan and the Challenge of Human Security The Founding of a New Policy 1995–2003 Bert Edström Japan and the Challenge of Human Security The Founding of a New Policy 1995–2003 by Bert Edström JAPAN AND THE CHALLENGE OF HUMAN SECURITY “Japan and the Challenge of Human Security” is a Monograph published by the Institute for Security and Development Policy. Monographs provide comprehensive analyses of key issues presented by leading experts. The Institute is based in Stockholm, Sweden, and cooperates closely with research centers worldwide. Through its Silk Road Studies Program, the Institute runs a joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center with the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute of Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies. The Institute is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. It is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion. This publication is kindly made possible by support from the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The opinions and conclusions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute for Security and Development Policy or its sponsors. © Bert Edström ISBN: 978-91-85937-45-5 Printed in Singapore Cover Photo: CMAC, Cambodian Mine Action Center, disarming mines cleared south of Battangbang (courtesy of Jonas Nyström, Campaign Director, Adopt-A- Minefield) Cover Design: Alec Forss Distributed in Europe by: Institute for Security and Development Policy Västra Finnbodavägen 2, 131 30 Stockholm-Nacka, Sweden Tel. +46-841056953; Fax. +46-86403370 Email: [email protected] Distributed in North America by: The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel. +1-202-663-7723; Fax. +1-202-663-7785 E-mail: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface.................................................................................................................. ix Note on Names ...................................................................................................... x Tables ................................................................................................................... xi Figures ................................................................................................................. xi Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 Turning Point? ................................................................................................ 7 HUMAN SECURITY: A NEW APPROACH TO THE SECURITY PROBLEMATIQUE ................................................................................................ 11 A New Security Agenda ..................................................................................... 11 The New Face of War .................................................................................. 15 The Emergence of a New Concept of Security .................................................. 18 The UNDP Human Security Concept ................................................................. 22 The Evolving Debate about the Human Security Concept ................................. 26 Attempts at Precision ................................................................................... 29 Definition Debate in Japan ................................................................................. 32 Concluding Remarks........................................................................................... 34 JAPAN’S POST-WAR FOREIGN POLICY: BETWEEN NON-INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................... 36 Laying the Foundations ...................................................................................... 36 Yoshida Shigeru .................................................................................................. 38 Yoshida Shigeru, the Realist in Action ........................................................ 42 The Yoshida Doctrine ......................................................................................... 45 The Evolution of Japan’s Post-war Security Thinking ....................................... 49 Rearmament ................................................................................................. 54 Cork in the Bottle ......................................................................................... 56 The Yoshida Doctrine and Japan’s Foreign Policy ...................................... 58 Japan as ‘A Great Power of a New Type’ .......................................................... 61 Comprehensive Security ..................................................................................... 63 Japan’s Foreign Policy at a Crossroads .............................................................. 66 Concluding Remarks........................................................................................... 70 FIVE PRIME MINISTERS IN ACTION ..................................................................... 71 Japan and Its ‘International Contribution’ .......................................................... 71 The Pioneer: Murayama Tomiichi ...................................................................... 73 v Murayama’s Efforts to Promote Human Security ........................................ 75 Human Security as Environmental Security: Hashimoto Ryūtarō ..................... 80 A Politician with a Mission: Obuchi Keizō ........................................................ 82 Obuchi and Human Security ........................................................................ 83 Obuchi and the Launch of a Campaign for Human Security ....................... 84 The Take Off of Japan’s Campaign for Human Security ................................... 88 Obuchi’s Tokyo Speech, 2 December 1998 ................................................. 94 Obuchi’s Hanoi Speech, 14 December 1998 ................................................ 97 Obuchi’s Bilateral Moves ................................................................................. 101 The United States – Thwarted Ambitions .................................................. 101 The Nordic Countries – Common Talk but No Joint Action ..................... 105 Canada – Collaboration on Human Security as a Non-Starter ................... 109 Obuchi and the Okinawa Summit ..................................................................... 114 Obuchi’s Legacy ............................................................................................... 116 The Underrated Heir: Mori Yoshirō ................................................................. 119 The Okinawa Summit ................................................................................. 120 The Millennium Summit ............................................................................ 121 Mori and Africa .......................................................................................... 123 Mori’s Legacy ................................................................................................... 124 Scaling Down Human Security Rhetoric: Koizumi Jun’ichirō ........................ 127 ‘11 September’ ........................................................................................... 128 Koizumi and Human Security .................................................................... 131 Basic Continuity ................................................................................................ 135 Human Security and the Prime Minister vs the Foreign Minister.............. 137 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................... 140 ODA AND JAPAN’S PURSUIT OF HUMAN SECURITY ......................................... 142 Brief History of Japanese ODA ........................................................................ 143 The ODA Charter .............................................................................................. 147 Japanese ODA and Human Security ................................................................. 149 ODA Policy Reform and Human Security ................................................. 154 The Trust Fund for Human Security ................................................................. 155 The TFHS as a Japanese Project ................................................................ 160 A Comparison of TFHS and Japanese ODA Project Funding .......................... 164 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................... 166 HUMAN SECURITY AND GOVERNMENT–NGO COLLABORATION ..................... 168 Collaboration in the Domestic Context ............................................................. 168 Factors Hindering Government–NGO Collaboration ................................ 172 Factors Conducive to Government–NGO Collaboration ........................... 174 Government–NGO Collaboration on Human Security ....................................
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