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Results of the First Archaeological Excavation and Environmental Survey at Fengtai, Qinghai Province, PR China, in 2001

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Results of the First Archaeological Excavation and Environmental Survey at Fengtai, Qinghai Province, PR China, in 2001 Results of the First Archaeological Excavation and Environmental Survey at Fengtai, Qinghai Province, PR China, in 2001 Xu Xinguo, Xining, Wang Wei, Peking, Mayke Wagner, Karl-Uwe Heussner, Pavel E. Tarasov, Bettina Griess, Berlin, Niu Shishan, Song Jiangning, Peking, Xiao Yongming and Cai Linhai, Xining Schlagwörter: NW-China/Bronzezeit/Kayue-Kultur/Xindian-Kultur/Siedlung Keywords: NW China/Bronze Age/Kayue Culture!Xindian Culture/Settlement llpeo11,ie111Hb1. e cJ1 oea: C3 Kumaü/3nox a 6po1-13bi/KyJ1 bmypa KG/03/K y llbmypa CUHbOfl.Hb!lloceJ1eHue Objectives The Depa1tment of Eurasian Archaeology of the German Archaeological Institute deals with human occupation and land use history in the steppe belt of Eurasia (e.g. Iran, Black Sea Coasts, Kazakhstan and Tuva). Qinghai Province, NW China, situated at the south­ eastern margin of the Great Eurasian Steppe, has been chosen as one of the key areas for joint studies in order to evaluate the role of anthropogenic and clirnatic factors in envi­ 1 ronmental changes • Qinghai Province is located at the northeastem edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau between ca 32° and 39° N and ca 90° and 103° E. This is a region with complex topogra­ phy and hydrology. Mountain ridges and high plateaus elevating from about 2,500 to 4,500 m above sea level dominate the region. The present day clirnate is transitional from sub-humid to semi-arid with mean annual precipitation fluctuating between 250 and 600 mm per year and a strong water deficit. The main part of precipitation comes during May-September and is associated with the Pacific Monsoon. Up to 40% of the annual 2 precipitation has been known to fall in a single storm • This together with a spread of loess sediment and intensive land use has led to strong erosion activity in the region. According to up-to-date knowledge the neolithic habitation of Qinghai started at about 4000 BC in the eastem pait of the Province along the Y ellow River and its tributar­ ies. The features of the ancient cultures are very distinct and different from those ob­ served in Central and Eastern China. However, at certain periods the cultural similarities to the adjacent territories, the modern Provinces Gansu and Sichuan, the Autonomous Regions Xinjiang and Tibet and even Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan and Iran are striking. The driving forces behind the rise and fall of these cultures, and human mobility and mi- 1 The excavation campaign in June 2001 was organised by the Archaeological Institute of Qinghai Province (team members: Xu Xinguo, Xiao Yongming, Cai Linhai, Liu Xiaohe and Zhang Changshou) and the Archaeological Institute of the CASS (Wang Wei, Niu Shishan and Song Jiangning) with participation of the Department of Eurasian Archaeology DAl (M. Wagner, B. G1iess, K.-U. Heussner). Zhao Zhijun (Archaeological Institute of the CASS) collected plant macrofossil remains, D. Jaekel (Berlin) investigated geomorphology of the area and Jin Guiyun (Jinan/Berlin) collected samples for pollen analysis from cultural layers and natural sequences. The field campaign continued in March 2002, when M. Ullrich and K.-U. Heussner (Berlin) made a cartographic plan of the site (Scale 1: 500). We thank the cultural administrations of Qinghai Province and Huzhu County for their generous support of the work. 2 Derbyshire et al. 1991. 86 Xu Xinguo u. a. gration phenomena in the region are still poorly understood for lack of sufficient archaeo­ logical information. The term "Kayue Culture" was coined in 1958 as an idiom for the Bronze Age in the Qinghai region in order to distinguish it from the Bronze Age in the neighbouring Gansu 3 Province, where it was named "Siwa Culture" • The eponymous site Kayue (Ch'ia Yao) 4 was discovered by the Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson in 1923 . Since that time approximately 1,700 Bronze Age sites attributed to the Kayue Culture have been found in central and eastem Qinghai Province. Their dating to the latter half of the second and the first half of the first millennium BC5 is mainly based on ceramic vessel typolo­ gies. The Kayue Culture is supposed to have coexisted with the largely contemporaneous Nuomuhong Culture to the west in the Qaidam Basin and with the Xindian Culture to the east downstream the Y ellow River in modern Gansu Province. More specific points rela­ ted to the Nuomuhong Culture still remain largely within the realm of speculation för 6 only the Nuomuhong site itself was partly excavated in 1959 • The early settlement histo­ ry of the Qaidam Basin before the dramatic desertification therefore stays one of the most challenging topics of future investigation which remains cannot be touched upon here. 7 The Xindian Culture, in particular its ceramic production, is much better known • Only very recently have the cultural features of the Kayue Culture together with the few avail­ able radiocarbon dates been discussed to some extent and put into the context of the entire 8 Bronze Age development of Northwest China by Shui T. Despite the large number of discovered sites our knowledge about the culture is limited. Same basic information was 9 obtained by the partial excavation of seven graveyards • So far no Kayue settlement has been investigated systematically. Tue historical and palaeoenvironmental records from China suggest both lang- and short-term climate changes which are regarded as the main factor having influenced set­ tlement dynamics since the Mid-Holocene. Basically the economy of the region is very much dependent on climate. However, human impact on landscape dynamics at different scale and degree can be traced through the whole history of human habitation of this area. Today the politically initiated and govemment-promoted intense economic development of Qinghai Province dominates all aspects of land use. The results of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies conducted in the Fengtai Valley, which is characteristic of a distinct type of landscape in Qinghai Prov­ ince, i. e. mountain steppe, are important for an understanding of the history of settlement and landscape dynamics in the area. They also provide the opportunity to build up retro­ spective models of landscape developments back to the Neolithic. At the same time, this knowledge, together with the planned investigation and documentation of recent pro­ cesses (e. g. mass relocation, population dynamics) in the area, provides a basis for the modeling of future scenarios of landscape development and land use strategies. In this 3 Xu 1988, 35. 4 Andersson 1925, 18; 22f. 5 Mei J. J. quotes current opinions about Kayue dates which all dwell on the sarne sparse material; Mei 2000, 64 Ann. 25. 6 Zhongguo wenwu dituji, Qinghai fence 1996, 96. 7 Recent summaries in Pak 1996, 287 - 299 and Shui 2001, 116- 146. 8 Shui 2001. 9 Wagner 2001. Survey at Fengtai 2001 87 R U S S 17 .. .. ;,I"'·< . 45°N ' PACIF'.IC . 30°N 0 OCEAN ··~; · 15°N Fig. 1. Position of Fengtai site. paper we present the main results of the füst joint research project conducted at Fengtai site, Qinghai Province, in 2001. Site setting The Bronze Age settlement near Fengtai village, 46 km north of the provincial capital Xining (Fig. l) was discovered by members of the Archaeological Institute of Qinghai Province in the course of systematic archaeological surveys in the early 1980s. lt was declared a cultural heiitage zone in 1986. On the basis of red grit tempered potsherds collected from the surface, the site was attributed to the Kayue Culture. According to the Atlas of Chinese Cultural Relics (Qinghai volume) the estimated size of the site is about 2 10 4,200 m and the thickness of the cultural layer is 0.5 m . In July 2000 the Archaeological Institute of Qinghai Province guided an archaeo­ logical field excursion for colleagues from the Archaeological Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS, Peking) and the Department of Eurasian Archae­ ology of the Ge1man Archaeological Institute (DAI, Berlin). The sites visited were either already excavated and known from publications, sites currently under excavation, or sites registered and protected but not yet surveyed. In Fengtai, which belongs to the last group, the joint research team collected a large number of various artefacts attributed to the Kayue Culture. Moreover, due to road construction along the south-eastem margin of the IO Zhongguo wenwu dituji, Qinghai fence 1996, 89. 88 Xu Xinguo u. a. Fig. 2. Fengtai, view on the terrace complexes. site seetions were opened, exposing to view layered eultural deposits of about three me­ ters in height. The stratigraphie observations and riehness of stray finds lead to the as­ sumption that the Fengtai site is a weil preserved long-term dwelling plaee providing suffieient arehaeologieal substanee to merit close examination. Our first and most essential task was to establish a ehronologieal framework. By pottery analogues alone we eould not narrow down the age of the settlement to a eenten­ nial seale. In order to understand the entire time range of this dwelling site, it was first of all neeessary to get a sequenee of absolute datings from a seetion representing all eultural layers from the youngest to the oldest. The exeavation eampaign was therefore primarily devoted to stratigraphie studies. Seeondly, we sought to gain insight into house eonstrue­ tion teehniques and materials. Detailed information about the Kayue vernaeular arehitee­ ture would not only be a substantial addition to Bronze Age studies in Northwest China but would equally provide the neeessary parameter for the preparation of subsequent ex­ tensive exeavations. Results of the exeavation Profile stratigraphy Spread over an area of about 54,000 m2 potsherds were found on the surfaee, in varying density eovering the whole alluvial fan whieh opens south-eastwards to the main valley of the Beiehuan River (Fig .
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