“When Mr. Lamb Took Ms. Jerusalem to Be His Loftily Wedded Wife:”
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“When Mr. Lamb Took Ms. Jerusalem To Be His Loftily Wedded Wife:” Marriage, Slave-Trading, and Violent Justice in Revelation 17-22 Eliza Rosenberg Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University, Montreal December 2014 (final) A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Ph.D. © Eliza Rosenberg, 2014 Table of Contents Abstract$$$$$$$$$4 Résumé$$$$$$$$$5 Acknowledgments$$$$$$$$6 Abbreviations$$$$$$$$8 Preface$$$$$$$$$11 $$ $ Scholarship to date$$ $ $ 12 $$ $ Approach and methods$$ $ 18$ $$ $ Considering slavery$$ $ $ 20 $$$ Recent research$$$$35 $$$ Practical contexts$$$$38 $$$ Modern sources$$$$55 Introduction$$$$$$$$ 55$$ $$ $ Situating Revelation$$ $ $ 59 $$ $ Overview$$$$$64 Chapter One: Marriage$$$$$$ 71 $$ $ Unequal partners$$ $ $ 72 $$ $ Ideal wives$$ $ $ $ 80 $$ $ Home economics$$ $ $ 89 $$ $ “Domiseda lanam fecit”$$ $ 93 $$ $ “Who can find one?”$$$98 $$ $ The end of marriage or its metaphors$103 $$ $ The queen city$$$$113 Chapter Two: Weddings$$$$$$ 119 $$ $ Weddings in outline$$ $ $ 121 $$ $ The image of the wedding$$ $ 127 2 $$ $ Nuptial economies$$ $ $ 135 $$ $ Private beginnings: betrothal$$137 $$ $ Prenuptial observances$$ $ 141 $$ $ Attendants and guests$$$145 $$ $ Immediate preparations$$ $ 146 $$ $ Crowns$$$$$151 $$ $ Veils and colour$$$$153 $$ $ Procession$$$$$155 $$ $ Torches$$$$$156 $$ $ The bride’s arrival$$ $ $ 157 $$ $ The bridal chamber$$ $ $ 160 $$ $ Postnuptial proceedings$$ $ 162 Chapter Three: Babylon$$$$$$$164 $$ $ “The choice between two cities”$$ 164 $$ $ Domiseda. Lanam fecit?$$ $ 170 $$ $ The spoils of “Babylon”$$ $ 196 $$ $ The Bodies and Souls of Men $203 $$ $ Spectacular fireworks$$$213 Chapter Four: Jerusalem$$$$$$$221 $$ $ Dissonance and irony$$$223 $$ $ Close relatives$$$$225 $$ $ “Alienated and dishonoured”$$229 $$$ Indulgence$$$$$239 $$$ Building the hive$$$$241 $$$ Waiting for the bridegroom$$ $ 250 Conclusion$$$$$$$$$260 Bibliography$$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ Primary works consulted (ancient)$$ 265 $$ $ Primary works consulted (modern)$ 270 $$ $ Secondary works consulted$$ $ 273 3 ABSTRACT $The book of Revelation concludes by contrasting the figures of “Babylon” (Rome) and the “new Jerusalem” (the followers of Christ). “Babylon” is portrayed as a rich, violent, and idolatrous prostitute and slave trader who has persecuted the faithful. In a turn of poetic justice, she is sentenced to die in a gladiatorial spectacle, a quintessentially Roman punishment and entertainment. Jerusalem, in contrast, appears as a restored, urban Eden whose reward is to become the wife of the Lamb (Christ, resurrected and glorified). This imagery reflects not only theological ideas and literary traditions, but also social realities on which the text reflects. Patriarchal norms of gender and sexuality, evolving ideals of marriage, systems of slavery, and the connections between them are fundamental to this vision. Understanding them is crucial for the interpretation of Revelation. The text’s interweaving of these ideas and images generates a conclusion in which weddings, marriage, and freedom (all of which are simultaneously real phenomena and metaphors for true worship) triumph in an appropriately violent denouement over prostitution, adultery, and slave trading (also metaphors for idolatry). Cautious use of comparative evidence for slavery illuminates the connections between these phenomena and suggests new directions for future research. 4 RÉSUMÉ L’Apocalypse de St-Jean se conclut en comparant les figures de «Babylone» (Rome) et la «nouvelle Jérusalem» (les disciples du Christ). Il dépeint «Babylone» comme un prostituée et marchande d’esclaves riche, violente, et idolâtre et aussi comme quelqu’une qui a persécuté les fidèles. Dans une tournure de la justice poétique, elle est condamnée à mourir pour ses crimes dans le «spectacle» ou «jeux» de gladiateurs, une punition et divertissement typiquement romain. Mais la «Jérusalem» apparaît comme un nouveau Eden urbaine. Sa récompense est de devenir la femme de «l’Agneau» (Jesus Christ, ressuscité et glorifié). Cette image ne reflète pas seulement des idées théologiques et les traditions littéraires, mais aussi des réalités sociales sur lesquelles le texte reflète. Normes patriarcales du genre et de la sexualité, l’évolution des idéaux du mariage, et les systèmes d’esclavage sont essentiels à cette vision. L’imbrication du texte de ces idées et images génère une conclusion dans laquelle les mariages % et le mariage en général % et la liberté (qui sont tous simultanément des phénomènes réels et des métaphores pour la devotion authentique) triomphe approprié violentment sur la prostitution, l’adultère et l’esclavage (également des métaphores de l'idolâtrie). L’utilisation d’études compartives de l’esclavage éclaire les liens entre ces phénomènes et suggère des nouvelles possibilités pour la recherche. 