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Evolution and the Origin of Life Table of Contents

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Evolution and the Origin of Life Table of Contents Evolution Wayne's Word Index Noteworthy Plants Trivia Lemnaceae Biology 101 Botany Scenic Wildflowers Trains Spiders & Insects Search Evolution and the Origin of Life Evolution Crossword Puzzle Controversies That Have Divided America © W.P. Armstrong 16 September 2014 ← Click The PDF Icon To Read This Article In Acrobat Reader Close PDF Page Before Navigating Through HTML Pages Click Here To Download Latest Acrobat Reader Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Evolution Defined 25. Origin Of Eyes In Distantly Related Animals 2. Is Evolution A Theory Or A Fact? 26. Punctuated Equilibrium & Nat. Selection 3. Scientific Theory vs. Common Theory 27. Symbiogenesis: Genomic Mergers 4. Scientific Theory & Scientific Law 28. Coevolution Of Fig & Fig Wasp 5. Evidence For Genetic Variability 29. Vicarious Selection In Dioecious Figs 6. The Origin Of Asexual Species 30. Coevolution Between Acacia & Acacia Ant 7. Evolution & Gene Duplication 31. Hybridization Between Harvester Ants Spp. 8. Telomeres & End Replication Problem 32. Invasive Argentine Ants In S. California 9. Evolution & Irreducible Complexity 33. Leafcutter Ants Of Desert & Tropics 10. Moving Rocks: Theories or Hypotheses? 34. Diversity Of Ant Mandibles (Jaws) 11. K-T Boundary & Demise Of Dinosaurs 35. Natural Selection & Survival Of The Fittest 12. Evolution Based On Fossils & Cladistics 36. Selection in Tardigrades: Over-equipped? 13. Monophyletic Groups (Duckweed Family) 37. Faith & The Existence Of Coconut Pearls 14. Coexistence Of Grasses & Dinosaurs 38. Propositions For The Origin Of Life 15. Photosynthesis: Capturing Sun's Energy 39. Alkaline Vents & The Origin Of Life 16. Origin Of The First Land Plants On Earth 40. DNA Building Blocks In Meteorites 17. Origin Of Flowering Plants: Angiosperms 41. Danger Of Imposing Non-Science Dogma 18. The Remarkable Angiosperm Life Cycle 42. The Origin Of Life By Probability Alone 19. Adaptive Radiation On Hawaiian Islands 43. Did Life Evolve From Common Ancestor? 20. Darwin's View On Ocean Seed Dispersal 44. Origin Of Magnificent Grand Canyon 21. Adaptive Radiation On Galapagos Islands 45. Misrepresentations Of Science 22. Adaptive Radiation In Beetles (Coleoptera) 46. True or False Summary Statements 23. Homoplasy: Parallel & Convergent Evol. 47. Literature Cited In This Report 24. Homoplasy: Carrion Flowers & Flies 48. Evolution Crossword Puzzle (Java) Note: Paragraphs are numbered in small case in order to communicate with reviewers. 1. Introduction 1. One of the problems in understanding evolution is that it may be defined in different ways. According to the Random House Webster's College Dictionary (1999), biological evolution is a change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation. It may also be defined as the development of species or other groups of organisms (genera and families) from earlier forms by natural selection. Microevolution refers to changes at or below the species level, while macroevolution generally refers to large-scale changes over a long period of time resulting in new species. In this article I have attempted to clarify and summarize some of the major concepts and terms used by evolution scientists. Depending on the author, evolution may be referred to as a theory, hypothesis, law, truth, and fact. In fact, these terms are often used interchangeably and sometimes incorrectly, even by prestigious biologists. In my opinion, evolution is a well-established scientific theory supported by facts. For science teachers, I have included an extensive bibliography and a crossword puzzle containing many of the terms defined in this article. 2. The noun evolution is derived from the verb evolve, meaning to gradually change with time. Evolution can be defined in file:///C|/wayne/evolutio.htm[2/13/2015 7:41:26 PM] Evolution several different ways. For example, Wayne's Word has evolved from a humorous, natural history newsletter sent out to friends, to a large on-line, hyperlinked, peer-reviewed textbook of natural history with millions of hits per month. Another definition is organic (biological) evolution that incorporates numerous facts and well-substantiated, tested hypotheses. It is usually associated with natural selection based on the original published work of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Try The Wayne's Word Evolution Crossword Puzzle 2. Is Evolution a Theory or a Fact? Four Important Definitions Used In The Teaching Of Science: Working Group on Teaching Evolution, National Academy of Sciences (1998) 1. Fact: In science, an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed. 2. Law: A descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances. Laws can be very useful in supporting hypotheses and theories, but like all elements of science they can be altered with new information and observations. 