DOCSLIB.ORG

Abuse of Power, Oppression and the Struggle for Human Rights in Modern Indonesian Short Fiction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Abuse of Power, Oppression and the Struggle for Human Rights in Modern Indonesian Short Fiction ABUSE OF POWER, OPPRESSION AND THE STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN MODERN INDONESIAN SHORT FICTION By FERDINAL BA, Andalas University, Indonesia MA, Western Illinois University, USA Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Communication and Creative Arts Deakin University October 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research work for this dissertation was carried out at Deakin University, Australia. Through four years of candidature and two generations of supervisors, this project has gone through a long process before it came to its completion. A number of people have contributed a lot to this achievement. Among them I am especially in debt to Prof Lyn McCredden, my principal supervisor, and Prof Harry Aveling, my co-supervisor, for their guidance and support during my candidature. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Dr Joost Coté, and Dr Marshall Clark, for their supervisory guidance at the beginning of my candidature and for their great contribution in helping me to build the initial conception and the foundation of my research. The constructive criticism and comment of these four important scholars from the conception to the end of this work are highly appreciated. Thanks to their assistance and understanding in both academic and non-academic matters, I have survived some difficult times during my program. My thanks and sincere appreciation also go to my confirmation committee: Dr Joanna Cruickshank, Dr David Hunt, and Dr Andy Fuller. I am grateful to my interviewees: Prof Melani Budianta, Dr Faruk, Dr Harris Effendi Thahar, Ibuk Aksari Jasin, Bapak Ikranagara, Bapak Bre Redana, Mbak Donik, Mbak Ari, Mbak Dwi, and Mas Slamet, for their help in the data collection process. I also owe much to the staff of Deakin University Library, Monash University Library, Clayton Campus, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Indonesia, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Gajah Mada, Faculty of Letters, University of Padjajaran, H. B. Jassin Center for Literary Documentation (Pusat Dokumentasi Sastra H B Jassin), the Jakarta Arts Board (Dewan Kesenian Jakarta), Kompas Center of Documentation (Pusat Dokumentasi Kompas) and Horison. The staff of these institutions have provided me with opportunities to collect data for my research. My gratitude also goes to Mary-Jo O’Rourke AE, an Accredited Editor, Institute of Professional Editors, who devoted her time to edit and proofread this iv thesis before its being submitted, and Dr Rebecca Fanany, who helped to correct and improve the translation of literary excerpts from Indonesian into English in the thesis. SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My special appreciation goes to the Directorate General of Higher Education of the Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia for granting me an overseas scholarship during the period of my study and to Andalas University’s Faculty of Letters (now Faculty of Cultural Studies) and English Department for permitting me to continue my study. Special appreciation also goes to my colleagues at Deakin Summer School, February 2010; University of Melbourne Indonesian Round Table October 2010; Deakin Summer School, February 2011; Bangkok International Conference on Human and Social Sciences (ICHSS), May 2011; Deakin Indonesian Studies Research Community (DISRC) Seminar, November 2011; Tirana International Conference on Social Sciences (ICSS), March 2012; Vienna International Conference on Interdisciplinary Studies (ICIS), April 2012; Macao International Convention of Asian Scholars (ICAS), June 2013; and Hobart Indonesian Council Open Conference (ICOC), July 2013 for their comments and criticism on my papers related to my thesis. My appreciation also goes to my office mates Nishta Rosunee and Kathryn Keeble, and my friends at Deakin University, Monash Indonesian Islamic Society, Minang Saiyo and Perwira. Last but not least, my special appreciation is due to my wife Desi Gusmanty, for her constant encouragement, patience, and understanding throughout my program, and to my parents-in-law, H. Gusmansyah and Hj. Masnety, for helping me to taking care of my home problems during my absence. I would not have completed this work without their full support and love. Finally I owe very much time and love to my children: Zahra, Saza and Uta, who have not had enough attention and time to play with me for quite a long time. v ABBREVIATIONS ABRI Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia) APRI Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia (War Forces of the Republic of Indonesia) APRIS Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat (United War Forces of the Republic of Indonesia) DKJ Dewan Kesenian Jakarta (Jakarta Arts Council) Gestapu Gerakan September Tigapuluh (Movement of September 30) GORO Gotong Royong (People’s Mutual Aid) ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Lekra Lembaga Kesenian Rakyat (Institute of People’s Culture) MPR Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (People’s Consultative Assembly) MPRGR Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Gotong Royong (People’s Mutual Aid Consultative Assembly) MPRS Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara (Provisional People’s Consultative Assembly) NICA Nederlandsch Indië Civil Administratie (Netherlands−Indies Civil Administration) PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia (Communist Party of Indonesia) PKK Pendidikan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (Family Welfare Education) PRRI Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia (Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia) PWI Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (Indonesian Journalists’ Association) RSP Jurnal Revitalisasi Sastra Pedalaman (RSP, Journal for Revitalization of Literature from the Hinterland) RT Rukun Tetangga (Neighborhood Organization) RW Rukun Warga (People’s Local Organization) Satpam Satuan Pengaman (Private Security Unit) TIM Taman Ismail Marzuki (Jakarta Arts Centre) TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Army) TKR Tentara Kemanan Rakyat (People’s Security Army) UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights vi TECHNICAL DETAILS Note on the translations All English translations in this thesis are mine except where indicated otherwise. Note on the source of texts used The year of each work provided refers to the date of first publication. The texts used in the analysis might refer to the first publication, a collection or an anthology. Note on Referencing In this thesis, I have used APA system. However, I have preferred to give the full form of naming the scholars and authors for the first mention. In the next use of the names, I use the last name for scholars and the first given name or the common names for Indonesian writers because that is the usual cultural practice. vii ABSTRACT This thesis investigates fictional representations of human rights issues in Indonesia as found in selected short stories published in the Indonesian newspaper Kompas and the literary magazine Horison especially during the New Order. The examination deals with key issues related to certain forms of human rights, including gender relation, freedom of expression, right to life and right to assembly, which were regularly violated by individuals, groups, and/or state related bodies. A huge number of short stories were published in the media; in those that took human rights violations in these four areas as their main theme, the writers resisted gender oppression and the authoritarian and unjust regime of the state, despite the fact that the New Order regime heavily punished anyone attempting to resist it. In particular, the regime applied tight censorship so as not to allow the publication of any text which could cause trouble to national stability. The thesis treats a wide range of short stories and other materials, but especially focuses on four writers − Ali Akbar Navis, Putu Wijaya, Ratna Indraswari Ibrahim and Seno Gumira Ajidarma, all of whom took advantage of the power of fiction to resist censorship. The analysis is focused on understanding how human rights issues are constructed in these individual works and how rights violations are represented by each of the writers. The works examined offer new insights into human rights issues as well as to Indonesian sociopolitical history. viii DEDICATION To my late father Bustami Iskandar Dt. Kupiah, who taught me discipline, honesty and right faith, and my late mother Zubaidah Karim, who instilled in me love and patience ix CONTENTS THESIS TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… i ACCESS TO THESIS…………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… ii CANDIDATE DECLARATION……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………................... iv-v ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..… vi TECHNICAL DETAILS………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… vii ABSTRACT.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. viii DEDICATION….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. ix CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................... x-xii PART 1 − HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDONESIAN SOCIETY AND LITERATURE.……..……………………….…………………………. 1 CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION…………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………. 2 1.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………………………………………………... 5 1.4 RESEARCH METHODS……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contemporary Literature from the Chinese Diaspora in Indonesia
    CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE FROM THE CHINESE 'DIASPORA' IN INDONESIA Pamela Allen (University of Tasmania) Since the fall of Suharto a number of Chinese-Indonesian writers have begun to write as Chinese-Indonesians, some using their Chinese names, some writing in Mandarin. New literary activities include the gathering, publishing and translating (from Mandarin) of short stories and poetry by Chinese-Indonesians. Pribumi Indonesians too have privileged Chinese ethnicity in their works in new and compelling ways. To date little of this new Chinese-Indonesian literary activity has been documented or evaluated in English. This paper begins to fill that gap by examining the ways in which recent literary works by and about Chinese-Indonesians give expression to their ethnic identity. Introduction Since colonial times the Chinese have been subjected to othering in Indonesia on account of their cultural and religious difference, on account of their perceived dominance in the nation’s economy and (paradoxically, as this seems to contradict that economic - 1 - dominance) on account of their purported complicity with Communism. The first outbreak of racial violence towards the Chinese, engineered by the Dutch United East Indies Company, was in Batavia in 1740.1 The perceived hybridity of peranakan Chinese (those born in Indonesia) was encapsulated in the appellation used to describe them in pre-Independence Java: Cina wurung, londa durung, Jawa tanggung (‘no longer a Chinese, not yet a Dutchman, a half- baked Javanese’).2 ‘The Chinese are everywhere
    [Show full text]
  • Prophetic Social Sciences: Toward an Islamic-Based Transformative Social Sciences
    Prophetic social sciences: toward an Islamic-based transformative social sciences Pradana Boy ZTF Department of Malay Studies, National University of Singapore; and Faculty of Islamic Studies, Muhammadiyah University of Malang E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article discusses of one of the most important type of social sciences devel- oped in Indonesian context. In the midst of debate between Western secular social sciences and Islamic social sciences, Kuntowijoyo offered a genuine yet critical formula of social sciences. The formula called Ilmu Sosial Profetik (ISP) attempted to build a bridge between secular social science and Islamic inclina- tion of social science. This article describes the position of ISP in the context of critical position of Muslim social scientists on the hegemony and domination of Orientalist tendency in studying Islam. At the end, the author offers a conclusion that ISP can actually be regarded as Islamic-based transformative science that can be further developed for a genuine indigenous theory of social sciences from the Third World. Artikel ini membahas salah satu tipe paling penting dari ilmu-ilmu sosial yang dikembangkan dalam konteks Indonesia. Di tengah perdebatan antara ilmu-ilmu sosial Barat sekuler dan ilmu social Islam, Kuntowijoyo menawarkan formula yang orisinal dan kritis dalam ilmu sosial. Formula yang kemudian disebut dengan Ilmu Sosial Profetik (ISP) berusaha untuk membangun jembatan antara ilmu 95 IJIMS, Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, Volume 1, Number 1, June 2011: 95-121 sosial sekuler dan kecenderungan untuk melakukan Islamisasi ilmu sosial. Artikel ini menjelaskan posisi ISP dalam konteks posisi kritis ilmuwan sosial Muslim pada hegemoni dan dominasi kecenderungan orientalis dalam mempelajari Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Pramoedya's Developing Literary Concepts- by Martina Heinschke
    Between G elanggang and Lekra: Pramoedya's Developing Literary Concepts- by Martina Heinschke Introduction During the first decade of the New Order, the idea of the autonomy of art was the unchallenged basis for all art production considered legitimate. The term encompasses two significant assumptions. First, it includes the idea that art and/or its individual categories are recognized within society as independent sub-systems that make their own rules, i.e. that art is not subject to influences exerted by other social sub-systems (politics and religion, for example). Secondly, it entails a complex of aesthetic notions that basically tend to exclude all non-artistic considerations from the aesthetic field and to define art as an activity detached from everyday life. An aesthetics of autonomy can create problems for its adherents, as a review of recent occidental art and literary history makes clear. Artists have attempted to overcome these problems by reasserting social ideals (e.g. as in naturalism) or through revolt, as in the avant-garde movements of the twentieth century which challenged the aesthetic norms of the autonomous work of art in order to relocate aesthetic experience at a pivotal point in relation to individual and social life.