5 Acknowledgements $This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and generosity of many people. Thanks are due to all the teachers who have guided me along the way, but especially to Fabian Udoh of the University of Notre Dame, who pushed, prodded, and challenged me as I thought through issues of slavery in the book of Revelation. I am afraid that I have not done full credit to his instruction, but those sections of the dissertation would have been much weaker without his help. I also owe debts of gratitude to a number of colleagues and friends in the Faculty of Religious Studies at McGill. Drew Billings provided feedback at every stage of the process, from initial thinking through to final editing. He also suggested the title before the project even reached the proposal stage. Meredith Warren, Shayna Sheinfeld, and Stéphanie Machabée all offered me their insight as I worked through issues of ritual and representation. Andrew Kenoti Lairenge and Cory Labrecque alerted me to a range of considerations that have strengthened my analysis and that otherwise never would have occurred to me. Jeff Keiser and Sean and Annie Ross were far more patient than I had any right to expect as they helped me navigate considerations of method. $A team of librarians were equally patient as they helped me track down even the most recalcitrant citations and inter-library loans. Alan Youster at the Birks Reading Room deserves special commendation. Also at Birks, Francesca Maniaci has been a rock through everything and may in fact be responsible for keeping the entire university running. Peggy Roger, Debbie McSorley, Sami Khan, and Shelly-Anne Soares have provided more logistical support and general encouragement than I had any right to expect. Luvana Di Francesco continually amazes every one of us. 6 $My parents, Paul and Megs Rosenberg, have provided emotional, intellectual, and material support at every stage of my education. I could have accomplished nothing without their generosity and encouragement. Dad has been, as always, an excellent proofreader, and Mom has spurred me through any number of doubts. My sister, Nell, has been a source of strength and a voice of sanity throughout this process. Additional thanks for emotional sustenance go to Victoria Creel, Wu Nawen, Afra Tucker, Geoff Duerden, Abi Cromanty, Julian Menezes, Anika Haque, Emily Bamforth, Ian and Julia Pattenden, Erle Holgersen, Beth Reed, and Julie Zhang. $Thanks go above all else to my advisor, Ellen Bradshaw Aitken, who died two months before this project was completed. If I have produced anything that would have made her proud, it will be the least of what she has missed. 7 ABBREVIATIONS A & Ph Clas.$$$$Aris & Phillips Classical Texts ABR!! $$$Australian Biblical Review ABRL$$$$$Anchor Bible Reference Library ACCS$$$$$Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture ACT$$$$$Ancient Christian Texts Afr St Rev!!!!African Studies Review AJS Rev!! ! ! ! American Jewish Studies Review Am.$$$$$American Am. Anthr$$ $ $ American Anthropologist Am. Ethnol!!!!American Ethnologist Am Sociol. Rev.!!!!American Sociological Review ANE$$$$$ancient Near Eas anth.$$$$$anthropology arch.$$$$$archaeology ASLP$$$$$Antislavery Literature Project (Arizona State U, Dep’t. English) ATR!!!!!Anglican Theological Review AW: CH$$$$Ancient World: Comparative Histories BBR!!!!!Bu#etin for Biblical Research BCAW$$ $ $ $ Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World BEFAR$$ $ $ $ Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome BHGNT$$$$Baylor Handbook on the Greek New Testament Bib. Int.$$ $ $ $ Biblical Interpretation (series) Bibl Interp!!!!Biblical Interpretation (journal) Bibl. Res.!! ! ! ! Biblical Research Bible & Lit.$$$$Bible and Literature series BJS$$$$$Brown Judaic Studies BSO(A)S!!!!Bu#etin of the School of Oriental (and African) Studies BZAW$$ $ $ $ Beihe'e zur Zeitschri' für alttestamentliche Wissenscha( Can.$$$$$Canadian CBQ!!!!!Catholic Biblical Quarterly CCSR$$$$$Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion/Corporation $$$$$$Canadienne des Sciences Religieuses CGTC$$ $ $ $ Cambridge Greek Testament Commentary cl.$$$$$classical Cl Philol!! ! ! ! Classical Philology comp.$$$$$comparative contemp.$$$$contemporary CSSCA$$ $ $ $ Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology cul.; cult.$$$$culture; cultural CWHS$$ $ $ $ Cambridge World History of Slavery, v. 1, ed. Bradley and Cartledge D. Oaks Pap.!!!!Dumbarton Oaks Papers DCLS$$$$$Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Studies DMOA$$ $ $ $ Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui DocSouth$$$$Documenting the American South (archive), U North Carolina EC; EJ$$ $ $ $ early Christian; early Jewish ECNT$$ $ $ $ Exegetical Commentary