3. Hypothesis: A testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations, such as a scientific theory. 4. Theory: In science, a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses. It Is Obvious From The Following Quotations Regarding Evolution That The Terms Theory & Fact Are Used In Several Different Ways 3. In November 2004, suburban Atlanta biology textbooks included a warning sticker that said: "This textbook contains material on evolution. Evolution is a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things. This material should be approached with an open mind, studied carefully and critically considered." 4. On November 19, 2004, the Dover School Board of Pennsylvania passed a resolution requiring teachers to read a statement to students in 9th grade science classes endorsing intelligent design as an alternative explanation for the origin of life. "The Pennsylvania Academic Standards require students to learn about Darwin's Theory of Evolution and eventually to take a standardized test of which evolution is a part. Because Darwin's Theory is a theory, it continues to be tested as new evidence is discovered. The Theory is not a fact. Gaps in the Theory exist for which there is no evidence. A theory is defined as a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations. Intelligent Design is an explanation of the origin of life that differs from Darwin's view. The reference book, Of Pandas and People, is available for students who might be interested in gaining an understanding of what Intelligent Design actually involves. With respect to any theory, students are encouraged to keep an open mind. The school leaves the discussion of the Origins of Life to individual students and their families. As a Standards-driven district, class instruction focuses upon preparing students to achieve proficiency on Standards-based assessments." 5. The resolution was challenged a year later in the United States federal courts: Case No. 04cv2688, "Tammy Kitzmiller, et al v Dover Area School District." The plaintiffs successfully argued that intelligent design is a form of creationism, and that the school board policy thus violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. 6. The argument whether evolution is a theory or a fact is an invalid comparison. Evolution is a scientific theory that has explained the factual evidence of scientists for more than a century. All interpretations of facts in science are provisional and subject to challenge. Under a strict definition, a scientific theory should not be called a "fact" even though it explains all known facts and file:///C|/wayne/evolutio.htm[2/13/2015 7:41:26 PM] Evolution has survived the test of time. There is always the possibility that a scientific theory will be updated or changed as new evidence is discovered. The theory of evolution assumes the existence of life and is directed to an explanation of how life evolved. It does not deal with the origin of life, and it does not presuppose the absence of a creator or God. Although the origin of life is often included in debates about evolution, it is a very different topic that does not have all the empirical evidence of biological evolution. Scientific explanations for the origin of life are more properly referred to as hypotheses rather than scientific theories. Intelligent design is a non-scientific argument or assertion that life "owes its origin to a master intellect." Please refer to Origin of Life later in this this discussion. 7. According to E.C. Scott (Evolution vs. Creationism, Univ. of Calif. Press, 2004), most people consider facts more important than hypotheses, theories and laws. In fact, they rank these terms in order of importance as follows: Facts-Laws-Theories- Hypotheses. Scientists rank these terms in the following order from most important to least important: Theories-Laws-Hypotheses- Facts. Our interpretations of facts are certainly not set in stone and are often changed in science. Consider the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell. In the 1950s the number was determined to be 48. This fact was published in all biology textbooks. With better techniques in staining chromosomes, the number was later revised to 46, 23 from each parent. Disagreement on chromosome numbers still occurs to this day, particularly with plant species containing numerous chromosomes that often overlap each other making accurate counts very difficult. For as long as I can remember, Pluto has been listed as the ninth planet in our solar system. Recent studies of its orbital patterns and other factors indicate that Pluto is not a true planet compared with Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. 8. The following image shows an example of a disputable interpretation of facts: The number of chromosomes in a species of Brodiaea from coastal southern California. The stained microscope slide is my factual evidence for the chromosome number of this species. My original count was 36; however, another botanist prepared his own microscope slides (factual evidence) and came up with 40+ chromosomes.
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