* 1 * This article is based on parts of my doctoral thesis, Angkatan 45. Literaturkonzeptionen im gesellschafipolitischen Kontext (Berlin: Reimer, 1993). I thank the editors of Indonesia, especially Benedict Anderson, for helpful comments and suggestions. 1 In German studies of literature, the institutionalization of art as an autonomous field and its aesthetic consequences is discussed mainly by Christa Burger and Peter Burger.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambiguitas Hak Kebebasan Beragama Di Indonesia Dan Posisinya Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi
    Ambiguitas Hak Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia dan Posisinya Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi M. Syafi’ie Pusat Studi HAM UII Jeruk Legi RT 13, RW 35, Gang Bakung No 157A, Bangutapan, Bantul Email: syafi[email protected] Naskah diterima: 9/9/2011 revisi: 12/9/2011 disetujui: 14/9/2011 Abstrak Hak beragama merupakan salah satu hak yang dijamin dalam UUD 1945 dan beberapa regulasi tentang hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Pada pasal 28I ayat 1 dinyatakan bahwa hak beragama dinyataNan seEagai haN yang tidaN dapat diNurang dalam keadaan apapun, sama halnya dengan hak hidup, hak untuk tidak disiNsa, haN NemerdeNaan piNiran dan hati nurani, haN untuk tidak diperbudak, hak untuk diakui sebagai pribadi di hadapan huNum, dan haN untuN tidaN dituntut atas dasar huNum yang berlaku surut. Sebagai salah satu hak yang tidak dapat dikurangi, maNa haN Eeragama semestinya EerlaNu secara universal dan non disNriminasi.TerEelahnya Maminan terhadap haN NeEeEasan beragama di tengah maraknya kekerasan yang atas nama agama mendorong beberapa /60 dan tokoh demokrasi untuk melakukan judicial review terhadap UU No. 1/PNPS/1965 tentang Pencegahan 3enyalahgunaan dan atau 3enodaan Agama. 8ndang-8ndang terseEut dianggap Eertentangan dengan Maminan haN Eeragama yang tidak bisa dikurangi dalam keadaan apapun. Dalam konteks tersebut, Mahkamah Konstitusi menolak seluruhnya permohonan judicial review 88 terseEut, walaupun terdapat disenting opinion dari salah satu hakim konstitusi. Pasca putusan Mahkamah Konsitusi, Jurnal Konstitusi, Volume 8, Nomor 5, Oktober 2011 ISSN 1829-7706 identitas hak beragama di Indonesia menjadi lebih terang, yaitu bisa dikurangi dan dibatasi. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi tidak menjadi kabar gembira bagi para pemohon, karena UU. No. 1/ PNPS/1965 bagi mereka adalah salah alat kelompok tertentu untuk membenarkan kekerasan atas nama agama kontemporer.
    [Show full text]
  • BAB II GAMBARAN UMUM A. SURAT KABAR TRIBUN JOGJA 1. Sejarah
    BAB II GAMBARAN UMUM A. SURAT KABAR TRIBUN JOGJA 1. Sejarah Tribun Jogja PT. Media Tribun Jogja merupakan salah satu anak perusahaan dari Group of Regional News Papper Kompas Gramedia (KG). Perusahaan Kompas Gramedia (KG) didirikan oleh Petrus Kanisius Ojong dan Jacob Oetama pada tanggal 20 Juni 1965. Tribun Jogja merupakan salah satu anggota dari Tribun Network. Tribun Network sendiri memiliki surat kabar yang tersebar luas di 18 propinsi di Indonesia, yaitu di Sumatra terdapat Serambi Indonesia (Aceh), Sriwijaya Pos (Palembang), Bangka Pos (Bangka Belitung), Tribun Batam (Batam), Tribun Pekan Baru (Riau), Tribun Jambi (Jambi), dan Tribun Lampung (Lampung). Di Pulau Jawa terdapat Tribun Jabar (Bandung), Harian Surya (Surabaya) dan Tribun Jogja (Yogykarta). Di Kalimantan terdapat Bnajarmasin Post (Kalimantan Selatan). Tribun Kaltim (Kalimantan Timur) dan Tribun Pontianak (Kalimantan Barat). Di Sulawesi yaitu Tribun Menado (Sulawesi Utara), dan yang terakhir adalah Nusa Tenggara Timur yaitu Pos Kupang (Kupang). PT. Media Tribun Jogja adalah koran ke 16 dari Group of Regional News Papper Kompas Gramedia. Koran ini hadir menyapa warga 39 Yogyakarta dan sekitarnya pertama kali pada tanggal 11 april 2011, dengan tampilan 20 halaman, yang terbagi dari dua sesi yang masing-masing sesi terdapat dua web. Sebelum terbit dalam tampilan media cetak, pada tahun 2010 telah hadir versi online yakni Tribun Jogja Online. Bagi Tribun Jogja masyarakat ditempatkan sebagai orang spesial di panggung kehormatan. Hal ini dikarenakan nama Tribun yang diartikan panggung kehormatan dan menjadi tempat untuk memberitahu, memperlihatkan dan menunjukan hal- hal speSial yang dilakukan oleh insan tersebut. Oleh karena itu nama Tribun Jogja dipakai karena koran ini ingin menempatkan pembaca sebagai orang yang terhormat dan menyajikan berita dengan lengkap.
