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Exploring Riparian Vegetation Interactions with Flow Regime and Fluvial Processes for an Improved River Management and Conservation

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Exploring Riparian Vegetation Interactions with Flow Regime and Fluvial Processes for an Improved River Management and Conservation EXPLORING RIPARIAN VEGETATION INTERACTIONS WITH FLOW REGIME AND FLUVIAL PROCESSES FOR AN IMPROVED RIVER MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION RUI PEDRO GUERREIRO DUARTE RIVAES DA SILVA SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS: Advisor: Ph.D Maria Teresa Marques Ferreira Co-Advisors: Ph.D António Alberto do Nascimento Pinheiro Ph.D Gregory Egger THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE DOCTOR DEGREE IN RIVER RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT 2018 EXPLORING RIPARIAN VEGETATION INTERACTIONS WITH FLOW REGIME AND FLUVIAL PROCESSES FOR AN IMPROVED RIVER MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION RUI PEDRO GUERREIRO DUARTE RIVAES DA SILVA SCIENTIFIC ADVISORS: Advisor: Ph.D Maria Teresa Marques Ferreira Co-Advisors: Ph.D António Alberto do Nascimento Pinheiro Ph.D Gregory Egger THESIS PRESENTED TO OBTAIN THE DOCTOR DEGREE IN RIVER RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT JURY: President: Doutora Manuela Rodrigues Branco Simões Professora Auxiliar com Agregação Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa. Members: Doutor Rui Manuel Vitor Cortes Doutor Christian K. Feld Professor Catedrático Scientist Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Faculty of Biology Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University of Duisburg-Essen, Alemanha Doutora Maria Teresa Marques Ferreira Doutora Maria João de Medeiros Brazão Professora Catedrática Lopes Feio Instituto Superior de Agronomia Cientista Convidada Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade de Coimbra Doutora Maria Manuela Queiroz Martins Mantero Morais Professora Auxiliar Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade de Évora Instituições Financiadoras e âmbito: Universidade de Lisboa Programa Doutoral FCT (River Restoration and Management, FLUVIO) SFRH/BD/52515/2014 2018 This thesis should be cited as: Rivaes, R. (2018). Exploring riparian vegetation interactions with flow regime and fluvial processes for an improved river management and conservation. Ph.D. thesis, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Dedico esta tese a meu pai, Vitor Rivaes Resumo Examinaram-se os efeitos das alterações do regime de caudais na estrutura e funcionamento da vegetação ripária, bem como, a influência das respetivas alterações da vegetação nas comunidades aquáticas e processos fluviais. Os regimes de caudal expectáveis motivados pelas alterações climáticas originam modificações na vegetação ripária, principalmente a sua redução generalizada em área e maior risco para as fases de sucessão mais jovens e menos tolerantes à tensão hídrica. No contexto europeu, os rios mediterrânicos são os que se encontrarão sob maior ameaça. A perturbação fluvial tem diferentes efeitos na localização e forma dos polígonos de vegetação, sendo o principal condutor da localização dos polígonos, a hidrologia da toalha freática, revelando uma predominante zonagem das fases de sucessão que se sobrepõe à sucessão ecológica natural. Determinou-se o mosaico ripário natural potencial em rios regularizados, permitindo o estabelecimento de condições de referência para caudais ambientais. Os caudais de manutenção ripária são capazes de restaurar a dinâmica do mosaico ripário e reduzir os efeitos da regularização nestas comunidades. A conservação de um caudal mínimo durante o período de estio permite evitar a invasão e amontoamento no canal por parte da vegetação. A alteração do mosaico ripário tem influência nas características hidráulicas do rio, modificando a disponibilidade de habitat das espécies de ictiofauna local de acordo com a magnitude destas modificações. Caudais ambientais que desconsideram os requisitos de vegetação ripária tornam-se obsoletos em poucos anos devido à alteração das premissas de habitat para as quais foram determinados, revelando-se assim insustentáveis a longo prazo e fracassando no alcance dos efeitos desejados nas comunidades aquáticas para as quais foram propostos primeiramente. Considerar os requisitos de vegetação ripária nos caudais ambientais apresenta-se como uma medida primordial para assegurar a eficiência dos regimes de caudais ambientais na perspetiva de longo prazo do ecossistema fluvial. Palavras-chave Ecossistemas fluviais, requisitos ripários, caudais de manutenção ripária, ictiofauna, caudais ambientais. i Abstract This thesis composes an assessment of the flow regime effects on the structure and functioning of riparian vegetation, as well as, the influence of the respective vegetation changes back on the aquatic communities and fluvial processes. The expected flow regimes driven by climate change originate amendments in riparian