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Javier Tesis Completa 2 Mayo%5B1770%5D (1)% COPYRIGHT © 2018 Javier Merchán LA VOZ TEMIDA Y EL LOGOS SILENCIADO EN ESPAÑA: LA TRILOGÍA HISTÓRICA DE BENJAMÍN PRADO __________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Hispanic Studies University of Houston __________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________ By Javier Merchán May, 2018 LA VOZ TEMIDA Y EL LOGOS SILENCIADO EN ESPAÑA: LA TRILOGÍA HISTÓRICA DE BENJAMÍN PRADO _________________________ Javier Merchán, Student APPROVED: _________________________ María Elena Soliño, Ph.D. Committee Chair _________________________ Pedro Gutiérrez Revuelta, Ph.D. _________________________ José Guillermo de los Reyes, Ph.D. _________________________ William Nowak, Ph.D. University of Houston-Downtown _________________________ Antonio D. Tillis, Ph.D. Dean, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences ii LA VOZ TEMIDA Y EL LOGOS SILENCIADO EN ESPAÑA: LA TRILOGÍA HISTÓRICA DE BENJAMÍN PRADO ________________________________________________________ An Abstract of A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Hispanic Studies University of Houston _______________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________ By Javier Merchán May, 2018 iii ABSTRACT The history of Spain during the XX century started with a divided political polarization between conservatives and progressives. It particularly intensified drastically during the first decades of the XX century. We see the accumulation of this tension reflected throughout the different forms of governments that predominated during the century: the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the Republic, the dictatorship of Franco, and finally the Transition with the monarchy of Juan Carlos I. Benjamín Prado is a poet, essayist and novelist who involved in the project of the Historical Memory Recovery. This doctoral thesis focuses on the analysis of the historical research studies that Prado has conducted to uncover the hidden atrocities under the Franco government and the Transition era. Many of these included: sexual violence used as a war weapon, the tragic exile, the forgotten pact in No sólo el fuego (1999); the impact of censorship in literature, the kidnapping of children from Republican families during the Franco dictatorship in Mala gente que camina (2006); the use of a secret army to stop the expansion of communism and the destabilization of the democratic process during the Transition in Operación Gladio (2011). In this trilogy of historical novels, Prado also analyzes the difficulties of investigating events from the recent past in Spain, as well as the use of metafiction in his works. The reader is a witness to the meta literary elements, in which the narrative and research process reminds us of the style we find history written. It is frequently presented as a reflection of the past and present ideologies, because it would be impossible to write history from a neutral perspective. The fictional history can be analyzed as a type of document that expresses the way that the human being understands his or her own history. Prado’s approach of metaliterature within these three novels points out how complicated it is to unearth the past when dealing with a society that is still deeply divided due to the ramifications of the Spanish Civil War. iv RESUMEN La historia de España del siglo XX comenzó con una acentuada polarización política entre conservadores y progresistas. Las divisiones en la sociedad española se intensificaron durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX y se vieron reflejadas en las dispares formas de gobierno: la monarquía de Alfonso XIII, la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, la República, la dictadura franquista y finalmente la Transición con la monarquía de Juan Carlos I. El poeta, ensayista y novelista español Benjamín Prado es un autor que destaca por incorporarse al proyecto de la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica. Esta tesis doctoral se centra en analizar los trabajos de investigación histórica que Prado ha hecho sobre varios elementos previamente silenciados por los gobiernos franquistas y de la Transición: la violencia sexual como arma de guerra, la tragedia del exilio y el pacto del olvido en No sólo el fuego (1999); el impacto de la censura en la literatura y el secuestro de niños de familias republicanas en Mala gente que camina (2006); y el uso de ejércitos secretos para impedir la expansión del comunismo y desestabilizar el proceso democrático durante la Transición en Operación Gladio (2011). En esta trilogía de novelas históricas, Prado también analiza las dificultades de investigar sucesos del pasado reciente en España, ya que otro elemento