Gadamer Og Rorty: En Perspektivistisk Lesning Av Et Hermeneutisk Sannhetsbegrep

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Gadamer Og Rorty: En Perspektivistisk Lesning Av Et Hermeneutisk Sannhetsbegrep Masteroppgave i Filosofi ved Universitetet i Bergen Institutt for Filosofi og Førstesemesterstudier (FoF), vår 2010 Emnekode FILO350 Gadamer og Rorty: en perspektivistisk lesning av et hermeneutisk sannhetsbegrep Torstein Krossnes, kandidatnr. 175878 Veileder: Bjørn Holgernes 1 Innholdsfortegnelse Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Innledning ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Tekstens formål og status ............................................................................................................ 5 Kildevalg ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Takk ........................................................................................................................................... 10 I. Kritisk analyse av sannhetsbegrepet hos Hans-Georg Gadamer ................................................ 11 I.II. Hva sannhet ikke er ............................................................................................................ 12 I.III. Sannhetens formelle trekk ................................................................................................ 15 I.IV. Sannhetens substansielle trekk .......................................................................................... 18 I.V. Ontologiske utbroderinger .................................................................................................. 24 II. Kritikk av Rortys bruk av Gadamer .......................................................................................... 29 II.II. Rortys (be)grep om hermeneutikk .................................................................................... 30 II.III. Rorty mellom Quine og Gadamer ................................................................................... 32 III. Richard Rorty om sannhet ....................................................................................................... 39 III.II. Rorty og pragmatisme ..................................................................................................... 41 III.III. Sannhet vs. konsensus, epistemologi vs. politikk .......................................................... 44 IV. Tradisjonen som nødvendighet og kontingens ......................................................................... 48 IV.II. Nødvendighet ................................................................................................................... 48 IV.III. Kontingens ...................................................................................................................... 51 IV.IV. Kontingens og nødvendighet som Gestalt-switch .......................................................... 54 V. Dialektikk erstatter kompartmentalisering ................................................................................ 56 V.II. Rasjonalitet ........................................................................................................................ 58 V.III. Forbi objektivisme og relativisme ................................................................................... 60 VI. Perspektivisme hos Nietzsche og Rorty .................................................................................. 68 VI.II. Nietzsche om perspektivisme .......................................................................................... 69 VI.III. Rorty kontra Nietzsche .................................................................................................. 74 VII. Gadamer mellom fenomenologisk og radikal perspektivisme ............................................... 80 VII.II. Inkommensurabilitet ..................................................................................................... 84 VIII. Hva er sannhet? ..................................................................................................................... 90 VIII.II. Tradisjonen som konstituert av perspektiver ................................................................ 90 VIII.III. Rasjonalitet og rimelighet ........................................................................................... 93 VIII.IV. Sannhet som verdi ....................................................................................................... 96 Litteraturliste ................................................................................................................................ 100 Abstract 2 The following essay is organized around the question of truth, with the respective philosophies of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Richard Rorty supplying the premises and outlining the generel field of discussion. Drawing on these two sources, as well Nietzsche, Habermas and Richard Bernstein, I attempt to create a concept and loose definition of truth in concordance with what Gianni Vattimo has termed the hermeneutic «koiné» of contemporary philosophy. In keeping with this I regard the present text merely as a somewhat selective summary and condensation of views of truth already implicit in the philosophies of the various figures of 20th century hermeneutics – an understanding (and particularly a definition) of truth that by no means conceives of itself as transcendental, permanent or, ultimately, privileged. (Nonetheless, certain thoughts and metaphors developed in the latter part of the text are explicitely my own creations, and the faults implicit in these obviously attributable to me alone.) The title of the thesis (Gadamer and Rorty: A Perspectivist Interpretation of a Hermeneutic Concept of Truth) is derived from the manner in which I intend to accomplish the task, by starting with the hermeneutic conception of truth in Gadamer's thought, which I attempt to give full and clear expression to in chapter one. After sketching the unfortunate assamilation of hermeneutics into neo-pragmatism in Rortys writings, as well as the latter's own conception of truth in chapters two and three, I attemp to prepare Gadamers philosophy for further critique and molding by re- interpreting the concept of tradition in chapter four. Chapter five is concerned with intermediary notions such as rationality and the manner in which it can now relate to a philosophy «beyond objectivism and relativism» in Bernsteins texts, after which I dedicate chapters six and seven to the «perspectivization» of the Gadamerian concept of truth – marrying it to a notion of «perspectivism» arrived at through an encounter between Rorty and Nietzsche. The discussion is concluded, and the truth-concept now produced is summerized and given its final form in chapter eight. Innledning Under mitt arbeide med denne teksten kom jeg ved en tilfeldighet over Espen Schaannings 3 Kommunikative Maktstrategier: Rapporter fra et Tårn. Teksten er utgitt i 1993, den setter seg fore å kritisere den selvforherligende og ukritiske dyrkingen av Gadamer og Habermas i tårnet norsk humaniora. Habermas, og kanskje spesielt Gadamer, bidrar til en videreføring av status quo i disse forskningsmiljøene, og de tjener som en rettferdiggjøring av historie- og filosofistudier, som et alibi for å forholde seg «rekonstruktivt», «re-approprierende» og «reseptivt» til historie og samfunn. Motsatt dette settes Schaannings helter, til dels Deleuze og andre franskmenn, men først og fremst Foucault. Schaanning er aggressiv, til tider nådeløs, og alltid humoristisk i sin fremstilling: «Det er deilig å være humanvitenskapelig forsker. Lønna er riktignok (for de fleste) ikke den helt store, men jobben er desto mer interessant. Jeg gadd vite hvor mange humanister som heller ville vaske dassene på SAS-hotellet eller sitte ved kasseapparatet på Steen&Strøm. Å være humanvitenskapelig forsker er et privilegium. [...] Man spør seg: Hvorfor har den humanvitenskapelige forsker et slikt privilegium? Bør han ha det? I så fall – hvorfor? Hva er i det hele tatt vitsen med det han driver med? Trenger vi ham?» (Schaanning 1993: 52) Overhodet ikke, i følge Schaanning – i alle fall ikke i hans nåværende form. I denne teksten er jeg ikke interessert i dette spørsmålet, selv om jeg tenderer mot en mer moderat posisjon enn Schaanning. Det som angår meg her er Schaannings kritikk av Gadamer, og sistnevntes oppfordring til å drive historisk, filosofisk og filologisk arbeide. Etter å ha fremstilt Gadamers filosofi (på ikke helt urimelig vis heller) angriper Schaanning Gadamers forsøk på å skille sin egen filosofi fra de nykantianske blindspor: «Man spør seg straks: Er ikke en slik oppfatning av overleveringens verdi like abstrakt og uhistorisk som nykantianernes begrep om «problemhistorie»? Gadamer hevder nei. Og det kunststykke som skal berge hans egen filosofiske hermeneutikk fra de anklager han selv retter mot nykantianismens «problemer», er ganske enkelt å erstatte begrepet «problem» med begrepet «spørsmål» [...] Gadamer vil åpenbart ha i pose og sekk. [...] Gadamer er en relativist (tekstens mening er aldri den «samme») - som vil overvinne relativismen (teksten har en iboende «virkelig» mening).» (Schaanning 1993: 74) Schaanning forfølger denne linjen, og mener at nå gjenstår det bare å «hugge til», og at Gadamers hermeneutikk er «dømt til å mislykkes». Jeg står selvsagt direkte i motsetning til dette. Schaanning har en hang til det dramatiske i sin retorikk, men jeg er likevel i stor grad enig med hans spesifikke 4
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