    [Show full text]
  • Epistemologi Intuitif Dalam Resepsi Estetis H.B. Jassin Terhadap Al-Qur'an
    Epistemologi Intuitif dalam Resepsi Estetis H.B. Jassin terhadap Al-Qur’an Fadhli Lukman1 Abstract This article discusses two projects of well-known literary critic H.B. Jassin on the Qur’an. Jassin’s great career in literary criticism brought him to the domain of al-Qur’an, with his translation of the Qur’an Al-Qur’anul Karim Bacaan Mulia and his rearrangement of the writing of the Qur’an into poetic makeup. Using descriptive and analytical methods, this article concludes that the two works of H.B. Jassin came out of his aesthetic reception of the Qur’an. Epistemologically, these two kinds of reception are the result of Jassin intuitive senses, which he nourished for a long period. Abstrak Artikel ini membincang dua proyek sastrawan kenamaan Indonesia, H.B. Jassin, seputar Al-Qur’an. Karir besar Jassin dalam sastra mengantarkannya kepada ranah al-Qur’an, dengan karya terjemahan berjudul Al-Qur’anul Karim Bacaan Mulia dan penulisan mushaf berwajah puisi. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-analitis, artikel ini berakhir pada kesimpulan bahwa kedua karya H.B Jassin merupakan resepsi estetisnya terhadap Al-Qur’an. Berkaitan dengan epistemologi, kedua bentuk resepsi ini merupakan hasil dari pengetahuan intuitif Jassin yang ia asah dalam waktu yang panjang. Keywords: resepsi estetis, epistemologi intuitif, sastra, shi‘r 1Mahasiswa Pascasarjana UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta/Alumnus Pondok Pesantren Sumatera Thawalib Parabek. E-mail: [email protected] Journal of Qur’a>n and H}adi@th Studies – Vol. 4, No. 1, (2015): 37-55 Fadhli Lukman Pendahuluan Sebagai sebuah kitab suci, al-Qur’an mendapatkan resepsi yang luar biasa besar dari penganutnya.
    [Show full text]
  • BAB II DESKRIPSI OBYEK PENELITIAN A. Deskripsi SKH
    BAB II DESKRIPSI OBYEK PENELITIAN A. Deskripsi SKH Kompas Informasi media tempat penelitian ini dilaksanakan berguna untuk mengetahui latar belakang pemikiran pekerja media serta alur kerja yang terjadi di media tersebut. Data mengenai surat kabar harian Kompas peneliti dapatkan dalam company profile yang diperoleh pada pusat data Kompas, Lantai 4 Gedung Kompas Gramedia Jalan Palmerah Jakarta Selatan. Beberapa data juga didapat dari sumber buku St. Sularto. A.1. Sejarah Berdirinya SKH Kompas Harian Kompas diterbitkan pada tahun 1960 atas prakarsa dua orang yakni Petrus Kanisius Ojong (atau yang biasa disingkat PK Ojong) dan Jakob Oetama. Kedua orang ini memiliki kesamaan yakni pernah menjadi guru dan memiliki minat di bidang sejarah. PK Ojong adalam pemmpin redaksi Star Weekly dan Jakob Oetama pada saat itu adalah pemimpin redaksi majalah Penabur. Keduanya bertemu dan membahas mengenai kesulitan masyarakat Indonesia dalam membaca format media majalah terutama yang berasal dari luar negri. Keduanya memprakarsai berdirinya majalah Intisari yang menjadi tonggak awal berdirinya kerajaan Gramedia Majalah dan juga koran Kompas. 39 Kompas dalam sejarah pendiriannya juga melibatkan Presiden Soekarno. Pada saat itu Presiden meminta Jakob dan PK Ojong mendirikan sebuah surat kabar untuk menampung aspirasi masyarakat. Awal mula nama yang akan digunakan adalah “Bentara Budaya”, namun Presiden Soekarno lebih memilih “Kompas” karena berfilosofi sebagai penunjuk arah bagi masyarakat. Maka didirikanlah harian umum Kompas yang kala itu dicap sebagai medianya partai Katolik. Saat ini Kompas berada dalam satu struktur manajemen Kelompok Kompas Gramedia (KKG). Inti dari bisnis perusahaan ini adalah media. Pertama adalah majalah kemudian merambah ke koran dan saat ini juga merambah pada media siaran dan internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodisasi Sastra Indonesia
