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Bastien Labarrere THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire pour le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention : Biologie Ecole doctorale Vie Agro Santé présentée par Bastien Labarrere Préparée à l’Unité de Recherche CNRS 6553 Ecobio Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution Université de Rennes 1 Thèse soutenue à Rennes Comment les plantes le 16 janvier 2017 répondent et s’adaptent devant le jury composé de : aux changements Annabel PORTÉ Chargée de Recherche INRA – Université de climatiques: Bordeaux1 / rapporteur Jacqui SHYKOFF étude aux marges froides Directrice de Recherche CNRS – Université Paris Sud / rapporteur (subantarctique) Sophie NADOT Professeur – Université Paris Sud / examinatrice Cécile SULMON Maître de Conférences – Université de Rennes 1 / examinatrice Françoise HENNION Chargée de Recherche CNRS - Rennes / directrice de thèse Andreas PRINZING Professeur- Université de Rennes 1 / co- directeur de thèse Remerciements Tout d’abord, je tiens à remercier Françoise et Andreas, pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité de faire cette thèse. Merci à vous deux pour votre présence, votre aide et vos conseils. Merci de m’avoir fait progresser pendant 3 ans. Merci de votre patience pour les relectures. Merci de m’avoir encadré tout en me laissant le champ de tester ce que j’avais envie. Merci tout simplement de m’avoir permis de vivre cette aventure, enrichissante à tous niveaux. Merci de m’avoir permis de découvrir des personnes et des lieux exceptionnels, même si certains ruisseaux ont été plus difficiles à traverser que d’autres. Merci aux membres du jury d’avoir accepté d’évaluer mon projet. Merci à Pete, Claudia et Mathias, de m’avoir chaleureusement accueilli pendant près de 3 mois, et de nous avoir reçu, comme des rois, à Jena, malgré des résultats sportifs ne jouant pas en notre faveur. Merci également à Pete, Claudia, Mathias, Nicole et Trish pour leur aide concernant les analyses transcriptomiques. Merci à Valérie Gouesbet et Oscar de leur aide préciseuse pour les manips. Merci à Valérie de m’avoir aidé lors des manips en labo, et particulèrement de t’être aussi bien occupée de mes choux quand j’étais loin. Merci à Oscar de m’avoir conseillé et aidé pour l’extraction ARN. Merci également à Jean Luc, Thierry et Fouad pour leur aide. Merci à Françoise Lamy pour ton aide sur le terrain. Une belle aventure humaine. Merci à Nina, Pierre, Yann et toutes ceux qui nous ont aidé sur le terrain. Une pensée aux compagnons d’aventure notamment les Talisker et les Pop’eleph. Merci à Francisco et à toute l’équipe pédagogique pour m’avoir encadré lors de la mission d’enseignement. Merci à Valérie, Sandra, Isabelle, Fabienne, Tifenn et Badia sans qui rien ne serait possible. Merci de vous occuper aussi bien de nous. Merci à tous les membres d’Ecobio, que j’ai croisé et cottoyé pendant ces 3 années. Merci aux anciens, qui sont partis, Kevin H et Maxime D, Grégoire, qui m’ont accueilli à Rennes. Merci à Maud, Morgane, Tiphaine, Alix, Kevin P, Nathan. Merci particulièrement à Kevin et Maxime, pour les moments partagés dans le bureau. Merci à Kevin de ne pas m’avoir trop fait bavé en envoyant des photos de pulled pork. Maxime, occupe-toi bien de la relève.Merci aux espagnols, Juan et Jose qu’il est bon d’entendre un accent du sud. Merci particulièrement à mes petites stagiaires. Emeline et Marine, Je vous souhaite de réussir, vous le méritez. J’espère avoir pu vous aider, Un grand merci également à Diana, AA, Micka, Alexis, Adrien, pour ces moments passés ensemble. Enfin, Merci surtout à Flore, pour beaucoup de choses, mais tu le sais. Merci à tous ceux que j’ai dû certainement oublié, et qui n’ont pas vu leur nom apparaitre. Merci enfin à mes proches, qui m’entourent au quotidien SOMMAIRE Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Changement climatique aux îles Kerguelen................................................................... 1 1.1. Présentation des îles Kerguelen .................................................................................. 1 1.2. Conditions environnementales des îles Kerguelen et changement climatique ........... 3 1.3. Présentation des espèces étudiées ............................................................................... 5 2. Potentiel adaptatif des espèces face aux modifications de l’environnement ............... 10 2.1. Définition de potentiel adaptatif ............................................................................... 10 2.2. Variation des traits .................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1Notions générales : ............................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Variation établie : ............................................................................................. 12 a) Variation inter et intra population ..................................................................... 12 b) Le cas des métabolites de réponse aux stress .................................................... 14 2.2.3 Variation potentielle : plasticité .......................................................................... 16 a) Définition .......................................................................................................... 16 b) Plasticité et bénéfices… .................................................................................... 16 c) … accompagnés de coûts .................................................................................. 17 3. Forte intégration phénotypique : quelle influence sur le potentiel adaptatif des espèces ? .............................................................................................................................. 18 3.1. Définition de l’intégration phénotypique ................................................................. 18 3.2. Influence de l’environnement sur l’intégration phénotypique ................................. 20 3.3. Influence de l’intégration sur la variabilité des traits (établie et potentielle) ........... 21 Chapitre 1. Relation entre intégration phénotypique, variabilité des traits intra-population et performance des plantes dans des environnements naturels ...................................................... 25 Chapitre 1A. High phenotypic integration is correlated with high trait variation in both natural and controlled conditions, in sub-Antarctic plant populations ................................................... 26 RESUME : .............................................................................................................................. 27 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 30 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 35 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 45 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 48 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 52 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 54 Chapitre 1B. Exploring performance of species from Iles Kerguelen: relationships to environment and phenotypic integration .................................................................................... 74 RESUME ................................................................................................................................ 75 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 76 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 79 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 84 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 87 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 91 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 92 Chapitre 2. Variations of secondary metabolites among natural populations suggest functional redundancy and versatility within sub-Antarctic Ranunculus species ..................................... 100 RESUME .............................................................................................................................. 101 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 103 MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................... 108 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 115 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 120 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................
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