a estudiar en la obra de Prado es su uso de la metaficción. Estos elementos metaliterarios, en que el lector es testigo del proceso de narrar y de investigar nos recuerdan que la forma que la historia se escribe y presenta es frecuentemente tanto un reflejo de las ideologías presentes como un reflejo de las ideologías del pasado histórico, debido a que una neutralidad total es imposible de conseguir. La ficción histórica se puede analizar como un tipo de documento que relata la manera en que el ser humano entiende su propia historia. El acercamiento de la metaliteratura de Prado dentro de estas tres novelas destaca el complicado proceso de desenterrar el pasado de una sociedad todavía profundamente dividida por el legado de la Guerra Civil española. v DEDICACIÓN Quiero dedicar esta tesis doctoral a mi fiel familia: mi mujer, Meredith Merchán; y mis cuatro hijos, Isaac Merchán, Isabella Merchán, Ian Merchán e Ila Merchán por su amor y apoyo incondicional y por el continuo y constante sacrificio que han hecho en los últimos años para que este proyecto pudiera realizarse. A mi Dios y Redentor Jesucristo por darme la visión, tenacidad, perseverancia y capacidad de creer cuando yo no creía. A amigos cercanos en Mallorca, España y también en Houston, TX por arroparme con palabras de ánimo. vi AGRADECIMIENTOS Este estudio no habría sido posible sin la ayuda y guía de mis profesores de la Universidad de Houston. Pero en particular, quiero expresar mis agradecimientos a la Dra. María Elena Soliño por su apoyo, ánimo y dirección, especialmente durante la difícil condición de la salud de su hijo. También, me gustaría expresar mis más sinceros agradecimientos al Dr. Pedro Gutiérrez Revuelta por su reto, predisposición, constancia, y compañía, aun en la lejanía, siempre ha sido un referente en muchos aspectos, persona dedicada y entregada más allá de lo que él nunca admitirá. Este trabajo es un tributo a todos aquellos autores, profesores y estudiantes que siguen reivindicando y conmemorando la memoria de aquellos que padecieron persecución y violencia durante la Guerra Civil española y la dictadura. Por último, me gustaría expresar mis más profundos agradecimientos a Benjamín Prado por su entrega como escritor comprometido y por su espíritu activista a querer defender y luchar por aquello que realmente nos pertenece, la verdadera Historia de España. Finalmente, el mayor propósito de esta tesis doctoral es devolver la dignidad y la honra a todas aquellas víctimas de los oscuros años del franquismo. vii “De todos los instrumentos del hombre, el más asombroso es, sin duda, el libro. Los demás son extensiones de su cuerpo. El microscopio, el telescopio, son extensiones de su vista; el teléfono es extensión de la voz; luego tenemos el arado y la espada, extensiones del brazo. Pero el libro es otra cosa: el libro es una extensión de la memoria y la imaginación” Jorge Luis Borges viii ÍNDICE 1. Introducción……………………………………….…………...…..………...….…..1 I. Las primeras obras narrativas de Prado.……………..……………………….6 II. El compromiso social………………………………...………………..........13 III. Escritores de influencia para la narrativa pradiana…………....……...…...26 IV. La trilogía de Prado………..…………...………...………………………..33 V. Memoria u olvido..…………………………………………………............45 2. No sólo el fuego.………………………………………………...………………….57 I. Introducción……………………….……………………….……………...…57 II. La familia en Neruda y Prado………………………………….…..……….61 III. Evolución de la narrativa de Prado……………………………….....…….64 IV. Soledad y huida en los personajes de Prado…………………………..…...65 V. La otredad…………………………………….……...……………………..72 VI. La metaliteratura pradiana………………………….………….……..........74 VII. Memoria histórica………………………………………………………...81 VIII. Las mujeres de Prado en su momento histórico…………………...…….83 IX. La historia metafórica contada….…………………………………………92 X. Nuevo ciudadano español………..…………………………...….………...94 3. Mala gente que camina…………………………………..…………….………….97 ix I. Influencia de la poesía social de Machado…………………….………..….103 II. El realismo y la ficción documental en Prado……………….………........108 III. Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica…………………………………..114 IV. La Movida madrileña…………………………………………………….121 V. Los dos organismos responsables del robo de niños………………….......126 VI. Tomasa Cuevas………………………………………….……………..…131 VII. Niños del exilio……………………………...…………………….…….138 VIII. “No es posible que callemos”…………………………..………….…...143 IX. Representación de la mujer por Dolores y Julia Serma……………..…...146 X. Memorias autobiográficas e históricas……………………………...….…148 XI. Pueblo perdido sin identidad…………………………….……….………154 4. Operación Gladio………………………………………….…………...…….........160 I. Introducción……...……………………………………………….…..…….160 II. Investigaciones sobre Operación
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