vegetation, characterized mainly by a general area reduction and a greater menace to the younger and water dependent succession phases. In the European context, the Mediterranean rivers are the ones most threatened. The fluvial disturbance has different effects on the location and shape of the vegetation patches, being groundwater hydrology the main driver of patch location, which exposes a predominant zonation of succession phases over the natural ecologic succession. The potential natural riparian patch mosaic was determined in regulated rivers, allowing for the establishment of reference conditions for environmental flows. The riparian maintenance flows are able to restore the dynamics of riparian vegetation and reduce the effects of regulation in these communities. The safeguarding of a minimum discharge during the summer period allows for the prevention of channel invasion and encroachment by vegetation. The changes in the riparian patch mosaic have influence in the hydraulic characteristics of the river channel, changing the habitat availability of the local fish species according to the magnitude of the changes. Environmental flows that disregard riparian vegetation requirements become obsolete in few years due to the modification of the habitat premises for which they were based, revealing therefore to be unsustainable in the long term and failing to achieve the desired effects on aquatic communities to which those were proposed in the first place. Accounting for the requirements of riparian vegetation into environmental flows poses an essential measure to assure the effectiveness of environmental flow regimes in the long-term perspective of the fluvial ecosystem. Keywords Riparian ecosystems, riparian flow requirements, riparian maintenance flows, fish fauna, environmental flows. ii Resumo alargado A tese que se apresenta versa sobre o aprofundamento do conhecimento relativo aos efeitos das alterações do regime hidrológico na vegetação ripária e, consequentemente, no biota aquático e processos fluviais. Não obstante todo o conhecimento científico relativo aos ecossistemas de água doce, existem ainda inúmeras lacunas no conhecimento que motivam a realização desta tese. Nomeadamente, existe ainda pouca disponibilidade de modelos aplicáveis às regiões mediterrânicas usando uma abordagem à escala da paisagem fluvial, bem como uma parca investigação sobre as vias específicas pelas quais estes condutores a afetam. Ademais, no que diz respeito a caudais ambientais, existe ainda uma escassez de incorporação de considerações por espécies tipicamente menos monitorizadas e pelos processos de ligação entre as interfaces aquática e terrestre. A investigação referente às relações entre espécies ripárias e aquáticas é ainda irregular e pontuada pela inexistência de estudos de longo prazo que suportem a compreensão dos efeitos acumulados de longo e curto prazo sobre os ecossistemas fluviais na região mediterrânica. Neste sentido, foram tomados como objetivos da tese: calibrar e validar um modelo dinâmico de vegetação ripária, baseado da relação preditiva entre as guildas de resposta da vegetação ao caudal e o regime hidrológico do rio; avaliar os principais condutores da sucessão ecológica da vegetação ripária, bem como apreciar a sua influência relativa na determinação dos requisitos de caudal deste ecótono; desenvolver uma abordagem inicial de medidas de restauro da vegetação por intermédio da gestão do regime de caudais; definir condições de referência para caudais ambientais; conceber um enquadramento holístico preliminar para caudais ambientais por combinação de requisitos ripários e aquáticos; testar a validação do referido enquadramento em diferentes tipos de regularização; prever as alterações estruturais e funcionais das comunidades ribeirinhas afetadas pelas alterações de caudal a longo prazo; avaliar os efeitos ecológicos de retorno, resultantes da gestão da vegetação, nas comunidades aquáticas. Na investigação proposta, os modelos apresentam-se como uma ferramenta primordial, coadjuvando os cientistas na melhoria do conhecimento sobre ecossistemas fluviais e munindo os gestores da capacidade de antecipação das implicações ecológicas resultantes de determinada decisão por uma ação de restauro ou forma de gestão. Recorreu-se ao modelo dinâmico de vegetação ripária CASiMiR- iii vegetation, que permite simular a dinâmica sucessional desta vegetação com base na relação existente entre os elementos do regime hidrológico ecologicamente relevantes e métricas de vegetação refletindo claramente as suas respostas à alteração hidrológica. Utilizou-se também o modelo River2D, um modelo bidimensional de elementos finitos incorporando um modelo hidrodinâmico e outro de habitat, para simular as condições de escoamento num determinado troço de rio e estimar o seu valor de habitat segundo a preferência das espécies aquáticas consideradas. O modelo River2D foi empregue para o cálculo de diversos parâmetros hidráulicos e disponibilidades de habitat nos troços de rio estudados,
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