    PERIODISASI SASTRA INDONESIA 1. Zaman Peralihan Zaman ini dikenal tokoh Abdullah bin Abdulkadir Munsyi. Karyanya dianggap bercorak baru karena tidak lagi berisi tentang istana danraja-raja, tetapi tentang kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat yang nyata, misalnya Hikayat Abdullah (otobiografi), Syair Perihal Singapura Dimakan Api, Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Negeri Jedah. Pembaharuan yang ia lakukan tidak hanya dalam segi isi, tetapi juga bahasa. Ia tidak lagi menggunakan bahasa Melayu yang kearab-araban. Ciri-ciri : a. individualis dan tidak anonym lagi b. progresif, tetapi masih tradisional dal;am bentuk dan bahasanya c. menulis apa yang dilihat dan dirasakan d. sudah mulai masyarakat sentris e. temanya tentang kisah perjalanan, biografi, adat- istiadat, dan didaktis Hasil karya sastra pada zaman ini antara lain: . Kisah Abdullah ke Malaka Utara . Perjalanan Abdullah ke Kelantan dan Tenggano . dan Hikayat Abdullah . Hikayat Puspa Wiraja . Hikayat Parang Punting . Hikayat Langlang Buana . Hikayat Si Miskin . Hikayat Berma Syahdan . Hikayat Indera Putera . Hikayat Syah Kobat . Hikayat Koraisy Mengindera . Hikayat Indera Bangsawan . Hikayat Jaya Langkara . Hikayat Nakhoda Muda . Hikayat Ahmad Muhammad . Hikayat Syah Mardan . Hikayat Isma Yatim . Hikayat Puspa Wiraja . ANGKATAN BALAI PUSTAKA Angkatan Balai Pustaka merupakan karya sastra di Indonesia yang terbit sejak tahun 1920, yang dikeluarkan oleh penerbit “Bali Pustaka”. Prosa (roman, novel,cerpen, dan drama) dan puisi mulai menggantikan kedudukan mulai menggantikan kedudukan syair, pantun, gurindam, hikayat, dan kazhanah sastra di Indonesia pada masa ini Balai Pustaka didirikan pada masa itu untuk mencegah pengaruh buruk dari bacaan cabul dan liar yang dihasilkan sastra melayu rendah yang tidak menyoroti pernyaian (cabul) dan dianggap memiliki misi politis (liar). Balai Pustaka menerbitkan karya dalam 3 bahasa yaitu bahasa Melayu tinggi, bahasa Jawa, dan bahasa Sunda, dan dalam jumlah yang terbatas dalam bahasa Bali, bahasa Batak, dan bahasa Madura.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper the Idea of Ethnicity in Indonesia
    Paper The idea of ethnicity in Indonesia by Zane Goebel© (La Trobe University / Tilburg University) [email protected] © September 2013 1 THE IDEA OF ETHNICITY IN INDONESIA Zane Goebel, La Trobe University/Tilburg University Abstract Ethnicity is now a ubiquitous social category in Indonesia which typically points to a community living in a particular region of Indonesia who speaks a particular language. Even so, this was not always the case. In this paper I look at the genesis and circulation of the idea of ethnicity from early colonial times until the late 2000s and how it has become intimately linked with language. In doing so, I take inspiration from scholarship in the broad area of language ideologies coming from linguistic anthropology. I will be especially concerned with describing how schooling and bureaucratic practices and policies, political discourses, mass media and nation building activities have contributed to the linking of region, linguistic form, and person to form the idea of ethnicity. Keywords: Ethnicity; Indonesia; Language 1 Introduction With some 17000 islands, all of the world’s major religions, around 1000 communities with over 400 languages, and a large portion of the world’s biodiversity, the archipelago nation of Indonesia is often talked about as one of the world’s most diverse nations. Even so, this diversity has been ordered through the social category of ethnicity. Ethnicity is now a ubiquitous social category, which either points to Chineseness (e.g. Coppel, 1983; Purdey, 2006) or more commonly a community living in a particular region of Indonesia who speak a particular regional language (bahasa daerah).
    [Show full text]
  • Spiritual Teaching in the Novel Khotbah Di Atas Bukit (Sermon On
    CHAPTER III KUNTOWIJOYO AND NOVEL KHOTBAH DI ATAS BUKIT A. Biography Kuntowijoyo 1. Life Kuntowijoyo was born in 18 September 1943 in Sorobayan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Although born in Yogyakarta, he was spending his childhood in Klaten and Solo. He is the second child of nine siblings raised in an environment of Muhammadiyah which has strong art culture. His father is an artist of wayang (puppeteer) and Macapat art, while his great-great grandparent is a Khat}at}, hand-writer of manuscript of Qur’a>n. Kuntowijoyo’s real name is given by his grandfather, Marto Sumo. Marto Sumo was a village chief of Ngawonggi, Ceper, Klaten. During his duty as village chief, he acquired the title Raden Marto Sumo of the palace as a tribute to the best village chief. Just before the age of two years, Kuntowijoyo was taken by his grandfather migrated to Ngawonggo and raised in the village under the care of his grandfather stepped up to high school.1 Since childhood, Kuntowijoyo loved to read. At that time, Kunto always visited the library which is owned by Masjumi in Ngawonggo, and devoured almost all the available literature there. Among many reading materials, his most favorite was Daily Abadi. Owing to the daily that Kunto was a child who was always asking questions and critical thinking.2 Kunto was amazed to his teacher, Ustadh Mustajab, which expertly described Islamic history 1 Hajar NS and Nining Anita, Hikayat Si Pembuat Nama, in Zen Rachmat Sugito (ed), Muslim Tanpa Mitos: Dunia Kuntowijoyo (Yogyakarta: Ekspresi Buku, 2005), p. 232 2 Arief Subhan, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstrak-Feminist-Voice-In-The-Works
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 19 | Issue 2 Article 15 Jan-2018 Feminist Voice in the Works of Indonesian Early Woman Writers: Reading Novels and Short Stories by Suwarsih Djojopuspito Aquarini Priyatna Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Priyatna, Aquarini (2018). Feminist Voice in the Works of Indonesian Early Woman Writers: Reading Novels and Short Stories by Suwarsih Djojopuspito. Journal of International Women's Studies, 19(2), 230-243. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol19/iss2/15 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2018 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Feminist Voice in the Works of Indonesian Early Woman Writers: Reading Novels and Short Stories by Suwarsih Djojopuspito1 By Aquarini Priyatna2 Abstract Suwarsih Djojopuspito is among the most important early Indonesian women/feminist writers. This research intends to emphasize her rightful position among the first Indonesian feminist writers. Focusing on her very important novel Manusia Bebas (published originally in Dutch as Buiten het Gareel in 1940)3, one collection of short stories, Empat Serangkai (1954), and a novel written in Sundanese, Marjanah (1959), I argue that feminist spirits and ideas actually have existed and been elaborated in works by women writers in the era prior to the Indonesian New Order (1966-1998) as exemplified by Suwarsih’s works.
    [Show full text]
  • Melahirkan Sastra Indonesia …………
    POTRET SASTRA INDONESIA Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) POTRET SASTRA INDONESIA Penulis : Drs. Harjito, M.Hum Editor : Dra. Sri Suciati, M.Hum. IKIP PGRI Semarang Press, 2007 vi, 102 / 16 X 24,5 cm ISBN: 978 – 602 – 8047 – 01 - 2 Hak cipta, 2007 Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh isi buku dengan cara apa pun termasuk menggunakan mesin fotokopi tanpa seizin penerbit. 2007 POTRET SASTRA INDONESIA IKIP PGRI Semarang Press Prakata Puja dan puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Bijaksana. Akhirnya, penulis dapat menyelesaikan dan menerbitkan buku ini. Buku ini berisi tentang sejarah sastra Indonesia. Terbagi atas sebelas bab, buku ini diawali dengan pembahasan tentang sastra lama dan foklor. Bab berikutnya berisi tentang sastra Indonesia dan sastra daerah. Bab-bab berikutnya membahas tentang periode Balai Pustaka hingga Periode Pasca 66. Sejarah adalah sesuatu yang bergerak dan selalu akan terus bergerak. Menulis sejarah sastra Indonesia adalah menuliskan sesuatu yang terus bergerak. Yang patut disadari adalah pada saat menuliskan sejarah, selalu dibutuhkan jarak waktu antara peristiwa dan penulisannya. Hal ini dilakukan agar terdapat jarak pandang dan objektivitas dalam memandang sebuah peristiwa, termasuk perisiwa dalam kesastraan. Tidak mudah menulis tentang sejarah sastra, terutama sejarah sastra Indonesia. Selalu ada keberpihakan atas satu peristiwa dan mengabaikan sudut pandang yang lain. Dalam satu sisi, itulah kelemahan penulis. Di sisi lain, di situlah secara sadar atau tidak penulis berdiri
    [Show full text]